I. Basic Visual Communication References, Textbooks

Barnhurst, Kevin G. "Curriculum and Instruction in Visual Communication." Journalism Educator. 46 (1991): 4-8.

Barnhurst, Kevin G. (Ed.) "Visual Communication and Teaching." A special issue of Journalism Educator, 46 (Spring 1991).

Berger, Arthur Asa. Seeing is Believing: An Introduction to Visual communication. (Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, 1989).

Curtiss, Deborah Pratt. Introduction to Visual Literacy: A Guide to the Visual Arts and Communication. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987).

Davis, Howard and Paul Walton, (Eds.) Language, Image and Media. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983).

Dondis, Donis A. A Primer of Visual Literacy. (Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1973).

Fransecky, Roger B. and John L. Debes. Visual Literacy: A Way to Learn--A Way to Teach. (Washington: Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1972).

Kolers, Paul A., M. F. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2 (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 113-124.

Lester, Paul Martin. Visual Communication: Images with Messages. (Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1995).

Messaris, Paul. Visual "Literacy": Image, Mind & Reality. (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1994).

Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ: (Educational Technology Publications, 1994).

Morgan, John and Peter Welton. See What I Mean? (London: Edward Arnold, 1992).

Pettersson, Rune. Visual Information. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1993).

Schamber, Linda. "Visual Literacy in Mass Communications: A Proposal for Educators," ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN JOURNALISMMC Conference, San Antonio, 1987.

Thompson, Philip and Peter Davenport. The Dictionary of Visual Language. (London: Bergstrom and Boil Books Ltd, 1980).

Wilde, Judith and Richard Wilde. Visual Literacy: A Conceptual Approach to Graphic Problem Solving. (New York: Watson-Guptill, 1991).

Wilde, Richard. Problems: Solutions. Visual Thinking for Graphic Communicators. (New York: Van Nostrand, 1986).

Wileman, Ralph. Visual Communicating. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1983).

Wileman, Ralph. Exercises in Visual Thinking. (New York: Hastings House, 1980).

II. Visual Communication: General Theory/Philosophy

Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. (London: Penguin Books, 1977)S.

Berger, John. About Looking. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1980).

Goodman, Nelson. Languages of Art: An Approach to the Theory of Symbols. (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1976).

Gross, Larry. "Sol Worth and the Study of Visual Communications," Studies in Visual Communication , 6:3 (1980): 2-19.

Gross, Larry, Sol Worth: Studying Visual Communication. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981).

Hochberg, Julian. "Some of the Things That Pictures Are." In Calvin Nodine and Dennis Fisher (Eds.) Views of Pictorial Representation: Making, Perceiving and Interpreting. (New York: Praeger, 1979.

Hudak, G. "On the Limits of Visual Communication: A Case Study." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 7:1 (1987): 28-51.

Ingle, David J., M. A. Goodale, and R. J. W. Mansfield. (Eds.) Analysis of Visual Behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982).

Ivins, William H. Prints and Visual Communication. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1953).

Moriarty, Sandra. "The Function of Visuals in Mass Communication." In Roberts A. Braden, Darrel G. Beauchamp, and LaVerne W. Miller (Eds.) Visible & Viable. IVLA 1986 Conference Proceedings, 1987.

Pettersson, Rune. "Image Functions." Visual Literacy Review. 20 (February, 1991): 2-3.

II A. Images, Content and Meaning

Akert, Robert U. Photoanalysis: How to Interpret the Hidden Psychological Meaning of Personal Photos. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973).

Craven, George M. Object and Image. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1975.)

Freedberg, David. The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Responses. (Chicago" The University of Chicago Press, 1989)

Gombrich, E.H. "The Visual Image." Scientific American. 227 (September, 1972): 82-96.

Knowlton, John. "On the Definition of A 'Picture'." AV Communication Review. 14 (1966): 157-183.

Kolors, P.A. and W. E. Smythe. "Images, Symbols, and Skills." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 33 (1979): 158-184.

McMahon, C. E. "Images as Motives and Motivators: A Historical Perspective." American Journal of Psychology. 86 (1973): 465-490.

Pettersson, Rune. "Image Format." Visual Literacy Newsletter 17 (1988): 5.

Pettersson, Rune. "Image Formats: The Multidimensional Representation of Reality." EP Journal, (September, 1988): 3-7.

Pettersson, Rune. "interpretation of Image Content." Educational Communications Technology Journal 36:1 (1988): 45-55.

Reed, Stephen K. "Structural Descriptions and the Limitation of Visual Images." Memory and Cognition 2 (April, 1974): 329-336.

Sekula, Allan. "On the Invention of Photographic Meaning." Art Forum. 13 (January 1975): 36-45.

Stonehill, Brian. "The Debate Over 'Ocularcentrism'." Journal of Communication. 45:1 (Winter 1995): 147-152.

II A1. Representation and Realism

Allen, Richard. "Representation, Illusion, and the Cinema." The Cinema Journal. 32 (winter, 1993): 21-48.

Arrel, Douglas. "What Goodman Should Have Said about Representation." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 46 (Fall, 1987): 41-49. Discussion 46 (Summer, 1988): 509-511.

Batchen, Geoffrey. "For an Impossible Realism: An Interview with Victor Burgin." Afterimage. 16 (February 1989): 4-9.

Brand, Myles and Robert M. Harnish (Eds.) The Representation of Knowledge and Belief. (Phoenix, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1986).

Brook, Donald. "Painting, Photography, and Representation." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 42 (Winter 1983): 171-180.

Dyer, Richard. The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation (New York: Routledge, 1992).

Egan, D. E. and D. D. Grimes-Ferrow. "Differences in Mental Representations Spontaneously Adopted for Reasons." Memory and Cognition. 10 (1982): 297-307.

Eisner, Elliot W. "On the Relationship of Conception to Representation." Art Education. 36:2 (March 1983): 53.

Erdman, Barbara. "See You in the Funnies! An Analysis of Representation." Journal of Visual Literacy. 13:2 (Autumn, 1993): 51-60.

Gibson, J. J. Reasons for Realism: Selected Essays of James J. Gibson. In E. Reed and R. Jones, (Eds.) (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1982).

Goodrich, R. A. "Goodman on Representation and Resemblance." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 28 (Winter, 1988): 48-58.

Grigg, Robert. "Relativism and Pictorial Realism." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 42 (Summer, 1984): 397-408.

Korsmeyer, Carolyn. "Pictorial Assertion." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 43 (spring, 1985): 257-265.

McDonnell, Neil. "Are Pictures Unavoidably Specific?" Synthese 57 (1983): 83-98.

Mitchell, W. J. Thomas. "Realism, Irrealism, and Ideology: A Critique of Nelson Goodman." The Journal of Aesthetic Education. 25 (Spring, 1991): 23-35.

Perkins, D. N. "Pictures and the Real Thing." In P. A. Kolers, M. R. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma (Eds.) Processing Visible Language: Vol. 2 (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 259-278.

Scruton, Roger. "Photography and Representation." Critical Inquiry 7 (Spring 1981): 577-603.

Snodgrass, J. G. "Concepts and Their Surface Representations." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 23 (1984): 3-22.

Snyder, Joel and Neil W. Allen. "Photography, Vision, and Representation." Critical Inquiry 2 (Autumn 1975): 143-169.

Tagg, John. "The Proof of the Picture." Afterimage. 15 (January, 1988): 11-13.

Wartofsky, Marx W. "Rules and Representation: The Virtues of Constancy and Fidelity Put in Perspective." Erkenntniss. 2 (1978): 17-36.

Watzlawich, Paul. How Real is Real? (New York: Vintage Books, 1977).

Weiss, Audrey, Dorothy Mirich and Barbara Wilson. "Prior Exposure to Creatures From a Horror Film: Live Versus Photographic Representations." Communication Research. (September 1993): 41-66.

Zabala, Horacio. "The Image of Duplication: Theoretical Perspective Behind Artistic Production and Viewers' Notions of Reality and Appearance." Leonardo. 25:1 (1992): 47-50.

II A2. Pictorial Representation

Caroll, J. M., J. C. Thomas, and A. Malhotra. "Presentation and Representation in Design Problem-Solving." British Journal of Psychology. 71 (1980): 143-153.

Gombrich, E. H. "Representation and Misrepresentation." Critical Inquiry. 11 (1984): 195-201.

Gombrich, E. H. "Mirror and Map: Theories of Pictorial Representation." Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society. (London, Royal Society, 1975): 119-149.

Gombrich, E. H., Julian Hochberg, and M. Black (Eds.) Art, Perception and Reality. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1972).

Harris, Jonathan. "The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories." Art History. 12 (June, 1989): 247-256.

Hochberg, Julian. "The Representation of Things and People: In E. H. Gombrich, Julian Hochberg, and M. Black (Eds.) Art, Perception and Reality. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1972).

Huckle, Nicholas. "On Representation and Essence: Barthes and Heidegger." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 43 (Spring, 1985): 275-280.

Hurt, J.A. "Assessing Functional Effectiveness of Pictorial Representations Used in Text." Educational communication Technology. 35:2 (1987): 85-94.

Kelter, S., H. Grotzbach, R. Frieheit, B. Hohle, S. Wutzig and E. Diesch. "Object Identification: The Mental Representation of Physical and Conceptual Attributes." Memory and Cognition. 12 (1984): 123-133.

Neander, Karen. "Pictorial Representation: A Matter of Resemblance." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 27 (Summer, 1987): 213-226.

Nichols, Bill. "The Analysis of Representational Images." In Corner, John and Jeremy Hawthorn (Eds.) Communication Studies: An Introductory Reader. 3rd ed. (London: Edward Arnold, 1989).

Peetz, Dieter. "Some Current Philosophical Theories of Pictorial Representation." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 27 (Summer, 1987): 227-237. Discussion. 28 (Summer, 1988): 278-80.

Roupas, T.G. "Information and Pictorial Representation." In D. Perkins and B. Leondar (Eds.) The Arts and Cognition. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).

Savedoff, Barbara E. "Transforming Images: Photographs of Representations." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 50 (Spring 1992): 93-106.

Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).

Todd, Jennifer. "The Roots of Pictorial Reference." Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 39 (1980): 47-58.

Ujlaki, Gabriella. "The Logic of Representation." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 33 (April, 1993): 121-131.

Warburton, Nigel. "Varieties of Photographic Representation: Documentary, Pictorial, and Quasi-Documentary. History of Photography. 15 (Autumn, 1991): 203-210.

Warburton, Nigel. "Photographic Communication." British Journal of Aesthetics 28 (Spring 1988): 173-181.

Wartofsky, Marx W. "Cameras Can't See: Representation, Photography and Human Vision." Afterimage. 7:9 (April, 1980): 8-9.

Wartofsky, Marx W. "Picturing and Representing." In Calvin Nodine and Dennis Fisher. (Eds.) Perception and Pictorial Representation. (New York: Praeger, 1979).

II A3. Visual Illusions/Ambiguities

Carraker, R. G. and J. B. Thurston. Optical Illusions and the Visual Arts. (New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 1966).

Coren, S. and J. S. Girgus. "Principles of Perceptual Organization and Spatial Distortion: The Gestalt Illusions." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 7 (1980): 404-412.

Coren, S. and J. S. Girgus. Seeing is Deceiving: The Psychology of Visual Illusions. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1978).

Gregory, R. L. "Visual Illusions." Scientific American. (November, 1968).

Halpern, D. F. "The Determinants of Illusory-contour Perception." Perception. 10 (1981): 199-214.

Luckiesh, M. Visual Illusions. (New York: Dover, 1965).

Parks, T. E. "Illusory Figures: A (Mostly) A Theoretical Review." Psychological Bulletin. 95 (1984): 282-300.

Reardon, M. E. and T. E. Parks. "The Ponzo Illusion Without Suggested Depth." American Journal of Psychology. 96 (1983): 107-112.

