Holloway, S.J. and W.E. Friedman. 2008. Embryological features of Tofieldia glutinosa and their bearing on the early diversification of monocotyledonous plants. Annals of Botany 102: 167-182 abstract | full text | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E., S.C.H.Barrett, P.K. Diggle, V.F. Irish and L. Hufford. 2008. Whither plant evo-devo? Investigating the evolution of plant form: conceptual integration from the molecular to the ecological. New Phytologist 178: 468-471 abstract | full text | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E. 2008. Hydatellaceae are water lilies with gymnospermous tendencies. Nature 453:94-97 abstract | full text | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E., E.N. Madrid, and J.H. Williams. 2008. Origin of the fittest and survival of the fittest: relating female gametophyte development to endosperm genetics. International Journal of Plant Sciences 169:79–92 abstract | full text | article in pdf format

Winther J.L. and W.E. Friedman. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Lycopodiaceae. New Phytologist 177 (3): 790-801 abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | commentary (full text)

Winther, J.L. and W.E. Friedman. 2007. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts in Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae). American Journal of Botany 94 (7): 1248-1255 abstract | full text article | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E.. 2006. Sex among the flowers. Natural History 115(9): 48-53.

Friedman, W.E.. 2006. Embryological evidence for developmental lability during early angiosperm evolution. Nature 441(7091): 337-340. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | download supplemental movie

Friedman, W.E., and J.H. Williams. 2004. Developmental evolution of the sexual process in ancient flowering plant lineages. Plant Cell 16: S119-S132. first paragraph | full text article | article in pdf format

Friedman W.E. , R.C. Moore, and M.D. Purugganan. 2004. The evolution of plant development. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1726-1741. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | locally hosted pdf

Williams, J.H., and W.E. Friedman. 2004. The four-celled female gametophyte of Illicium (Illiciaceae; Austrobaileyales): implications for understanding the origin and early evolution of monocots, eumagnoliids, and eudicots. American Journal of Botany 91(3): 332-351. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E., W.N. Gallup and J.H. Williams. 2003. Female gametophyte development in Kadsura: implications for Schisandraceae, Austrobaileyales, and the early evolution of flowering plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences 164(S5): S293-S305. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. and J.H. Williams. 2003. Modularity in the angiosperm female gametophyte and its bearing on the early evolution of endosperm in flowering plants. Evolution 57(2): 216-230. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format

Williams, J.H. and W.E. Friedman. 2002. Identification of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage. Nature 415: 522-526. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format

Hiscock, S.J., K. Hoedemaekers, W.E Friedman and H.G. Dickinson. 2002. The stigma surface and pollen-stigma interactions in Senecio squalidus L. (Asteraceae) following cross (compatible) and self (incompatible) pollinations. International Journal of Plant Sciences 163: 1-16. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | locally hosted pdf

Floyd, S.K. and W.E. Friedman. 2001. Developmental evolution of endosperm in basal angiosperms: evidence from Amborella (Amborellaceae, Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae), and Illicium (Illiciaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 228: 153-169. abstract | article (available in pdf format from SpringerLink at this link)

Friedman, W.E. 2001. Comparative embryology of basal angiosperms. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4: 14-20. abstract | article (available in pdf format from Science Direct at this link)

Friedman, W.E. 2001. Developmental and evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of double fertilization and endosperm. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 324: 559-567. abstract | article (available in pdf format from Science Direct at this link)

Friedman, W.E. and S.K. Floyd. 2001. The origin of flowering plants and their reproductive biology: a tale of two phylogenies. Evolution 55:217-231. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format

Floyd, S.K. and W.E. Friedman. 2000. Evolution of endosperm developmental patterns among basal flowering plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences 161(6) (supplement): S57-S81. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. and M.E. Cook. 2000. The origin and early evolution of tracheids in vascular plants: integration of paleobotanical and neobotanical data. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 355: 857-868. abstract | article (pdf available from Ingenta at this link)

W.E. Friedman. 1999. A developmental and evolutionary analysis of embryology of Platanus (Platanaceae), a basal eudicot. American Journal of Botany 86: 1523-1537. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | locally hosted pdf

Williams, J. H., W.E. Friedman and M L. Arnold. 1999. Developmental Selection within the angiosperm style: Using gamete DNA to visualize interspecific pollen competition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96: 9201-9206. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E. 1999. Expression of the cell cycle in sperm of Arabidopsis: implications for understanding patterns of gametogenesis and fertilization in plants and other eukaryotes. Development 126: 1065-1075. abstract | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E. and J.S. Carmichael. 1998. Heterochrony and developmental innovation: evolution of female gametophyte ontogeny in Gnetum. Evolution 52: 1016-1030. abstract | article at JSTOR

Cook, M.E. and W.E. Friedman. 1998. Tracheid structure in a primitive extant plant provides an evolutionary link to earliest fossil tracheids. International Journal of Plant Sciences 159: 881-890. abstract | full text article | article in pdf format | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. 1998. The evolution of double fertilization and endosperm: an "historical" perspective. Sexual Plant Reproduction 11: 6-16. abstract | article (pdf available from SpringerLink at this link)

