Further Reading

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The compilation of bibliographies is at best an inexact science.  Since the literature on scientific writing is both vast and diverse, I've tried to narrow this list down to those works which answer two basic questions:  "What are the distinguishing characteristics of scientific writing?"  and "How do scientists learn the norms and style of scientific writing?"  Rhetoricians, sociologists, and historians have been addressing those questions for years; what follows is a list of studies published recently.  As you might expect, the list changes continually--so check back often!

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Pedagogy and Learning of Scientific Writing

Carpenter, J. H. & Krest, M. (2001).  It's about the science:  Students writing and thinking about data in a scientific writing course.  Language and Learning Across the Disciplines, 5(2), 46-65

Driver, R., Newton, P.,  &  Osbourne, J. (2000).  Establishing the norms of scientific argumentation in classrooms.  Science Education, 84, 287-312.

Faber, B. (2002).  Professional identities:  What's professional about professional communication?  Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 16, 306-337.

Hand, B., Prain, V., Lawrence, C., & Yore, L. D.  (1999).  A writing in science framework designed to enhance science literacy.  International Journal of Science Education, 21, 1021-1035.

Hirst, R. (2003). Scientific jargon, good and bad.  Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 33, 201-229.

Jones, A. A. (2003).  Imitation, copying, and the use of models:  Report writing in an introductory physics course.  IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 46, 168-184.

Kelly, G. J. & Takao, A.  (2002).  Epistemic levels in argument: An analysis of university oceanography students' use of evidence in writing.  Science Education, 86, 314-342.

Laugksch, R. C. (2000).  Scientific literacy:  A conceptual overview.  Science Education, 84, 71-94.

Mason, L. & Bascolo, P.  (2000).  Writing and conceptual change:  What changes?  Instructional Science, 28, 199-226.

Palevitz, B. A., Lewis, R. & Latourelle, S.  (2002).  Issue oriented biology:  Merging technical & popular science writing in the classroom.  The American Biology Teacher, 64, 250-259.

Samraj, B. & Swales, J. (2000).  Writing in conservation biology:  Searching for an interdisciplinary rhetoric?  Language and Learning Across the Disciplines, 3(3), 36-56.

Schulte, B. A. (2003).  Scientific writing & scientific method:  Parallel 'hourglass' structure in form & content.  American Biology Teacher, 65, 591-594.

Takao, A. Y., & Kelly, G. J. (2003).  Assessment of evidence in university students' scientific writing.  Science and Education, 12, 341-363.

Venebles, A., & Summit, R. (2003).  Enhancing scientific essay writing using peer assessment.  Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 40, 281-290.

Yore, L. D., Hand, B. M., & Prain, V.  (2002).  Scientists as writers.  Science Education, 86, 672-692.

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Electronic Communication in Science 

Evidently, few studies have been done on the use of electronic communication within the sciences.  Most all the articles that I've found have focused upon the Internet as a medium for communication of scientific information to lay audiences.  If you know of significant sources, please email me the publication information.  I'll greatly appreciate your contributions!

Correia, A. M. R., & Neto, M.D.  (2002).      The role of e-print archives in the access to, and dissemination of, scientific grey literature.  Journal of Information Science, 28, 231-241.

Goble, C. (2001).  The low down on e-science and grids for biology.  Comparative and Functional Genomics, 6, 365-370.

Gonzalez-Pueyo, I., & Redrado, A.  (2003).  Scientific articles in internet homepages:  Assumptions about lay audiences.  Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 33, 165-184.

Hovav, A., & Gray, P. (2002).  Future penetration of academic electronic journals: Four scenarios.  Information Systems Frontiers, 4, 229-244.

McInereny, C. R., & Bird, N. J. (2005).  Assessing web site quality in context:  Retrieving information about genetically modified food on the Web.  Information Research, 10 (2), paper 213 [Available at InformationR.net/ir/10-2/paper213.html]

Triese, D., Walsh-Childers, K., Weingold, M. F., & Friedman, M.  (2003).  Cultivating the science internet audience.  Science Communication, 24, 309-333.

Wyatt, S., Henwood, F., Hart, A., & Smith, J.  (2005).  The digital divide:  Health information and everyday life.  New Media & Society, 7, 199-218.

Zhao, D.Z., & Logan, E.  (2002).  Citation analysis using scientific publications on the Web as data source: A case study in the XML research area.  Scientometrics, 54, 449-472.

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Text, Messages, and Rhetoric of Science

Arsenault, D. J., Smith, L. D., & Beauchamp, E. A. (2006).  Visual inscriptions in the scientific hierarchy:  Mapping the 'treasures of science.' Science Communication, 27, 376-428.

Ceccarelli, L. (2004).  Neither confusing cacophony nore culinary compliments:  A case study of mixed metaphors for genomic science.  Written Communication, 21, 92-105. 

Crick, N. (2005).  'A capital and novel argument':  Charles Darwin's notebooks and the productivity of rhetorical consciousness.  Quarterly Journal of Speech, 91, 337-364.