Teuber, M.L. "Sources of Ambiguity in the Prints of Maurits C. Escher." Scientific American. (July, 1974).

Terouanne, E. "'Impossible Figures' and Interpretations of Polyhedral Figures." Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 27 (1983): 370-405.

Tolanksy, S. Optical Illusions. (Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1964).

II A4. Bizarre Images

Kroll, N. E. A., E. M. Schepeler, and K. T. Anglin. "Bizarre Imagery: The Misremembered Mnemonic." Journal of Experimental Psychology: learning, Memory, and Cognition. 12 (1986): 42-53.

Marshall, P. H., K. Nau and C. K. Chandler. "A Functional Analysis of Common and Bizarre Visual Mediators." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 15 (1980): 375-377.

McDaniel, M.A. and G. O. Einstein. "Bizarre Imagery as an Effective Memory Aid: The Importance of Distinctiveness." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 12 (1986): 54-65.

O'Brien, E. J. and C. R. Wolford. "Effect of Delay in Testing on Retention of Plausible versus Bizarre Mental Images." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 8 (1982): 148-152.

Webber, S. M. and P. H. Marshall. "Bizarreness Effects in Imagery as a Function of Processing Level and Delay." Journal of Mental Imagery. 2 (1978): 291-300.

II B. Mental Imagery/Visualization

Anderson, J. R. "Arguments Concerning Representations for Mental Imagery. Psychological Review. 85 (1978): 249-277.

Block, Ned. (Ed.) Imagery. (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1981).

Bullock, D. and S. Severe. "Using Fantasy and Guided Visual Imagery." Academic Therapy. 16 (1982): 311-316.

Cartwright, Desmond S., Mary E. Marks, and John H. Durrett, Jr. "Definition and Measurement of Three Processes of Imagery Representation: Exploratory Studies of Verbally Stimulated Imagery." Multivariate Behavioral Research. 13:4 (1978): 449-473.

Clark, R.L. "Media, Mental Imagery, and Memory." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26 (4): 355-363.

Di Vesta, F. J., Ingersoll, G. and P. Sunshine. "A Factor Analysis of Imagery Tests." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 10 (1971): 471-479.

Farah, M. J. "Psychophysical Evidence for a Shared Representation Medium for Mental Images and Percepts." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 114 (1985): 91-103.

Finke, Ronald A. Principles of Mental Imagery. (Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press, 1989).

Finke, Ronald A. "Visual Functions of Mental Imagery." In K.R. Boff, L. Kaufman, and J. P. Thomas (Eds.) Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. (New York: Wiley, 1986).

Fleming, M. L. "The Picture in Your Mind." AV Communication Review. 25 (1977): 43-62.

Fodor, Jerry A. "Imagistic Representation in Imagery." In Ned Block (Ed.) Imagery. Cambridge: Mass, The MIT Press, 1981).

Glass, A. L., J. K. Eddy, and P. J. Schwanenflugel. "The Verification of High and Low Imagery Sentences." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 6 (1980): 692-704.

Gombrich, E. H. The Image and the Eye. (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1982.)

Gordon, R. "A Very Private World.: In Sheehan. P. W. (Ed.) The Function and Nature of Imagery. (New York: Academic Press, 1972): 63-80.

Holt, R. R. "Imagery: The Return of the Ostracized." American Psychologist. 19 (1964): 254-264.

Hortin, John A. "Imagery in Our Daily Lives." In R.A. Braden and A. D. Walker (Eds.). Seeing Ourselves: Visualization in a Social Context. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1983).

Katz, Albert N. "What Does it Mean to be a High Imager?" In J.C. Yuille (Ed.) Imagery, Memory and Cognition. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1983): 39-63.

Khatena, J. "Analogy Imagery and the Creative Imagination." Journal of Mental Imagery. 7 (1983): 127-134.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. Image and Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994).

Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Mental Imagery." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992): 73-97.

Kosslyn, Stephen M., C. Seger, J.R. Pani, and L. A. Hillger. "When Is Imagery Used in Everyday Life? A Dairy Study." Journal of Mental Imagery. 14 (1990): 131-152.

Kosslyn, Stephen. M. "Stalking the Mental Image." Psychology Today. 19 (1985):23-28.

Kosslyn, Stephen M., J. Brunn, K. R. Cave, and R. W. Wallach. "Individual Differences in Mental Imagery Ability: A Computational Analysis." Cognition 18 (1984): 195-243.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. Ghosts in the Mind's Machine: Creating and Using Images in the Brain. (New York: Norton, 1983).

Kosslyn, Stephen M., Steven Pinker, George E. Smith, Steven P. Shwartz. "On the Demystification of Mental Imagery." In Ned Block (Ed.) Imagery. Cambridge: Mass, The MIT Press, 1981).

Kosslyn, Stephen M. "The Medium and the Message in Mental Imagery." Psychological Review. 88:1 (1981): 46-66. Also in Ned Block (Ed.) Imagery. Cambridge: Mass, The MIT Press, 1981).

Kosslyn, Stephen M. Image and Mind. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).

Kosslyn Stephen M. and P. Jolicoeur. "A Theory-Based Approach to the Study of Individual Differences in Mental Imagery." In R. E. Snow, P. A. Federico, and W. E. Montague (Eds.) Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction: Cognitive Process Analysis of Aptitude. Vol. 1 (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1980).

Kosslyn, Stephen M. and J. R. Pomerantz. "Imagery, Propositions, and the Form of Internal Representations." Cognitive Psychology. 9 (1977): 52-76.

McKellar, P. "The Investigation of Mental Images." In S. A. Barnet and A. McLaren (Eds.) Penguin Science Survey. (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1965).

Miller, Helen and John Burton. "Images and Imagery Theory." In Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994, 65-84.

Morris, Peter E. and Peter J. Hampson. Imagery and Consciousness. (NY/London: Academic Press, 1983).

Neisser, Ulric. "Changing Conceptions of Imagery." In Peter W. Sheehan, (Ed.) The Function and Nature of Imagery. (New York: Academic Press, 1972): 233-251.

Paivio, A. and M. Cohen. "Eidetic Imagery and Cognitive Abilities." Journal of Mental Imagery. 3 (1979): 53-64.

Paivio, Allen. "Imagery as a Private Audiovisual Aid." Instructional Science. 9 (1980): 295-309.

Paivio, Allan. "Perceptual comparisons Through the Mind's Eye." Memory and Cognition. 3:6 (1975): 635-647.

Pinker, S. "Mental Imagery and the Third Dimension." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 109 (1980): 354-371.

Pylyshyn, Zenon. "What the Mind's Eye Tells the Mind's Brain: A Critique of Mental Imagery." Psychological Bulletin 80 (July, 1973): 1-24.

Pylyshyn, Zenon. "The Imagery Debate: Analogue Media Versus Tacit Knowledge." Psychological Review. 88 (1981): 16-45.

Reed, S. K. "Structural Descriptions and the Limitations of Visual Images." Memory and Cognition 2 (1974): 329-336.

Richardson, A. Mental Imagery. (New York: Springer, 1969)

Samuels, M. and N. Samuels. Seeing With the Mind's Eye: The History, Techniques, and Uses of Visualization. (New York: Random House, 1975).

Sheehan, Peter W. (Ed.) The Function and Nature of Imagery. (New York: Academic Press, 1972).

Sheikh, Anees A. Imagery: Current Theory, Research, and Application. (New York, John Wiley & Sons,, 1983).

Shepard, Roger N. "The Mental Image." American Psychologist. 33 (1978): 125-137.

Shepard, Roger N. and Lynn A. Cooper. Mental Images and Their Transformations. (Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press, 1986).

Simon, H.A. "What Is Visual Imagery: An Information Processing Interpretation." In L. W. Gregg (Ed.). Cognition in Learning and Memory. (New York: Wiley, 1972).

Wicker, F. W. "Our Picture of Mental Imagery: Prospects for Research and Development." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26 (1978): 15-24.

II B1. Imagery and Perception

Baddeley, A. D., S. Grant, E. Wight, and N. Thomson. "Imagery and Visual Working Memory." In P.M. A. Rabbitt and S. Dornic (Eds.) Attention and Performance. Vol. 5. (London: Academic Press, 1974).

Banks, W. P. "Assessing Relations Between Imagery and Perception." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 7 (1981): 844-847.

Brown, Polly, Janice M. Keenan, and George R. Potts. "The Self-Reference Effect with Imagery Encoding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 51:5 (1986): 897-906.

Finke, Ronald A. "Levels of Equivalence in Imagery and Perception" Psychological Review. 87 (1980): 113-132.

Groninger, L. D. and L. K. Groninger. "Function of Images in the Encoding-Retrieval Process." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 8 (1982): 353-358.

Hilgard, E. R. "Imagery and Imagination in American Psychology." Journal of Mental Imagery. 5 (1981): 5-66.

Horowitz, Mardi J. Image Formation and Cognition. (New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1978).

Lord, Charles G. "Schemas and Images as Memory Aids: Two Modes of Processing Social Information." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 38:2 (1980): 257-269.

MacInnis, Deborah J. and Linda L. Price. "The Role of Imagery in Information Processing: Review and Extensions." Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (March, 1987): 473-491.

Paivio, Allan. "Imagery Ability and Visual Perception of Verbal and Nonverbal Stimuli." Perception and Psychophysics. 10 (1971): 429-432.

Paivio, A. and J. de Linde. "Imagery, Memory, and the Brain." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 36 (1982): 243-272.

Richardson, J. T. E. Mental Imagery and Human Memory. (London: MacMillan Press, 1980).

Segal, S. J. and V. Fusella. "Influence of Imaged Pictures and Sounds on Detection of Visual and Auditory Signals." Journal of Experimental Psychology.  83 (1970): 458-464.

Wallace, B. "Apparent Equivalence Between Perception and Imagery in the Production of Various Visual Illusions." Memory and Cognition. 12 (1984: 156-162.

Winn, W. "Visual Information Processing: A Pragmatic Approach to the 'Imagery Question'." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28 (1980): 120-133.

Yuille, J.C. and M. G. Catchpole. "The Role of Imagery in Models of Cognition." Journal of Mental Imagery. 1 (1977): 171-180.

II B2. Imagery and Education

Bower, G. H. "Imagery as a Relational Organizer in Associative Learning." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1970 (9): 529-533.

Couch, Richard A. "Mental Imagery, Cognitive Style and Their Effects on Learning Different Levels of Learning Objectives." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Judy C. Baca and Roberts A. Braden (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg VA: International Visual Literacy Assocation, 1990).

Ernest, C. H. "Imagery Ability and Cognition: A Critical Review." Journal of Mental Imagery. 1977 (1): 113-132.

Fleming, M. L. and D. Hutton. (Eds.) Mental Imagery and Learning. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1983).

McCarty, D. L. "Investigation of a Visual Imagery Mnemonic Device for Acquiring Face-Name Associations." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 6 (1980): 145-155.

Sheikh, Anees A. and Katherine S. Sheikh. Imagery in Education. (Farmingdale NY: Baywood Publishing, 1985).

Speidel, G. E. and M. E. Troy. "The Ebb and Flow of Mental Imagery In Education." In A. A. Sheikh and K. S. Sheikh. (Eds.). Imagery in Education. (Farmingdale NY: Baywood, 1985).

Winn, W. "Visualization in Learning and Instruction." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 30 (1982): 3-25.

II B3. Vividness

Dickel, M. J. and S. Slak. "Imagery Vividness and Memory for Verbal Material." Journal of Mental Imagery. 7 (1983): 121-126.

Rhodes, John Wiley. "Relationships Between Vividness of Mental Imagery and Creative Thinking." Journal of Creative Behavior. 15:2 (1981): 9-98.

Taylor, S. E. and S. C. Thompson. "Stalking the Elusive 'Vividness' Effect." Psychological Review. 89 (1982): 155-181.

II C. Philosophy: Epistemology

Denis, M. and M. Carfantan. "People's Knowledge about Images." Cognition. 20 (1985): 49-60.