Friedman, W.E. and E.M. Gifford. 1997. Development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba: a window into the reproductive biology of early seed plants. In Botanical Society of Japan Special Volume, Ginkgo biloba. T. Hori, ed. Springer Verlag, Tokyo. abstract

Friedman, W.E. 1996. Introduction to biology and evolution of the Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157(6) (supplement): 1-2. article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. and J.S. Carmichael. 1996. Double fertilization in Gnetales: implications for understanding reproductive diversification among seed plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157 (6) (supplement): 77-94. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Carmichael, J.S. and W.E. Friedman. 1996. Double fertilization in Gnetum gnemon, (Gnetaceae): its bearing on the evolution of sexual reproduction within the Gnetales and the anthophyte clade. American Journal of Botany 83: 767-780. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Carmichael, J.S. and W.E. Friedman. 1995. Double fertilization in Gnetum gnemon, a nonflowering seed plant: the relationship between the cell cycle and sexual reproduction. Plant Cell 7: 1975-1988. abstract | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E. 1995. Organismal duplication, inclusive fitness theory and altruism: understanding the evolution of endosperm and the angiosperm reproductive syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92(9): 3913-3917. abstract | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E. 1994. The evolution of embryogeny in seed plants and the developmental origin and early history of endosperm. American Journal of Botany 81: 1468-1486. Special paper. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Liu, L., J.F.D. Dean, W.E. Friedman and K.-E.L. Eriksson. 1994. A laccase like phenoloxidase is correlated with lignin biosynthesis in Zinnia elegans stem tissues. Plant Journal 6: 213-224. abstract | article in pdf format

Friedman, W.E. 1993. The evolutionary history of the seed plant male gametophyte. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 15-21. Invited review. abstract | article (pdf available from Science Direct at this link)

Friedman, W.E. 1992. Double fertilization in nonflowering seed plants. International Review of Cytology 140: 319-355. Invited review. abstract

Crook, R.W. and W.E. Friedman. 1992. Effects of pollen number and archegonial number on fertilization in Douglas fir: significance for seed orchard management. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 1483-1488. abstract

Friedman, W.E. 1992. Evidence of a pre-angiosperm origin of endosperm: implications for the evolution of flowering plants. Science 255(5042): 336 339. abstract | article at JSTOR

Friedman, W.E. 1991. Double fertilization in Ephedra trifurca, a non flowering seed plant: the relationship between fertilization events and the cell cycle. Protoplasma 165: 106-120. abstract

Holaway, B.L., M.C. Trull, W.E. Friedman, and R.L. Malmberg. 1991. A developmentally regulated antigen associated with calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals in tobacco anthers. Planta 186: 13-16. abstract

Choi, J.S. and W.E. Friedman. 1991. Development of the pollen tube in Zamia furfuracea and its evolutionary implications. American Journal of Botany 78: 544-560. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. 1990. Sexual reproduction in Ephedra nevadensis (Ephedraceae): further evidence of double fertilization in a nonflowering seed plant. American Journal of Botany 77: 1582-1598. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. 1990. Double fertilization in Ephedra nevadensis, a nonflowering seed plant: its bearing on the origin of angiosperms. Science 247(4945): 951-954. abstract | article at JSTOR

Friedman, W.E. and E.M. Gifford. 1988. Division of the generative cell and late development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba. American Journal of Botany 75: 1434-1442. Special paper. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. 1987. Morphogenesis and experimental aspects of growth and development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba in vitro. American Journal of Botany 74: 1816-1830. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. 1987. Growth and development of the male gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba within the ovule (in vivo). American Journal of Botany 74: 1797-1815. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Friedman, W.E. and T.E. Goliber. 1986. Photosynthesis in the female gametophyte of Ginkgo biloba. American Journal of Botany 73: 1261-1266. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Robichaux, R.H., P.W. Rundel, W.L. Stemmermann, J.E. Canfield. S.R. Morse, and W.E. Friedman. 1984. Tissue water deficits and plant growth in wet tropical environments. In: Physiological Ecology of Plants of the Wet Tropics. H.A. Mooney, E. Medina, and C. Vasquez-Yaney (eds.). Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 99-112. abstract

Benzing, D.H., W.E. Friedman, G. Peterson, and A. Renfrow. 1983. Shootlessness, velamentous roots, and the pre-eminence of Orchidaceae in the epiphytic biotope. American Journal of Botany 70: 121-133. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Benzing, D.H., D.W. Ott, and W.E. Friedman. 1982. Roots of Sobralia macrantha (Orchidaceae): structure and function of the velamen-exodermis complex. American Journal of Botany 69: 608-614. abstract | article at JSTOR | locally hosted pdf

Benzing, D.H. and W.E. Friedman. 1981. Mycotrophy: its occurrence and possible significance among epiphytic Orchidaceae. Selbyana 5: 243-247. abstract

Benzing, D.H. and W.E. Friedman. 1981. Patterns of foliar pigmentation in Bromeliaceae and their adaptive significance. Selbyana 5: 224-240. abstract