Quiz #2 Study Sheet (for 20-pt quiz; material will also be covered on the final exam)

Technical terms to know: grammaticalized form, lexicalized form, chronotope, folk taxonomy Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, classifier system

Specific details to know: 1) General tendencies in Native American personal names, as presented in class: who gave names, what kinds of names were given, were names changeable, why might they be changed, what were Miwok names based on that didn't occur for the Arapaho; 2) General tendencies in Native American place names: what were the different categories of names used across most languages, what kinds/categories of names were not used, what does it mean when a name is analyzable/translatable or not, how were Arapaho names arranged geographically on the landscape, how did this geographic arrangement correspond to religious beliefs/system, how are Apache names used in everyday speech, why would they be used in this way (importance of indirectness, etc), how can they be so forceful and effective (connection to stories, traditional morality, etc), what is a chronotope, what's interesting about the difference between Miwok village names vs. geographic location names; 3) General tendencies in naming plants and animals: importance of descriptiveness, kinds of animals that often did not have descriptive names, how folk taxonomies work (specific vs. generic names), way in which general name at one level of taxonomy is also used for most prototypical member of lower-level category (Arapaho nii'eihii = bird, eagle; biino = berries, chokecherries, Pomo examples with oaks), fact that taxonomies will be more highly developed with richer vocabulary in domains with most cultural importance (Arapaho ex. of buffalo names; Miwok acorns; Miwok and Pomo baskets); importance of noticing whether a taxonomy has many unrelated lexical items in a category (Pomo baskets) vs. a lot of derived terms (English description of Pomo baskets) and whether the words can be traced to a protolanguage or not; 4) the way kinship naming systems can be different culture to culture (know a couple of examples of ways the Arapaho system differs systematically (i.e. age-based differences in sibling names, gender-based difference in mother/aunt and father/uncle), understanding joking and respect relationships, understand example of Arapaho "indirect imperative" form and when/why used; 5) examples of landscape grammaticalized or lexicalized in a language (Karuk and Guarijio examples); 6) way in which subsistence economy and landscape can influence degree of dialectalism or linguistic diversity (Miwok example, Great Basin, Pueblos, Creek confederacy) as well as sharpness of connection between language and identity, as well as evolution of differing speech styles; 7) know about gender distinctions in languages (Arapaho, Gros Ventre, Yana); 8) understand generally speaking how a classifier system works and be able to cite a language that has one; 9) know the four different form/function pairings listed in 6.6 of Silver and Miller

DON'T worry about: Chumash placenames (other than knowing the general place-name types), Cocopa babytalk (6.3), or Northwest diminutives (6.5). Details of Aztec and Guarijio respect speech can be skipped as well.