Dretske, Fred. "Seeing, Believing, and Knowing." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992).

Dretske, Fred. Seeing and Knowing. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).

Paivio, Allan. "On Exploring Visual Knowledge." In B. S. Randhawa and W. E. Coffman (Eds), Visual Learning, Thinking and communication. New York: Academic Press, 1978: 113-131.

Rancourt, R. "Epistemology: A Forgotten Factor in the Learning-Teaching Process." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 3:2 (1983): 29-44.

Spelke, Elizabeth S. "Origins of Visual Knowledge. In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992): 99-128.

II C1. Visual Thinking

Arnheim, Rudolph. Visual Thinking. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

Arnheim, Rudolf. Review essay of Picasso's Guernica: The Labyrinth of Narrative and Vision (by Frank D. Russell). Studies in Visual Communication. 7:2 (Spring 1981): 84-88.

Curtiss, Deborah. "Visual Thinking: How Do We Define, Identify and Facilitate It?" In Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Braden (Eds.). Investigating Visual Literacy, (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc. 1990).

Dake, Dennis. "Visual Thinking Skills for the Digital Age." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1995).

Dake, Dennis. "Visual Links: Discovery in Art and Science." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art and Science. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Hortin, John A. "Introspection and Visual Thinking for Instructional Technology." Educational Technology. 13:6 (1982).

McKim, Robert H. Experiences in Visual Thinking. (Monterey CA: Brooks/Cole, 1980).

McKim, Robert H. Thinking Visually. (Belmont CA: Wadsworth, 1980).

Osherson, Daniel N., Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992).

Paivio, Allan. "Imagery and Synchronic Thinking." Canadian Psychological Review. 16 (1975): 147-163.

Randhawa, Bikkar S. and William E. Coffman (Eds.). Visual Learning, Thinking and Communication. (New York: Academic Press, 1978).

Renk, Jeffrey M., Robert C. Branch, Echeol Chang. "Visual Information Strategies in Mental Model Development." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Wolf, H. Visual Thinking: Methods for Making Images Memorable. (New York: Rizzoli, 1988).

II C2. Visual Interpretation

Couch, Richard, Edward J. Caropreso and Hellen Miller. "Making Meaning From Visuals: Creative Thinking and Interpretation of Visual Information." In Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 27-29.

Curtiss, Deborah. "From Iconic to Lingual: Interpreting Visual Statements." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Curtiss, Deborah. "An Eclectic Approach to the Interpretation of Visual Statements." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1994.

Messaris, Paul and Michael Pallenik. "Attribution and Inference in the Interpretation of Candid and Staged Film Events." Studies in Visual Communication 4 (Spring 1977): 51-58.

Messaris, Paul and Larry Gross. "Interpretations of a Photographic Narrative by Viewers in Four Age Groups." Studies in Visual Communication 4 (Winter 1977): 99-111.

Moriarty, Sandra. "Abduction and a Theory of Visual Interpretation," Communication Theory, forthcoming.

Pettersson, Rune. "Intended and Perceived Image content." In L.W. Miller (Ed.) Creating Meaning. Pomona: :International Visual Literacy, 1985).

Pettersson, Rune. "Interpretation of Image Content." In R.A. Braden, B. Braden, D.G. Beauchamp. and L. Miller (Eds.) Visual Literacy in Life and Learning. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1988).

Ruby, Jay. "In a Pic's Eye: Interpretative Strategies for Deriving Significance and Meaning from Photographs." Afterimage (March 1976): 5-7.

Russell, Anne L. "Viewers' Contributions to a Photograph." In Darrel G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Judy Clark Baca (Eds.) Visual Literacy in the Digital Age .(Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1994).

Ullman, S. The Interpretation of Visual Motions. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1980).

II D. Visual Information

Gibson, James J. "The Information Available in Pictures, Leonardo 4 (Winter 1971): 27-35.

Friedman, Alinda and L. E. Bourne Jr.. "Encoding the Levels of Information in Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 105 (1976): 169-190.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Information Representation in Visual Images." Cognitive Psychology. 7 (1975): 341-370

Lee, D. N. "Visual Information During Locomotion." In R. B. MacLeod and H.L. Pick (Eds.). Perception: Essays in Honor of James J. Gibson. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974).

Loftus, G. R. and S. M. Bell. "Two Types of Information in Picture Memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 1 (1975): 103-113.

II E. The Language Metaphor

Barbatsis, Gretchen and Keith Kenney. "Pictorial Language: Meaning in Form" International Communication Association Conference, Chicago, 1986.

Barbatsis, Gretchen. "Pictorial Language Structure: Theoretical Framework and Description." Speech Communication Association Conference. Washington D.C., November, 1983.

Barbatsis, Gretchen and Lori S. Owen. "Pictorial Language: Explorations of a Universal or Culturally Bound Code." Speech Communication Association, Boston, November, 1987.

Bayer, Jonathan. "In Search of a Photographic Language." Artscribe. (July 1977): 23-30.

Debes, John L. "Some Aspects of the Reading of Visual Languages." National Conference on Visual Literacy, Cincinnati, OH, 1972.

Hennis, R.S. "Needed: Research in the Visual Language." English Journal. 70:1 (1981): 79-82.

Kaha, C. W. "Toward a Syntax of Motion." Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 10 (December, 1993): 339-348.

Kepes, Gyorgy. The Language of Vision, (New York: George Brazille, 1944).

Kepes, Gyorgy. (Ed.) Education of Vision. (New York: George Braziller, 1965).

Mandler, J. M. and N. S. Johnson. "Some of the Thousand Words a Picture is Worth." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2 (1976): 529-540.

Metallinos, Nikos. "The Syntax of Moving Images: Principles and Applications." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: International Visual Literacy Association, 1995).

Mitchell, W. J. T. (Ed.) The Languages of Images. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).

Moriarty, Sandra. "Visual Communication as a Primary System." Journal of Visual Communication, forthcoming.

Muffoletto, Robert. "The Reading of Pictures: A consideration for Developing a Critical Model." In R.A. Braden and A.D. Walker (Eds.). Television and Visual Literacy. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 1982).

Pettersson, Rune. "Picture Legibility, Readability, and Reading Value." In A.D. Walker, R.A. Braden, and L.H. Dunker (Eds.). Visual Literacy: Enhancing Human Potential. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, 1984).

Pettersson, Rune. "Verbal/Visual Literacies: Their Languaging Relationships." Reading Psychology: An International Quarterly 9:4 (1988): 295-314.

Searle, Leroy. "Language Theory and Photographic Praxis." Afterimage. (Summer 1979): 26-34.

Stewig, J.W. "Reading Pictures." Journal of Visual Literacy. 9:1 (1989): 70-82.

Sucy, James. "Why Do visual Literacy Projects Fail?" In N.J. Thayer and S. Clayton-Randolph (Eds.). Visual Literacy: Cruising into the Future. (Bloomington, IN: International Visual Literacy Association, 1985).

Szlichcinski, K. P. "The Syntax of Pictorial Illustrations." In P.A. Kolers, M. F. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2 (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 113-124.

Tiemens, Robert K. and S. R. Acker. "Image Size as an Element of Visual Language." Speech Communication Association, Washington, D.C., 1976.

Tiemens, Robert K. and R. K. Avery. "The Syntax of Visual Messages: An Empirical Investigation of the Asymmetry of the Frame Theory." Speech Communication Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 1975.)

Turbayne, C.M. "The Syntax of Visual Language." In C.M. Williams and J.L. Debes (Eds.) Proceedings of the First National Conference on Visual Literacy. (New York,: Pitman Publishing, 1970).

Wendt, P. R. "The Language of Pictures," In S.I. Hayakawa (Ed.), The Use and Misuse of Language, (Greenwich CN: Fawcett, 1962): 175-193..

II E1. Visual/Verbal Comparisons

Anderson, R. E. "Short-term Retention of the Where and When of Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 105 (1976): 378-402.

Anglin, G.J. "Prose-relevant Pictures and Older Learners' Recall of Written Prose." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 34 (2): 131-136.

Anglin, G.J. "Effect of Pictures on Recall of Written Prose: How Durable are Picture Effects?" Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 35 (19): 25-30.

Braden, Roberts A. "Examining Visual Verbal Relationships." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Braden, Roberts A. "Visualizing the Verbal and Verbalizing the Visual." In R.A. Braden and A.D. Walker (Eds.), Seeing Ourselves: Visualization in a Social Context. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1983).

Childers, Terry L., Susan E. Heckler and Michael J. Houston. "Memory for the Visual and Verbal Components of Print Advertisements." Psychology and Marketing, 3 (Spring, 1986): 137-150.

Constantine, Mildred. (Ed.) Text by Alan M. Fern. Word and Image. (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1968).

Corcoran, F. "Processing Information from Screen Media: A Psycholinguistic Approach." Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29 (2): 117-128.

Culbertson, Hugh M. "Words vs. Pictures: Perceived Impact and Connotative Meaning," Journalism Quarterly, 51 (Summer 1974), 226-237.

Davies, Duncan, Diana Bathurst and Robin Bathurst. The Telling Image: The Changing Balance Between Pictures and Words in a Technological Age. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).

Dewhurst, S. A. and M. A. Conway. "Pictures, Images, and Recollective Experience." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 10:5 (1994): 1088-1098.

Durso, F.T. and J. K. Johnson. "Facilitation in Naming and Categorizing Repeated Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 5:5 (1979): 449-459.

Dwyer, F.M. "Examining the Symbiotic Relationship Between Verbal and Visual Literacy in Terms of Facilitating Student Achievement." Reading Psychology 9 (1988): 365-380.

Gehring, R. E., M.P. Toglia and G. A. Kimble. "Recognition Memory for Words and Pictures at Short and Long Retention Intervals." Memory and Cognition. 4 (1976): 256-260.

Geisser, Maura J. "Logical Reasoning: With Pictures...Not Without Words," In Judy Clark Baca, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Roberts A. Braden, Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures, IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1991: 173-182.

Gentner, D. and E. F. Loftus. "Integration of Verbal and Visual Information As Evidenced by Distortions in Picture Memory." American Journal of Psychology. 92 (1979). 363-375.

Guenther, R. K. "Conceptual Memory for Pictures and Prose Episodes." Memory and Cognition. 1980 (8): 563-572.

Heckler, Susan E. and Terry L. Childers. "The Role of Expectancy and Relevancy in Memory for Verbal and Visual Information: What is Incongruency?" Journal of Consumer Research. 18 (March, 1992): 475-492.

Hobbs, R. "Visual-Verbal Synchrony and Television News: Decreasing the Knowledge Gap." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 7:2 (1987): 6-20.

Intraub, H. "The Role of Implicit Naming in Pictorial Encoding." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 5 (1979): 78-87.

Kolers, P. A. and S. J. Brison. "Commentary: On Pictures, Words, and Their Mental Representation." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 23 (1984): 105-113.

Kunen, S. and E. M. Duncan. "Do Verbal Descriptions Facilitate Visual Inferences?" Journal of Educational Research. 76 (1983): 370-373.

Loftus, E. F., D. G. Miller and H. J. Burns. "Semantic Integration of Verbal Information Into a Visual Memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 4 (1978): 19-31.

Lupton, Ellen . "Reading Isotype." In Victor Margolin, (Ed.) Design Discouse: History, Theory, Criticism. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989):145-156.

Lutz, W. J. and C. J. Scheirer. "Coding Processes for Pictures and Words." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 13 (1974): 316-320.

Mandler, J. M and N. S. Johnson. "Some of the Thousand Words a Picture is Worth." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2 (1976): 529-540.

Mayer, R.E. and J.K. Gallini. "When is an Illustration Worth Ten Thousand Words?" Journal of Educational Psychology. 82:6 (1990): 715-726.

Nelson, D. L. "Remember Pictures and Words: Appearance, Significance, and Name." In L. S. Cermak and F. I. M. Craik (Eds.) Levels of Processing in Human Memory. (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1979).