Fahnestock, J.  (2004).  Preserving the figure:  Consistency in the presentation of scientific arguments.  Written Communication, 21, 6-31. 

Graham, M. B. & Lindeman, N.  The rhetoric and politics of science in the case of the Missouri River system.  Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 19, 422-448.

Hirst, R. (2003).  Scientific jargon, good and bad.  Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 33, 201-229.

Journet, D.  (2005).  Metaphor, ambiguity, and motive in evolutionary biology:  W. D. Hamilton and the 'gene's point of view.' Written Communication, 22, 379-420. 

Kanoksilapatham, B.  (2005).  Rhetorical structure of biochemistry research articles.  English for Specific Purposes, 24, 269-292. 

Latour, B. & Fabbri, P.  (2000).  The rhetoric of science:  Authority and duty in an article from the exact sciences.  (S. Cummins, Trans.).  Technostyle, 16, 115-34.

Litticoat, A. J.  (2004).  Grammar as a feature of text construction:  Time and rhetorical function in French journal articles in biology.  Written Communication, 21, 316-343.

Little, J. (2000).  Analogy in science:  Where do we go from here?  Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 30, 69-92.

Mandersloot, W. G. B., & Bruckmann, C. G. (2000).  Structuring and evaluating scitech communications.  Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 30, 343-53.

Nelson, C. K.  (2004).  Classifying communibiology's texts:  Implication for genre theory.  Communication Theory, 14, 142-166.

Schryer, C. F., Lingard, L., & Spafford, M. M. (2005).  Techne or artful science and the genre of case presentations in healthcare settings.  Communication Monographs, 72, 234-260. 

Turner, S. (2005).  Critical junctures in genetic medicine:  The transformation of DNA lab science to commercial pharmacogenics.  Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 19, 328-352.

Varghese, S. A. & Abraham, S. A. (2004).  Book-length scholarly essays as a hybrid genre in science.  Written Communication, 21, 201-231. 

Warnock, B.  (2005).  The optometrist's rise to power in the health care market, of 'It's optometric physician, to you.'  Science Communication, 27, 100-126.

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Linguistics, Sociology and Naturalistic Studies

Blakeslee, A. M. (2001).  Interacting with audiences:  Social influences on the production of scientific writing.  Mahwah, NJ:  Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.

Clark, F. & Illman, D. L. (2001).  Dimensions of civic science.  Science Communication, 23, 5-27.

Hartley, J., Sotto, E., & Pennebaker, J. (2002).  Style and substance in psychology: Are influential articles more readable than less influential ones?  Social Studies of Science, 32, 321-334.

Hutto, D. (2003).  When professional biologists write:  An ethnographic study with pedagogical implications.  Technical Communication Quarterly, 12, 207-223.

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Historical Studies

Frasca-Spada, M., & Jardine, N. (2000).  Books and the sciences in history.  New York:  Cambridge University Press.

Gross, A. G., Harmon, J. E. & Reidy, M. S.  (2002).  Communicating science:  The scientific article from the 17th century to the present.  Cambridge:  Oxford University Press.   

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Textbooks

NB:  I make no endorsements of these texts' quality, nor of their applicability.  Many of the textbooks available on scientific writing and communication are designed for professionals.  However, portions of them may be useful for ungergraduate and/or graduate classes.  As always, texts should be chosen with care and consideration of their utility.

Beall, H. & Trimbur, J.  (2000).  A short guide to writing about Chemistry.  2nd ed.  New York:  Longman.

Ebel, H. F., Bleifert, C., & Russey, W. E.  (2002).  The art of scientific writing:  From student reports to professional publications in chemistry and related fields.  New York:  John Wiley & Sons.

Gehlbach, S. H. (2002).  Interpreting the medical literature.  4th ed.  New York:  McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division.

Kinsley, K. (2002).  A student handbook for writing in Biology.  Sunderland, MA:  Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Matthews, J. R., Bowen, J. M., & Matthews, R. W. (2001).  Successful scientific writing:  a step-by-step guide for biomedical scientists.  Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press.

McMillan, V. E. (2001).  Writing papers in the biological sciences.  3rd ed.  Boston:  Bedford/St.Martin's.

Paradis, J. G. & Zimmerman, M. L. (1997).  The MIT guide to science and engineering communication.  Cambridge, MA:  MIT Press.

Pechenik, J. A. (2001).  A short guide to writing about Biology.  4th ed.  New York:  Longman.

Penrose, A. M. & Katz, S. B.  (2004).  Writing in the Sciences:  Exploring the conventions of scientific discourse.  2nd ed.  Boston:  Bedford/St. Martin's.

Valiela, I. (2000).  Doing science:  Design, analysis, and communication of scientific research.  New York:  Oxford University Press.

Zeiger, M. (2000).  Essentials of writing biomedical research papers.  2nd ed.  New York:  McGraw-Hill Health Professions Division.

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