Nelson, D. L. and D. Castano. "Mental Representations for Pictures and Words: Same or Different?" American Journal of Psychology. 97 (1984): 1-15.

Nelson, D. L., V. S. Reed and C. L. McEvoy. "Learning to Order Pictures and Words: A Model of Sensory and Semantic Encoding." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 3 (1977): 485-497.

Orwig, G. W. "Effects of Verbal Shadowing on the Recognition of Visually Presented Verbal and Nonverbal Information." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27 (1979): 25-30.

Paivio, Allan. "The Relationship Between Verbal and Perceptual Codes. In E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman (Eds.) Handbook of Perception Vol. 9: Perceptual Processing. (New York: Academic Press, 1978).

Paivio, Allan. Imagery and Verbal Processes. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971).

Paivio, Allan and I. Begg. "Concrete-Image and Verbal Memory Codes." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1969 (80): 279-285.

Paivio, Allan, T. B. Rogers, and P. C. Smythe. "Why are Pictures Easier to Recall than Words?" Psychonomic Science. 1968 (11): 137-138.

Peterson, M. J. and S. H. McGee. "The Effects of Imagery Instructions, Imagery Ratings, and the Number of Dictionary Meanings Upon Recognition and Recall." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1974 (102): 1007-1014.

Pettersson, Rune. "Image-Word-Image." In R.A. Braden, D.G. Beauchamp, and L.W. Miller (Eds.). Visible and Viable: The Role of Images in Instruction and Communication. (Commerce, TX: The International Visual Literacy Association, 1987); also in Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 6:2 (Fall, 1986): 7-21..

Pettersson, Rune. "Interplay of Visuals and Legends." Visual Literacy Newsletter. 14:5 (1985): 1-3.

Pryluck, Calvin B. "The Film Metaphor: The Use of Language Based Models in Film Study." Literature/film Quarterly. 3 (1975): 117-123.

Pullen, Terri G. "East Moves West: Questioning the Verbal Supremacy of Traditional Literary Studies: The Visual/Verbal Interaction in Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses." In Judy Clark Baca, Darrel G. Beauchamp and Roberts A. Braden (Eds). Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1991: 503-508.

Quine, W. V. O. Word and Object. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1960).

Smith, M. C., and L. E. Magee. "Tracing the Time Course of Picture-Word Processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 109 (1980): 373-392.

Smith, Ruth Ann, Michael J. Houston, and Terry L. Childers. "Verbal versus Visual Processing Modes: An Empirical Test of the Cyclical Processing Hypothesis." In Thomas Kinnear (Ed.) Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 11. (Ann Arbor MI: Association for Consumer Research, 1984): 75-80.

Smith, S. L. "Exploring Compatibility with Words and Pictures." Human Factors. 23 (1981): 305-315.

Snodgrass, J. G. "Towards a Model for Picture and Word Processing. In P. A. Kolers, M. R. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma. (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980).

Snodgrass, J. G. "Towards a Model for Picture and Word Processing." In Kolers, M., F. Wrolstad, and H. Bouma (Eds.) Processing of Visible Language: Vol. 2. (New York: Plenum Press, 1980): 565-584.

Standing, L. and P. Smith. "Verbal-Pictorial Transformations in Recognition Memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 29 (1975): 316-356.

Willows, D.M. "A Picture is Not Always Worth a Thousand Words: Pictures as Distractors in Reading." Journal of Educational Psychology. 70 (1978): 155-162.

Wiseman S., C. M. MacLeod and P. J. Lootsteen. "Picture Recognition Improves with Subsequent Verbal Information." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 11 (1974): 675-681.

II E2. Pictorial Superiority Effect

Childers, Terry L. and Michael J. Houston. "Conditions for a Picture Superiority Effect on Consumer Memory." Journal of Consumer Research. 11 (September, 1984): 552-563.

Intraub, H. and S. Nicklos. "Levels of Processing and Picture Memory: The Physical Superiority Effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 11 (1985): 284-298.

Kobayashi, S. "Theoretical Issues Concerning Superiority of Pictures Over Words and Sentences in Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 63 (1986): 783-792.

Nelson, Douglas L. V. S. Reed, and J.R. Walling. "Pictorial Superiority Effect." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2 (1976): 523-528.

Paivio, Allan and A. K. Csapo. "Picture Superiority in Free Recall: Imagery or Dual Coding?" Cognitive Psychology. 1973 (5): 176-206.

II E3. Visual/Verbal/Audio Interaction

Begg, I. "Imagery and Integration in the Recall of Words." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1973 (27): 159-167.

Benson, Philippa Jane. "Problems in Picturing Text." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993)

Bosley, Rhody. "Radio Study Tells Imagery Potential." Advertising Age, September 6, 1992: R3.

Bryce, Wendy J. and Richard Yalch, "Hearing Versus Seeing: A Comparison of Consumer Learning of Spoken and Pictorial Information in Television Advertising." Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising. 15: 1 (spring, 1993): 1-20.

Crigler, A. N., M. Just and W.R. Neuman. "Interpreting Visual Versus Audio Messages in Television News." Journal of Communication. 44 (1994): 132-149.

Ferrington, Gary. "Audio Design: Creating Multi-Sensory Images for the Mind.: Journal of Visual Literacy. 14:1 (Spring, 1994): 61-67.

Lang, Annie. "Defining Audio/Visual Redundancy from a Limited Capacity Information Processing Perspective." Communication Research. 22:1 (February 1994): 86-115.

Linton, James, J. Schemelefske and W. Liffy. "Dominance and Compatibility in Musical-Visual Combinations in Video Communication." Canadian Communication Association Conference, Montreal Quebec, 1980.

Pettersson, Rune. "The Use of Visuals in Oral Presentations. Educational Technology Research and Development. 40:2 (1992): 109-116.

Segal, S. J., and V. Fusella. 'Influence of Imaged Pictures and Sounds on Detection of Visual and Auditory Signals." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 83 (1970): 458-464.

Weber, R. J. and R. Harnish. "Visual Imagery for Words: The Hebb Test." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 102 (1974): 409-414.

Willemen, Paul. "Cinematic Discourse: The Problem of Inner Speech." In Stephen Heath, Patricia Miller (Eds.) Cinema and Language. (Frederick MO: University Publishers of America, 1988): 141-167.

III. Bio/Physical Factors and Processes

III A. Vision/Physiology/Optics

Berleley, G. ""An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision." In J. E. Cutting's (Ed.) Perception With an Eye for Motion. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1986): 213-219.

Biederman, Irving. "Higher-Level Vision." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992); 41-72.

Gibson, J. J. "Pictures, Perspective and Perception." Daedalus 89 (1960): 216-227.

Gregory, Richard. The Intelligent Eye. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970).

Hay, J. C. "Optical Motions and Space Perception: An Extension of Gibson's Analysis." Psychological Review. 1966 (73): 550-565.

Helmholtz, H. von. Treatise on Physiological Optics. Vol. III. J.P.C. Southall (Ed.) (New York: Dover, 1962). Originally published, 1857.

Hochberg, Julian. "The Psychophysics of Pictorial Perception." Audio-visual Communication. 10 (1962).

Hubel, David H. Eye, Brain, and Vision. (New York: Scientific American Library. 1988).

Marr, David. Vision.: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. (San Francisco: Freeman, 1982).

Metallinos, Nikos. "Physiological and Cognitive Factors in the Study of Visual Images." In Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. Englewood Cliffs NJ: (Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 53-64.

Mueller, C. and M. Rudolph. (Eds.) Light and Vision. (New York: Time Inc., 1966).

Neisser, Ulric and R. Becklen. "Selective Looking: Attending to Visually Specified Events. Cognitive Psychology. 7 (1975): 480-494.

Neisser, Ulric. "The Processes of Vision." In Image, Object, and Illusion. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman, 1971.

Neisser, Ulrich. "Visual Search." Scientific American. (June, 1964).

Yuille, A. L. and S. Ullman. "Computational Theories of Low-Level Vision." In Daniel N. Osherson, Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2 (Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992): 5-40.

III B. Neural Processing

Ragan, J. M. and T. J. Ragan. "Working Effectively with People: Contributions of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) to Visual Literacy." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 2:2 (1982): 67-79.

Whitaker, H. A. "Neurolinguistics: Past, Present, and Future Trends." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 5:1 (1985): 53.

IV. Psychology

Deregowski, J. B. "Pictures as a Means of Communication: A Psychologist's View." Educational Broadcasting International. 11 (March, 1978): 7-12.

Gregory, Richard L. Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing. 4th ed. (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).

IV A. Psychology of Art

Arnheim, Rudolph. Toward a Psychology of Art. (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1972).

Gombrich, E. H., Julian Hochberg, and M. Black. Art, Perception and Reality. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972).

Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation. (New York: Parthenon, 1960).

Hochberg, Julian and V. Brooks. "Compression of Pictorial Space Through Perspective Reversal." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 16 (1963): 262.

Krieger, M. "The Ambiguities of Representation and Illusion: An E. H. Gombrich Retrospective. Critical Inquiry. 11 (1984): 181-194.

Perkins, D. and Leondar, B. (Eds.) The Arts and Cognition. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).

Wartofsky, Marx W. "The Paradox of Painting: Pictorial Representation and the Dimensionality of Visual Space." Social Research. 51 (1984): 863-883.

IV B. Perception

Arnheim, Rudolf. Art and Visual Perception. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.

Bloomer, C.M. Principles of Visual Perception. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.

Broadbent, D. E. Perception and Communication. New York: Pergamon, 1958.

Churchland, P. "Perceptual Plasticity and Theoretical Neutrality." Philosophy of Science. 55 (1987): 167-187.

Epstein, W. "The Process of 'Taking-into-account' in Visual Perception." Perception 2 (1973): 267-285.

Fodor, J. and Z. Pylyshyn. "How Direct is Visual Perception?: Some Reflections on Gibson's 'Ecological Approach'." Cognition 9 (1981): 139-196.

Foerstel, Lenora Shargo. "Cultural Influence on Perception." Studies in Visual Communication. 4 (Spring, 1977): 7-50.

Gibson, James J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

Gibson, James J. "A Theory of Direct Visual Perception." In J. R. Royce and W. W. Rozeboom. (Eds.) The Psychology of Knowing. (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1972).

Gibson, James J. The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1966).

Gibson, James J. The Perception of the Visual World. (Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1950).

Gregory, Richard. "Choosing a Paradigm for Perception." In E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman (Eds.) Handbook of Perception. Vol. 1: Historical and Philosophical Roots of Perception. (New York: Academic Press, 1974).

Gregory, Richard. "Perceptions as Hypotheses." In S. C. Brown (Ed.) Philosophy of Psychology. (London: Macmillan, 1974).

Haber, Ralph N. "The Power of Visual Perceiving." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 3:1 (1983): 9-20.

Haber, Ralph N. and Maurice Hershenson. The Psychology of Visual Perception. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973).

Haber, Ralph N. (Ed.) Contemporary Theory and Research in Visual Perception. (New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1967).

Hagen, Margaret A. "James J. Gibson's Ecological Approach to Visual Perception." In S. Koch and D.E. Leary (Eds.), A Century of Psychology as a Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985: 231-249.

Harris, C. S. "Insight or Out of Sight? Two Examples of Perceptual Plasticity in the Human Adult." In C. S. Harris (Ed.) Visual Coding and Adaptability. (Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1980).

Heil, J. Perception and Cognition. (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1983).

Hochberg, Julian. "Sensation and Perception" In Eliot Hearst (Ed.) The First Century of Experimental Psychology. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1979).

Hochberg, Julian. Perception. 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliff NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978).

Hochberg, Julian. "The Perception of Motion Pictures" and "Art and Visual Perception." In Handbook of Perception, Edward Carterette and Morton P. Friedman, eds. Vol. X. (New York: Academic Press, 1978).

Hochberg, Julian. "In the Mind's Eye." In Ralph N. Haber (Ed.) Contemporary Theory and Research in Visual Perception. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1968.)

Hyssop, Alec. "Seeing Through Seeing-In." The British Journal of Aesthetics. 26 (Autumn, 1986): 371-379.

Kolers, P. A. "Perception and Representation." Annual Review of Psychology. 34 (1983): 129-166.

Mace, W. M. "James Gibson's Strategy for Perceiving: Ask Not What's in Your Head, but What Your Head is Inside of." In R. Shaw and J. Bransford (Eds.). Perceiving, Acting and Knowing. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1977).

Macleod, R. B. and H. L. Pick Jr. (Eds.) Perception: Essays in Honor of James J. Gibson. (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1974).

Michaels, C. F. and C. Carello. Direct Perception. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981).

Murch, Gerald. Visual and Auditory Perception. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973.

Navon, D. "Forest Before Trees: The Precedence of Global Features in Visual Perception." Cognitive Psychology ( (1977): 333-383.

Norton, D. and L. Stark. "Eye Movements and Visual Perception." Scientific American. (June, 1964).

Podgorny, P. and R. N. Shepard. "Functional Representations Common to Visual Perception and Imagination." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1978(4): 21-35.

Sanford, D. "The Primary Objects of Perception." Mind 85 (1976): 189-208.

Shaw, R. and J. Bransford (Eds.). Perceiving, Acting and Knowing. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1977).

Sibley, F. N. "Analyzing Seeing." In F. N. Sibley (Ed.) Perception. (London: Methune, 1971).

Ullman, S. "Against Direct Perception." Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 3 (1980): 373-415.

Vernon, M.D. A Further Study of Visual Perception. London: Cambridge University Press, 1952.

Wallach, H. On Perception. (New York: Quadrangle, 1976).

Wartofsky, Marx W. "Art History and Perception." In J. Fisher (Ed.), Art and Perception, (1980).

Winn, W.D. "Perception Principles." In M. Fleming and W.H. Levie (Eds.). Instructional Message Design: Principles from the Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1993).

Zuxne, L. Visual Perception of Form. (New York: Academic Press, 1970).

IV B1. Pictorial Perception

Deregowski, J. B. "Pictorial Perception and Culture." Scientific American. 227 (1972): 82-88.

Gibson, James J. "A Theory of Pictorial Perception." Audio Visual Communication Review. 2, 1954: 2-23.

Hagen, Margaret A. (Ed.) The Perception of Pictures (New York: Academic Press, 1980).

Hagen, Margaret A. "Generative Theory: A Perceptual Theory of Pictorial Representation." In M. A. Hagen (Ed.) The Perception of Pictures Vol. 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1980): 3-46.

Hagen, Margaret A., R. K. Jones and E. S. Reed. "On a Neglected Variable in Theories of Pictorial Perception: Truncation of the Visual Field." Perception Psychophysics. 1978 (23): 326-330.

Hagan, Margaret A. "An Outline of an Investigation into the Special Character of Pictures." In H. L. Pick Jr. and E. Saltzman (Eds.). Modes of Perceiving and Processing Information. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1978).

Hagen Margaret A. "A Distinctive Characteristic of Pictorial Perception: The Zoom Effect." Perception. 1978 (1): 625-633.

Hagan, Margaret A. "Picture Perception: Toward a Theoretical Model." Psychological Bulletin. 81 (1974): 471-497.

Hochberg, Julian. "The Perception of Pictorial Representations," Social Research, 51 (Winter 1984): 841-862.

Hochberg, Julian. "Pictorial Functions in Perception, Art Education, (March, 1993): 15-17.

Hochberg, Julian. "Pictorial Functions and Perceptual Structures." In Margaret A. Hagen (Ed.) The Perception of Pictures. Vol. 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1980).

Kennedy, John M. A Psychology of Picture Perception, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1974).

Nodine, Calvin and Dennis Fisher. (Eds.) Perception and Pictorial Representation. (New York: Praeger, 1979).

Nodine, Calvin and Dennis Fisher (Eds.) Views of Pictorial Representation: Making, Perceiving and Interpreting. (New York: Praeger, 1979).

IV B2. Gestalt Perception

Antes, J. R. and R. L. Metzger. "Influence of Picture context on Object Recognition." Acta Psychological. 44 (1980): 21-30.

Attneave, F. "Multistability in Perception." Scientific American, (December, 1971).

Chastain, G. "A Correct Initial Impression Aids Figure Identification." Psychological Research. 40 (1978): 127-138.

Freedman, J. "One Reason Why We Rarely Forget a Face." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 3 (1974): 107-109.

Friedman, Alinda. "Framing Pictures: The Role of Knowledge in Automatized Encoding and Memory for Gist." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 108 (3, 1979): 316-355.

Hochberg, Julian. "Organization and the Gestalt Tradition" In E. C. Carterette and M. Friedman (Eds.) Handbook of Perception, Vol. 1. (New York: Academic Press, 1974).

Hock, H.S. and K. F. Schmelzkopf. "The Abstraction of Schematic Representations from Photographs of Real-World Scenes." Memory & Cognition. 98 (1980): 543-554.

Kanizsa, Gaetano. Organization in Vision: Essays on Gestalt Perception. (New York: Praeger, 1970).

Machotka, Pavel and John P. Spiegel. "Construction of Pictorial Meaning." Studies in Visual Communication. 5:2 (Spring, 1979): 115-131.

Tversky, B. and K. Hemenway. "Categories of Environmental Scenes." Cognitive Psychology. 15 (1983): 121-149.

Wertheimer, M. "Principles of Perceptual Organization." IN D. C. Beardslee and M. Wertheimer (Eds). Readings in Perception (Princeton NJ: Van Nostrand, 1958.)

IV B3. Attention/Selection

Becklen, R. and Cervone, D. "Selective Looking and the Noticing of Unexpected Events." Memory & Cognition. 11 (1983): 601-608.

Biederman, I, R. C. Teitelbau and R. J. Massanotee. "Scene Perception: A Failure to Find a Benefit From Prior Expectancy or Familiarity." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 9 (1983): 411-429.

Goldstein, E. B. and S. I. Fink. "Selective Attention in Vision: Recognition Memory for Superimposed Line Drawings." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 7 (1981): 954-967.

Houtmans, M. J. M. and A. F. Sanders. "Perception of Signals Presented in the Periphery of the Visual Field." Acta Psychologica. 55 (1984): 143-155.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Scanning Visual Images: Some Structural Implications." Perception and Psychophysics. 14 (1973): 90-94.

Lang, Annie. "Involuntary Attention and Physiological Arousal Evoked by Structural Features and Emotional Content in TV Commercials." Communication Research. 15:4 (Summer, 1989): 493-506.

Lewis, M. S. "Determinants of Visual Attention in Real-world Scenes." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 41 (1975): 411-416.

McLeskey J, W. H. Levie and M. L. Fleming. "Selective Attention to Visual Stimuli: The Need to Combine Theory and Research." Journal of Special Education Technology. 5 (1982): 23-32.

Neisser, Ulrich and R. Becklen. "Selective Looking: Attending to Visually Specified Events. " Cognitive Psychology. 7 (1975): 480-494.

Phillips, P. E. "Selective Attention Theory and Its Application to Visual Arts Research: A Review of Theory and Supporting Research." Review of Research in Visual Arts Education. 6 (1977): 13-33.

Rock, I and D. Gutman. "The Effect of Inattention on Form Perception." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 7 (1981): 275-285.

Schiller, H. A. "Transforming Attention into Awareness." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 2:1 (1982): 15-28.

Warshaw, P. R. "Application of Selective Attention Theory to Television Advertising Displays." Journal of Applied Psychology. 63 (1978): 366-372.

IV B4. Pictorial/Image Recognition

Barnard, W. A., M. Breeding and H. A. Cross. "Object Recognition as a Function of Stimulus Characteristics." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 22 (1984): 15-18.

Davies, G. M. "The Recognition of Persons from Drawings and Photographs." Human Learning. 2 (1983): 237-249.

Kiphart, J. J., D. D. Sjogren, and H. A. Cross. "Some Factors Involved in Complex-picture Recognition. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 22 (1984): 197-199.

Hochberg, Julian and V. Brooks. "Pictorial Recognition as an Unlearned Ability." American Journal of Psychology. 75 (1962): 624-628.

Leibrich, J. and K. G. White. "Recognition Memory for Pictorial Events." Memory & Cognition. 11 (1983): 121-128.

Levie, W. Howard. "Picture Recognition Memory: A Review of Research and Theory," Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging, 8 (1): 6-45.

Loftus, G. R. and H. J. Kallman. "Encoding and Use of Detail Information in Picture Recognition." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 5 (1979): 197-211.

IV B5. Memory

Adelson, E.H. and J. Jonides. "The Psychophysics of Iconic Storage." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 6 (1980): 486-493.

Baggett, P. "Memory for Explicit and Implicit Information in Picture Stories." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 14 (1975): 21-30.

Bower, G. H. and M. B. Karlin. "Depth of Processing of Pictures and Faces in Recognition Memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 103 (1974): 751-757.

Bowling, A. and W. Lovegrove. "Iconic Memory: Fallacies Persist." Perception and Psychophysics. 31 (1982): 194-198.

Cohen, G. "How Are Pictures Registered in Memory?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 25 (1973): 557-564.

Costley, Carolyn L. and Duane DeWald, "Cue Modality: Video and Audio Effects on Recall." In Rebecca H. Holman and Michael H. Solomon (Eds.) Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 18 (1990): 819-825.

Coulter, R. G. M.L. Coulter, and J. A. Glover. "Details and Picture Recall." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 22 (1984): 327-329.

Decker, W.H. and P.C. Wheatley. "Spatial Grouping, Imagery, and Free Recall." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 55 (1982): 45-46.

Di Lollo, V. "Temporal Integration in Visual Memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 109 (1980): 75-97.

Durso, F. T. and C. S. O'Sullivan. "Naming and Remembering Proper and Common Nouns and Pictures." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 9 (1983): 497-510.

Egan, D. E. and B. J. Schwartz. "Chunking in Recall of Symbolic Drawings." Memory and Cognition. 7 (1979): 149-158.

Fleming, M. L. and M. Sheikhian. "Influence of Pictorial Attributes on Recognition Memory." AV Communication Review. 20 (1972): 423-441.

Franken, R. E. and J. Davis. "Predicting Memory for Pictures from Rankings of Interestingness, Pleasingness, Complexity, Figure-Ground and Clarity." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 41 (1975): 243-247.

Franken, R. W. and G. L. Rowland. "Organizational Factors in Picture Recognition Memory." Acta Psychologica. 42 (1978): 441-452.

Franzwa, D. "Influence of Meaningfulness, Picture Detail and Presentation Mode on Visual Retention." AV Communication Review. 21 (1973): 209-223.

Gaffan, D. "Measurement of Trace Strength in Memory for Pictures." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 30 (1978): 263-208.

Gillund, G. and R. M. Shiffrin. "Free Recall of Complex Pictures and Abstract Words." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 20 (1981): 575-592.

Goldstein, A. G., J. E. Chance, M. Hoisington and K. Buescher. "Recognition Memory For Pictures: Dynamic vs Static Stimuli." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 20 (1982): 37-40.

Goodman, Gail S. "Picture Memory: How the Action Schema Affects Retention." Cognitive Psychology. 12:4 (1980): 473-495.

Haber, R. N. and B. L. Myers. "Memory for Pictograms, Pictures, and Words Separately and All Mixed Up." Perception 11 (1982): 57-64.

Haber, Ralph N. "How We Remember What We See." Scientific American. 222:5 (1970): 104-112.

Hodes, Carol L. "The Effect of Visual Mental Imagery on Speed and Accuracy of Information Retrieved." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Haring, M. J. "Picture Enrichment of Delayed Recall: Support form a Unique Source." British Journal of Educational Psychology. 52 (1982): 104-108.

Hulme, M. and P. Merikle. "Processing Time and Memory for Pictures." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 30 (1976): 31-39.

Intraub, H. "Conceptual Masking: The Effects of Subsequent Visual Events on Memory for Pictures." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 10 (1985): 284-298.

Katz, Elihu., Hanna Adoni and Pnina Parness. "Remembering the News: What the Picture Adds to Recall." Journalism Quarterly. 54 (1977): 231-239.

Kerst, S. M and J. H. Howard, Jr. "Memory Psychophysics for Visual Area and Length." Memory and Cognition. 1978 (6): 327-335.

Kieras, D. "Beyond Pictures and Words: Alternative Information-Processing Models for Imagery Effects in Verbal Memory." Psychological Bulletin. 85 (1978): 532-554.

Kirasic, K. C. and A. W. Siegel. "Recognition Memory for Pictures: Evidence for a Feature-Analytic Basis of Cognitive Style." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 6 (1975): 453-456.

Levie. W. H. and D. Levie. "Pictorial Memory Processes." AV Communication Review 23 (1975): 81-97.

Loftus, E. F. Eyewitness Testimony. (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1979).

Loftus, G. R., W. W. Nelson, and H. J. Kallman. "Differential Acquisition Rates for Different Types of Information in Pictures." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 35A (1983): 187-198.

Leibrich, J. and K. G. White. "Recognition Memory for Pictorial Events." Memory and Cognition. (1983): 121-128.

Madigan, S. "Picture Memory." In J. C. Yuille (Ed.) Imagery, Memory and Cognition. (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983).

Mandler, J. M. and G. H. Ritchey. "Long-Term Memory for Pictures." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 3 (1977): 386-396.

Marks, David F. "Visual Imagery Differences in the Recall of Pictures." British Journal of Psychology. 64 (1, 1973): 17-24.

McKelvie. S. J. and E. G. Demers, "Individual Differences in Reported Visual Imagery and Memory Performance." British Journal of Psychology. 70 (1979): 51-57.

McKoon, G. "The Representation of Pictures in Memory." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 7 (1981): 216-221.

Moyer, R. S. " Comparing Objects in Memory: Evidence Suggesting an Internal Psychophysics." Perception and Psychophysics. 1973 (13): 180-184.

Paivio, Allan. "Imagery in Recall and Recognition." In John Brown (Ed.) Recall and Recognition. (London: Wiley, 1976).

Ritchey, g. H. and C. R. Beal. "Image Detail and Recall: Evidence for Within-item Elaboration." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6 (1980): 66-76.

Schultz, T. "Iconic Memory: An Artifact of Perceptual Reconstruction Processes." Psychological Research. 41 (1980): 275-294.

Tabachnick, B. and S. J. Brotsky. "Free Recall and Complexity of Pictorial Stimuli. Memory and Cognition. 4 (1976): 466-470.

Thorson, Esther and Annie Lang. "The Effects of Television Videographics and Lecture Familiarity on Adult Cardiac Orienting Responses and Memory." Communication Research. 19:3 (June, 1992): 346-369.

Wixeman, S. and Ulrich Neisser. "Perceptual Organization as a Determinant of Visual Recognition Memory." American Journal of Psychology. 87 (1974): 675-681.

IV B6. Visual Perception Cues

Attneave, F. "Some Informational Aspects of Visual Perception." Psychological Review. 1954 (61): 183-193.

Berbaum, K. D. Tharp and K. Mroczek. "Depth Perception of Surfaces in Pictures: Looking for Conventions of Depiction in Pandora's Box. Perception. 12 (1983): 5-20.

Bundesen, C. and A. Larsen. "Visual Transformation of Size." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1 (1975): 214-220.

Butler, D. L. "Predicting the Perception of Three-Dimensional Objects from the Geometrical Information in Drawings." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 8 (1982): 674-692.

Caelli, T. "On Discriminating Visual Textures and Images." Perception and Psychophysics 31 (1982): 149-159.

Carroll, J. M. "Structure in Visual Communication." Semiotica 40 (1982): 371-392.

Cutting, J. E. (Ed.) Perception With an Eye for Motion. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1986): 213-219.

David, Prabu. "Accuracy of Perception of the Different Faces of the Pie." Visual Communication Quarterly. 1 (Fall 1994): 8-9.

David, Prabu. "Accuracy of Visual Perception of Quantitative Graphics: An Exploratory Study." Journalism Quarterly. 69 (Summer, 1992): 273-292.

Freyd, J.J. "The Mental Representation of Movement When Static Stimuli are Viewed." Perception and Psychophysics. 33 (1982): 575-581.

Friedman, S. L. and M. B. Stevenson. "Perception of Movement in Pictures." In M.A. Hagen (Ed.). The Perception of Pictures: Vol. 1. (New York: Academic Press, 1980): 225-155.

Gibson James J. "On the Concept of Formless Invariants in Visual Perception. Leonardo. 1973 (6): 33-35.

Gibson James J. "What is a Form?" Psychological Review. 1951 (58): 403-412.

Haber, R. H. "How We See Depth From Flat Pictures." American Scientist. 68 (1980): 370-380.

Hagen, Margaret A., R. Glick and B. Morse. "The Role of Two-Dimensional Surface Characteristics in Pictorial Depth Perception." Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1978 (46): 875-881.

Hagen, Margaret A., and R. K. Jones. "Differential Patterns of Preference for Modified Linear Perspective in Children and Adults." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1978 (26): 205-215.

Hagen, Margaret A. and R. Glick. "Pictorial Perspective: Perception of Size, Linear, and Texture Perspective in Children and Adults." Perception. 1977 (6): 675-684.

Harris, C. S. "Adaption to Displaced Vision: Visual, Motor or Proprioceptive Change?" Science. 140 (1963): 812-813.

Harris, C. S. (Ed.) Visual Coding and Adaptability. (Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1980).

Hochberg, Julian. "Perception: I Color and Shape; II Space and Movement." In J. W. Kling and L. A. Riggs. (Eds.) Woodworth and Schlosberg's Experimental Psychology. 3rd ed. (New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1972).Koenderink, J.J. and J. A. van Doorn. "The Shape of Smooth Objects and the Way Contours End." Perception. 11 (1982): 129-137.

Johnson, G. "Visual Space Perception Through Motion." In A. M. Wertheim, W. A. Wagner, and H. W. Leibowitz (Eds.). Tutorials on Motion Perception. New York: Plenum Press, 1980).

Johansson G. "Visual Motion Perception." Scientific American. 232 (1975): 76-88.

Jonmes, R. K. and Margaret A. Hagen. "The Perceptual Constraints on Choosing a Pictorial Station Point." Leonardo. 1978 (11): 191-196.

Kaplan, G. "Kinetic Disruption of Optical Texture: The Perception of Depth at an Edge." Perception and Psychophysics. 1969 (6): 193-198.

Kipper, Philip. "Television Camera Movement as a Source of Perceptual Information." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 30 (1986).

Leeuwenberg, E. and H. Buffart. "The Perception of Foreground and Background as Derived from Structural Information Theory." Acta Psychologica. 55 (1984): 249-272.

Metallinos, Nikos. "Perceptual Factors in the Study of Television Aesthetics," In Judy Clark Bacca, Darrel G. Beauchamp, and Roberts A. Braden (Eds.) Visual Communication: Bridging Across Cultures, IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1991: 359-375.

Metelli, F. "The Perception of Transparency." Scientific American. (April , 1974).

Moore, David M. "Field Independence-Dependence, Multiple Linear Imagery in a Visual Location Task." Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Anaheim, CA, 1985.

Olson, D. R. and Bialystok, E. Spatial Cognition: The Structure and Development of Mental Representations of Spatial Relations. (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983).

Paivio, Allan. "Perceptual Comparisons Through the Mind's Eye." Memory and Cognition. 1975 (3): 635-647.

Palmer, S, E. Rosch and P. Chase. "Canonical Perspective and the Perception of Objects." In J. Long and A. Baddeley (Eds.) Attention and Performance IX. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1981): 135-151.

Ratliff, F. "Contour and Contrast." Scientific American. (June, 1972).

Rock, I. The Nature of Perceptual Adaption. (New York: Basic Books, 1966).

Todd, J.T. and E. Mingolla. "Perception of Surface Curvature and Direction of Illumination from Patterns of Shading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 9 (1983): 583-595.

Ullman, S. The Interpretation of Visual Motion. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1979).

Yoshikawa, S. "Classifying Schematic Faces: Reaction Time Analysis Based on the Similarity Structure." Psychologia. 277 (1984): 10-21.

IV B7. Subliminal Perception

Sutton, Ron. "Subliminal Seduction or Visual Illiteracy?" In Roberts A. Braden, Darrell G. Beauchamp, and Judy Clark Baca, (Eds.) Perceptions of Visual Literacy. 1989 Annual Conference Proceedings. 1990.

Whittaker, R. "Subliminal Perception: Myth or Magic? Educational Broadcasting. 8:6 (1975): 17-20, 41.

IV. B8 Hemispheres and Visual Perception

Bryden, M. P. and Robert G. "Right Hemispheric Involvement in Imagery and Affect." In Ellen Perecman (Ed.) Cognitive Processing in the Right Hemisphere. (New York: Academic Press, 1983).

Erlichman, H. and J. Barrett "Right Hemispheres Specialization for Mental Imagery: A Review of the Evidence." Brain and Cognition 2 (1983): 55-76.

Farah, M. J. "The Neurological Basis of Mental Imagery: A Componential Analysis. Cognition. 18 (1984): 245-272.

Farah, M. J., M. S. Gazzaniga, J. D. Holtzman, and S. M. Kosslyn. "A Left Brain Basis for Visual Imagery?" Neuropsychologia 23 (1985): 115-118.

Farah, M. J. "Is Visual Imagery Really Visual? Overlooked Evidence from Neuropsychology." Psychological Review. 95 (1988): 307-317.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. "Seeing and Imagining in the Cerebral Hemispheres: A Computational Approach." Psychological Review. 94 (1987): 148-175.

Kosslyn, Stephen M. Stephen M., J. D. Holtzman, M. J. Farah, and M. S. Gazzaniga. "A Computation Analysis of Mental Image Generation: Evidence from Functional Dissociations in Split Brain Patients." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 1114 (1985): 311-341.

Lang, Annie. and Marian Friestad. "Emotion, Hemispheric Specialization, and Visual and Verbal Memory for Television Messages." Communication Research. 20:5 (October, 1993): 647-670.

Ratcliff, G. "Spatial Thought, Mental Rotation and the Right Cerebral Hemisphere." Neuropsychologia. 17 (1979): 49-54.

Reeves, Byron, Annie Lang, Esther Thorson and Michael Rothschild. "Emotional Television Scenes and Hemispheric Specialization." Human Communication Research. 15:4 (Summer, 1989): 493-508.

Sergent, J. "Inferences from Unilateral Brain Damage about Normal Hemispheric Functions in Visual Pattern Recognition." Psychological Bulletin. 96 (1984): 99-115.

Springer, S. P. and G. Deutsch. Left Brain, Right Brain. (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1981).

Whitaker, H. A. "Dichotomania: An Essay on Left and Right Brains." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 12:1 (1982): 7-14.

IV C. Information Processing/Cognition

Arnheim, Rudolph. Entropy and Art. (Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1971).

Banks, W. P. "Encoding and Processing of Symbolic Information in Comparative Judgments." In G. H. Bower (Ed.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 11 (New York: Academic Press, 1977).

Blevins, T. E. and D. M. Moore. "The Effects of Cognitive Style and a Supplantation Technique on a Picture Detail Recognition Task." International Journal of Instructional Media. 14 (1987): 99-109.

Brown, F. B., D. Hunt and B. S. Randhawa. "Short-Term Free Recall and Sequential Memory for Pictures and Words: A Simultaneous-Successive Processing Interpretation." Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 2:1 (1981): 35-44.

Chase, William G. (Ed.) Visual Information Processing. (New York: Academic Press, 1972).

Corcoran, F. "Processing Information from Screen Media: A Psycholinguistic Approach." Education Communication and Technology Journal 29 (1981): 117-128.

Dretske, Fred. "Aspects of Cognitive Representation." In Myles Brand and Robert M. Harnish (Eds.) The Representation of Knowledge and Belief. (Phoenix, AZ: The University of Arizona Press, 1986).

Edell, Julia A. and Richard Staelin. "The Information Processing of Pictures in Print Advertisements." Journal of Consumer Research. 10 (June, 1983): 45-61.

Duradell, A. J. and N. E. Wetherick. "The Relation of Reported Imagery to Cognitive Performance." British Journal of Psychology. 1976 (67): 501-506.

Fitzgerald and Pam Scholder Ellen. "The Effect of Imagery Processing and Imagery Content on Behavioral Intentions." In Marin E. Goldberg, Gerald Gorn, and Richard W. Pollay (Eds.). Advances in Consumer Behavior: Diversity in Consumer Behavior. Vol. 17 (1989): 449-454.

Bruce, V. "Changing Faces: Visual and Non-Visual Coding Processes in Face Recognition." British Journal of Psychology. 73 (1982): 105-116.

Dwyer, Francis M. and David M. (Mike) Moore. "Effect of Color Coding and Test Type (Visual/Verbal) on Students Identified as Possessing Different Field Dependence Levels." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Grodal, Torben Kragh. "Visual Communication as Textsigns and as Embodied Mental Processes." Nordic Visual Communication Conference, Oslo, 1994 .

Hanley, G. L. and M. Levine. "Spatial Problem Solving: The Integration of Independently Learned Cognitive Maps." Memory and Cognition. 11 (1983): 415-422.

Hobbes, Renee. "Television and the Shaping of Cognitive Skills." In Alan M. Olson, Christopher Parr, and Debra Parr. Video Icons & Values. (Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1991)

Kennedy, John M. "How Minds Use Pictures." Social Research, 51 (Winter 1984): 885-904.

Kennedy, John M. "What Can We Learn about Pictures from the Blind?" American Scientist 71 (1983): 19-26.

Lang, Annie, Seth Geiger, Melody Strickwerda, and Janine Sumner. "The Effects of Related and Unrelated Cuts on Television Viewers' Attention, Processing Capacity, and Memory." Communication Research. 20:1 (February, 1993): 4-29.

Lang, Annie. "Effects of Chronological Presentation of Information on Processing and Memory for Broadcast News." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media. 33:4 (Fall, 1989): 441-452.

Loftus, G. R. and H. J. Kallman. "Encoding and Use of Detailed Information in Picture Recognition." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 5 (1979): 197-211.

Loftus, G. R., W. Nelson, and H.J. Kallman. "Differential Acquisition Rates for Different Types of Information from Pictures." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 35A (1983): 187-198.

Metallinos, Nikos. "Cognitive Factors in the Study of Visual Images: Moving Image Recognition Standards." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art , Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Moyer, R. S. and R. H. Bayer. "Mental Comparisons and the Symbolic Distance Effect." Cognitive Psychology. 1976 (8): 228-246.

Neisser, Ulrich. "Abstraction and the Process of Recognition." In J. T. Spench & G.H. Bower (Eds.), Advances in Learning and Motivation (Vol. 3). New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

Neisser, Ulrich. Cognitive Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 1967; Posner, M.I.

Nelson, W.W. and G. R. Loftus. "The Functional Visual Field During Picture viewing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 8 (1980): 391-399.

Osherson, Daniel (Ed.) Visual Cognition and Action. (Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press, 1990).

Osherson, Daniel N., Stephen M. Kosslyn, and John M. Hollerbach (Eds.) Visual Cognition and Action. Vol. 2. (Cambridge Mass, The MIT Press, 1990).

Palmer, S. E. "Fundamental Aspects of Cognitive Representation." In E. Rosch and B. Lloyd (Eds.). Cognition and Categorization. (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1978).

Parker, R. E. "Picture Processing During Recognition." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 4 (1978): 284-293.

Pinker, S. "Visual Cognition: An Introduction." In S. Pinker (Ed.). Visual Cognition. (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1985).

Putnam, W. and R. Klatzky. "Processing Locational Information from Memorial and Perceptual Maps." American Journal of Psychology. 94 (1981): 223-245.

Seymour, Philip H. Human Visual Cognition. (London: Collier Macmillan, 1979).

Shaw, Carla Cooper. "Schema Construction: A Visual Tool for the Organization of Knowledge." In Judy Clark Baca and Roberts Braden (Eds.) Investigating Visual Literacy. IVLA Conference Proceedings, 1990.

Snyder, Robert. "Information Processing: A Visual Theory for Television News." Journal of Visual Literacy, 14 (1, 1994): 69-76.

Stanny, C. J. and G. F. Weaver. "Effects of Processing Tasks on the Recognition of Pictures." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 23 (1985): 116-118.

Tomkins, S. S. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness, vol. 1 (The Positive Affects) and Vol. 2 (The Negative Affects). (New York: Springer, 1962, and 1963).

Travers, Robert M.W. Man's Information System. (Scranton: Chandler Publishing, 1970).

Turvey, M. T. "Contrasting Orientations to the Theory of Visual Information Processing." Psychological Review 84 (1977): 67-88.

Watkins, M. J., Z. F. Peynircioglu, and D. J. Brems. "Pictorial Rehearsal." Memory and Cognition. 12 (1984): 553-557

IV D. Codes/Decoding/Encoding

Biocca, Frank. "The Role of Communication Codes in Political Ads." In Frank Biocca, (Ed.) Television and Political Advertising, Vol. 2 (Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991).

Bisplinghoff, Gretchen. "Decoding 'Field of Dreams': Movies, Baseball, and the American Dream." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art, Science and Visual Literacy. (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Cobb, N. J. S. Tanhauser and R. Johnston. "Conceptual Encoding of Pictures and Sentences." The Journal of General Psychology. 103 (1980): 139-148.

Gardner, Howard and Leona Jaglom. "Cracking the Codes of Television: The Child as Anthropologist." In Peter D'Agostino, (Ed.) Transmission. (New York: Tanam Press, 1985): 93-102.

Hall, Stuart. Encoding/Decoding. In Hall, Hobson, Lowe and Willis (Eds.) Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-1979. (London: Hutchinson, 1990).

Hodgkinson, A. W. "Teaching the Screen Language: A Basic Method." Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 5:1 (1985): 17-28.

Jaglom, Leona and Howard Gardner. "Decoding the World of Television." Studies in Visual Communication, 7:1 (1981): 33-47.

Lutz, Catherine A. and Jane L. Collins. Reading National Geographic. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).

Meyrowitz, Joshua. "Television and Interpersonal Behavior: Codes of Perception and Response." In G. Gumpert and R. Cathcart (Eds.) Inter/Media: Interpersonal Communication in a Media World. (3rd. ed.) (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986): 253-27.

Moriarty, Sandra E. "Visual Codes and Conventions." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, San Antonio, 1987.

Nelson, Douglas L. and David H. Brooks. "Functional Independence of Pictures and Their Verbal Memory Codes." Journal of Experimental Psychology 98 (April, 1973): 44-48.

Nelson, Douglas L. and V.S. Reed. "On the Nature of Pictorial Encoding, A Levels of Processing and Cueing: Sensory vs Meaning Features." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory. 2:1 (1976): 49-57.

Reaves, Sheila. "Visual Information in the Age of Electronics & Entertainment: A Suggestion for Theoretical Codes." Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Conference, Montreal, 1992.

Ruby, Jay. "In a Pic's Eye: Interpretive Strategies for Deriving Significance and Meaning From Photographs." Afterimage. (March 1976): 5-7.

Scott, Linda M. "For the Rest of Us: A Reader-Oriented Interpretation of Apple's 1984 Commercial." Journal of Popular Culture . 25 (Summer 1991): 67-81.

IV D1. Dual Coding/Channels

Babbitt, B. D. "Effect of Task Demands on Dual Coding of Pictorial Stimuli." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 8 (1982): 73-80.

D'Agostino, P. R., B. J. O'Neill and Allan Paivio. "A Memory for Pictures and Words as a Function of Level Processing: Depth or Dual coding?" Memory and Cognition. 5:2 (1977): 252-256.

Hanson, LuEtt. "Perceptions of Between-Channel Redundancy in Television Messages." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science. and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Hartan, F. R. "Recognition Learning Under Multiple Channel Presentations and Testing Conditions." AV Communication Review. 9 (1961): 24-43.

Mayer, R.E. and R. B. Anderson. "Animations Need Narrations: An Experimental Test of a Dual-Coding Hypothesis." Journal of Educational Psychology. 83:4 (1991): 484-490.

Paivio, Allan. "dual coding Theory: Retrospect and Current Status." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 45:3 (1991): 255-287.

Paivio, Allan. Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986

Paivio, Allan. "The Empirical Case for Dual Coding." In J. C. Yuille (Ed.) Imagery, Memory and Cognition. (Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1983).

Paivio, Allan and W. Lambert. "Dual Coding and Bilingual Memory." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1981 (20): 532-539.

Paivio, Allan and A. Desrochers. "A Dual-coding Approach to Bilingual Memory." Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1980 (34): 390-401.

Paivio, Allan. "Dual Coding: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Evidence." In J. M. Scandura and C. J. Brainerd. (Eds.) Structural/Process Models of Complex Human Behavior. (Leiden: Nordhoff, 1978).

Paivio, Allan. "Coding Distinctions and Repetition Effects in Memory." In G. H. Bower (Ed.) The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Vol. 9 (New York: Academic Press, 1975).

Paivio, Allan. Imagery and Verbal Processes. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1971

Pellegrino, J.W., A. W. Siegel, and M. Dhawan. "Short Term Retention of Pictures and Words: Evidence for Dual Coding Systems." Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1975 (104): 95-102.

Simpson, Timothy J. "Message Into Medium: An Extension of the Dual Coding Hypothesis." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Snodgrass, J. G., B. Wasser, M. Finkelstein and L. B. Goldberg. "On the Fate of Visual and Verbal Memory Codes for Pictures and Words: Evidence for a Dual Coding Mechanism in Recognition memory." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 13 (1974): 27-37.

Sonnenschein, S. and G. J. Whitehurst. "The Effects of Redundant Communications on the Behavior of Listeners: Does a Picture Need a Thousand Words? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 11 (1982): 115-125.

V. Education/Teaching/Learning

V A. Learning

Alesandrini, K.L. "Pictorial-verbal and Analytic-holistic Learning Strategies in Science Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 73 (1981): 358-368.

Alesandrini, K.L. "Pictures and Adult Learning." Instructional Science. 13 (1984): 63-77.

Bedford, R. "Constraints on Learning New Mappings Between Perceptual Dimensions." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 15 (1989): 232-248.

Dwyer, F. M. Strategies for Improving Visual Learning. State College, PA: Learning Services, 1978.

Hortin, John. "Theoretical Foundations of Visual Learning." In Moore, David and Francis Dwyer, eds. Visual Literacy: A Spectrum of Visual Learning. (Englewood Cliffs NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 1994): 5-29.

Levin, J. R., B. J. Dretzke, C. B. McCormick, T. E. Scruggs, J. E. McGivern and M. A. Mastropieri. "Learning via Mnemonic Pictures: Analysis of the Presidential Process." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 31 (1983): 161-173.

Levin, J. R. "Pictorial Strategies for School Learning: Practical Illusions." In M. Pressley and J. R. Levin. (Eds.) Cognitive Strategy Research: Educational Applications. (New York: Spinger-Verlag, 1983): 213-237.

Liu, I. "Common and Specific Features in Pictorial Analogies." Memory and Cognition. 9 (1981): 515-523.

Lutz, Kathy and Richard J. Lutz. "Effects of Interactive Imagery on Learning: Application to Advertising." Journal of Applied Psychology. 62 (1977): 493-498.

Martin, D. S. and C. Williams. "A Cognitive Skill Development Program: Possible Breakthrough for Visual Literacy?" Journal of Visual Verbal Languaging. 3:1 (1983): 45-50.

Paivio, Allan. "Abstractness, Imagery, and Meaningfulness in Paired-associate Learning." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 4 (1964): 32-38.

Pettersson, Rune. "Associations From Pictures." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Royer, J. M. and G. W. Cable. "Illustrations, Analogies, Facilitative Transfer in Prose Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 68 (1976): 205-209.

Salomon, Gavriel. "Television is 'Easy' and Print is 'Tough': The Differential Investment of Mental Effort in Learning as a Function of Perceptions and Attributions." Journal of Educational Psychology. 76 (1984): 647-658.

Salomon, Gavriel. Interaction of Media, Cognition, and Learning. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass, 1979.

Salomon, Gavriel. "Media and Symbol Systems as Related to Cognition and Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 71 (1979): 131-148.

Salomon, Gavriel. "Can We Affect cognitive Skills Through Visual Media?" AV Communication Review. 20:4 (1972): 401-423.

Sless, D. Learning and Visual Communication. (New York: Wiley, 1981).

Standing, L. "Learning 10,000 Pictures." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 25 (1973): 107-222.

Winn, W.D. "Visualization in Learning and Instruction: A cognitive Approach." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 30:1 (1982): 3-25.

V A1. Comprehension/Understanding

Bransford, John D. and Marcia K. Johnson. "Consideration of Some Problems of Comprehension." In William G. Chase (Ed.) Visual Information Processing. (New York: Academic Press, 1972).

Goldsmith, E. "Comprehensiblity of Illustration: An Analytical Model." Information Design Journal 1 (1980): 204-213.

Honeck, R. P. , B. M. Sowry, and K. Voegtle. "Proverbial Understanding in a Pictorial Context." Child Development. 49 (1978): 327-331.

Honeck, R. P., K. Voegtle, and B. M. Sowry. "Figurative Understanding of Pictures and Sentences." Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 10 (1981): 135-153.

Pailliotet, Ann Watts. "Understanding Visual Information Through Deep Viewing." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Pettersson, Rune. "Comprehensibility." In Nikos Metallinos, (Ed.) Verbo-Visual Literacy. International IVLA Symposium, Delphi Greece, 1993.

Wartofsky, Marx W. "Pictures, Representation and Understanding." In R. Rudner and I. Scheffler (Eds.) Logic and Art: Essays in Honor of Nelson Goodman. (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1972).

Wartofsky, Marx W. Models--Representation and the Scientific Understanding. (Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel, 1979).

V A2. Development/Children's Learning

Abelman, Robert. "You Can't Get There from Here: Children's Understanding of Time-Leaps on Television." Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 34 (4), 1990, 469-476.

Acker, S. R. and R. K. Tiemens. "Children's Perception of Changes in Size of Televised Images." Human Communication Review. 7 (1981): 340-346.

Ackerman, B. P. "The Effects of Specific and Categorical Orienting on Children's Incidental and Intentional Memory for Pictures and Words." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 39 (1985): 300-325.

Anderson, D. R., L. F. Alwitt, E. P. Lorch and S. R. Levin. "Watching Children Watch Television." In G. A. Hale and M. Lewis (Eds.) Attention and Cognitive Development (New York: Plenum, 1979), 331-361.

Bacharach, V. R., T. H. Carr, and D.S. Mehner. "Interactive and Independent Contributions of Verbal Descriptions to Children's Picture Memory." Journal of Experimental Child Development. 22 (1976): 492-497.

Banks, M. S. and P. Salapqtek. 'Infant Visual Perception." In M. M. Haith and J. Campos (Eds.) Infancy and Biological Development. Vol. 2 of P. Mussen (Ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology. (New York: Wiley, 1983).

Bird, J.E. and A. F. Bennett. "A Developmental Study of Recognition of Pictures and Nouns." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 18 (1974): 117-126.

Brooks, P. H. "The Role of Action Lines in Children's Memory for Pictures." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 23 (1977): 98-107.

Brown, A. L. and M. S. Scott. "Recognition Memory for Pictures in Preschool Children." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 11 (1971): 401-412.

Buettner, S. "John Dewey and the Visual Arts in America." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 33, 1975: 383-391.

Cann, A. and S. R. Newbern. "Sex Stereotype Effects in Children's Picture Recognition." Child Development. 55 (1984): 1085-1090.

Cavin, Erica. "In Search of the Viewfinder: A Study of a Child's Perspective." Visual Sociology. ( Spring 1994): 27-41.

Calvert, Sandra. "Television Production Feature Effects on Children's Comprehension of Time." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 9, 1988: 263-273.]

Cleaver, Betty P., Pamela Scheurer, Mary E. Shorey. "Children's Response to Silhouette Illustrations in Picture Books." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Please Won't You Be My Neighbor: Investigating Young Children's Knowledge of the Spatial Layout of Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood of Make-believe." Visual Communication 8, Feather River CA, 1994.

Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Children's Comprehension of Changing Viewpoints in Visual Presentations." First Annual Visual Communication Conference, Alta Utah, 1987.

Comuntzis-Page, Georgette. "Perspective-Taking Theory: Shifting Views from Sesame Street." Visual Communication 5, Breckenridge, CO, 1991.

DePaulo, B. M. and R. Rosenthal. "Age Changes in Nonverbal Decoding as a Function of Increasing Amounts of Information." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 26 (1978): 280-287.

DiLollo, V., J. L. Arnett, and R. V. Kruk. "Age Related Changes in Rate of Visual Information Processing." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 8 (1982): 225-237.

Dirks, J. and Ulrich Neisser. "Memory for Objectives in Real Scenes: The Development of Recognition and Recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 23 (1977): 315-328.

Fantz, R. L. "The Origins of Form Perception." Scientific American. 204 (1961): 66-72.

Fisher, C. B. and L. G. Braine. "Left-right Coding in Children: Implications for Adult Performance." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 20 (1982): 305-307.

Flavell, J.H. Cognitive Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall;

Flavell, J. H. , E. R. Flavell, and F. L. Green. "Development of the Appearance-reality Distinction." Cognitive Psychology. 15 (1983): 95-120.

Forisha, B. D. "Mental Imagery Verbal Processes: A Developmental Study." Developmental Psychology. 1975 (11): 259-267.

Fredette, Barbara. "Issues in Identifying Visually Gifted Young Children." In Darrell G. Beauchamp, Roberts A. Braden, Robert E. Griffin. (Eds.) Imagery and Visual Literacy. Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995.

Fredette, Barbara. "Identifying the Visually Gifted: A Case Study." In Roberts Braden, Judy Clark Baca, Darrell Beauchamp (Eds.) Art ,Science and Visual Literacy (Blacksburg, VA: The International Visual Literacy Association, Inc., 1993).

Gardner, Howard. "On the Acquisition of First Symbol Systems." Studies in Visual Communication. 3:1 (Spring, 1976): 22-37.

Gardner, Howard. The Arts and Human Development. (New York: Wiley, 1973).

Gardner, Howard. Art, Mind, and Brain: A Cognitive Approach to Creativity. (New York: Basic Books, 1982).

Gibson, E. J. and E. S. Spelke. "The Development of Perception." In J. H. Flavell and E. Markman (Eds.) Cognitive Development. Vol. 3. of P. Mussen (Ed.) Handbook of Child Psychology. (New York: Wiley, 1983).

Gibson, E. J. and R. D. Walk. "The 'Visual Cliff'." Scientific American. 202 (1960): 64-71.

Gross, T.F. Cognitive Development. Monterey CA: Brooks/Cole, 1985.

Guttman, J., J.R. Levin and M. Pressley. "Pictures, Partial Pictures, and Young Children's Oral Prose Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology. 69 (1977): 473-480.

Haring, M.J. and M. A. Fry. "Effect of Pictures on Children's comprehension of Written Text." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 27:3 (1979): 185-190.

Held, R. M. "Binocular Vision: Behavioral and Neuronal Development." In J. Mehler and R. Fox. (Eds.) Neonate Cognition. (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1985).

Higgins, L.C. "A Factor Analysis Study of Children's Picture Interpretation Behavior." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 26:3 (1978): 215-232.

Higgins, L.C. "Literalism in the Young Child's Interpretation of Pictures." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28:2 (1980): 99-119.

Hochberg, Julian and Virginia Brooks. "Pictorial Recognition as an Unlearned Ability: A Study of One Child's Performance." American Journal of Psychology. 75, 1962: 624-628.

Hofsten, C. von. "Early Spatial Perception Taken in Reference to Manual Action." Acta Psychologica. 63 (1986): 323-335.

Hollenberg, C. K. "Functions of Visual Imagery in Learning and Concept Formation of Children." Child Development. 41 (1970): 1003-1015.

Houston, Aletha, D. Greer, J. C. Wright, R. Welch and R. Ross. "Children's Comprehension of Televised Formal Features with Masculine and Feminine Connotations." Developmental Psychology. 20 (1984): 707-716.

Ironsmith, M. "Recognition Memory for Components of Pictures in Children and Adults." Child Development. 51 (1980): 899-901.

Kee, D. W. and L. G. Helfend. "Developmental Differences in the Encoding of Spatial-Orientation Information." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 21 (1983): 381-383.

Levin, J. R., E. S. Ghatala, T. M. DeRose, and L. A. Makoid. "Image Tracing: An Analysis of Its Effectiveness in Children's Pictorial Discrimination Learning." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 23 (1977): 78-83.

Levin, J.R. and J. K. Berry. "Children's Learning of All the News That's Fit to Picture." Educational Communication and Technology Journal. 28:3 (1980): 177-185.

Levin, J.R. P. Divine-Hawkins, S. Kerst and J. Guttman. "Individual Differences in Learning from Pictures and Words: The Development and Application of an Instrument." Journal of Educational Psychology. 22 (1974): 296-303.

Luszcz, M. A. and V. R. Bacharach. "Preschoolers' Picture Recognition Memory: The Pitfalls of Knowing How a Thing Shall Be Called. " Canadian Journal of Psychology. 34 (1980): 155-160.

Mackworth, N. H. and J. S. Burner. "How Adults and Children Search and Recognize Pictures." Human Development. 13 (1970): 149-177.

Mandler, J. M. and C. A. Robinson. "Developmental Changes in Picture Recognition." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 26 (1978): 122-136.

Metallinos, Nikos. "Children's Perception, Retention, and Preference of Asymmetrical Composition in Pictures." Visual Literacy Association, Lexington, KT, 1981.

Meltzer, L. J. "Visual Perception: Stage One of a Long-term Investigation into Cognitive Components of Achievement." British Journal of Educational Psychology 52 (1982): 144-154.

Meyers, P.R. "Children's Memory for Sequentially Presented Words and Pictures.: Journal of Visual/Verbal Languaging. 1:1 (1981): 7-30.

Odum, P. B. and N. H. Nesbitt. "Some Processes in Children's Comprehension of Linguistically and Visually Depicted Relationships." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 17 (1974): 399-408.

Olson, R. K. "Children's Sensitivity to Pictorial Depth Information." Perception and Psychophysics. 17 (1975): 59-64.

Paine, P. A. "Eidetic Imagery and Recall Accuracy in Preschool children." Journal of Psychology. 105 (180): 253-258.

Pettersson, Rune. "Pictorial Capabilities of Comprehensive School Students." Educational Technology Research and Development. 3 (1989): 113-114.

Piaget, J. and B. Inhelder. Mental Imagery in the Child. (New York: Basic books, 1971).

Pressley, G. M. "Imagery and Children's Learning: Putting the Picture in Developmental Perspective." Rev