Planetary Engineering of Mars-Biological Aspects
Bibliography

Introduction

A number of mechanisms have now been proposed to facilitate the planetary engineering of Mars and it is apparent that biology will provide a crucial role in some of these processes and in the regulation of the new Martian biosphere. The follow bibliography contains references that may be of interest to those researchers interested in the biological aspects of planetary engineering Mars and is divided into six sections.

The first section, "The environment of Mars", covers those papers that provide a brief introduction to the chemical and physical conditions on Mars with special relevance to supporting (or not) terrestrial life. The second section, "The growth of terrestrial organisms under simulated Martian and non-terrestrial conditions", details papers that describe experiments in which the response of various terrestrial organisms to extra-terrestrial conditions have been measured. Some describe measurements recorded under simulated Martian environmental conditions (or factors thereof). Section III, entitled, "Terrestrial organisms and planetary engineering", lists those papers that have covered aspects of biology and planetary engineering in more detail, such as the selection of suitable candidates and design of pioneer organisms, the different types of biosphere, how terrestrial organisms can facilitate planetary engineering etc. Section IV, "Extremophyles that may be useful candidates and models for Marsbugs", lists those papers that describe organisms known to inhabit conditions on Earth that might resemble environmental conditions encountered during the planetary engineering of Mars, for example, extreme cold (Antarctica). Section V, "Studies of terrestrial ecosystems", references papers that could be used as starting material for modelling Martian ecosystems (or in the very least provide food for thought). Section VI, "Miscellaneous and human considerations", lists papers that might be of either general interest or detail human exploration of Mars.

Section I: The environment of Mars.

1. Banin, A. and R. L. Mancinelli. 1995. Life on Mars? 1. The chemical environment. Advances in Space Research 15, 163-170.
2. Mancinelli, R. L. and A. Banin. 1995. Life on Mars? 2. Physical restrictions. Advances in Space Research 15, 171-176.
3. Rothschild, L. J. 1990. Earth analogs for Martian life. Microbes in evaporites, a new model system for life on Mars. Icarus 88, 246.
4. Rothschild, L. J. 1995. A "cryptic" microbial mat: A new model ecosystem for extant life on Mars. Advances in Space Research 15, 223-228.
5. Zent, A. P. and C. P. McKay. 1994. The chemical reactivity of the Martian soil and implications for future missions. Icarus 108, 146-157.

1. Dose, K. 1986. Survival under space vacuum-biochemical aspects. Advances in Space Research 6, 307-312.
2. Dose, K., C. Stridde, R. Dillmann, S. Risi and A. Bieger-Dose. 1995. Biochemical constraints for survival under Martian conditions. Advances in Space Research 15, 203-210.
3. Imshenetsky, A. A., N. F. Pisarenko, L. A. Kuziurina and V. M. Yakshina. 1976. Physiology of xerophytic microorganisms growing under Martian conditions. Life Sciences and Space Research XV, 47-52.
4. Ito, T. 1991. The effects of vacuum-UV radiation (50-190 nm) on microorganisms and DNA. Advances in Space Research 12, 249-253.
5. Koike, J., T. Oshima, K. A. Koike, H. Taguchi, R. Tanaka, K. Nishimura and M. Miyaji. 1991. Survival rates of some terrestrial microorganisms under simulated space conditions. Advances in Space Research 12, 271-274.
6. Kuhn, W. R., S. R. Rogers and R. D. MacElroy. 1979. The response of selected terrestrial organisms to the Martian environment. Icarus 37, 336-346.
7. Lindberg, C. and G. Horneck. 1991. Action spectra for survival and spore photoproduct formation of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with short-wavelength (200-300 nm) UV at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo. Journal of Photochemistry, Photobiology, B: Biology 11, 69-80.
8. Lindberg, C. and G. Horneck. 1992. Thymine photoproduct formation and inactivation of intact spores of Bacillus subtilis irradiated with short wavelength UV (299-300 nm) at atmospheric pressure and in vacuo. Advances in Space Research 12, (4)275-(4)279.
9. Moll, D. M. and J. R. Vestal. 1992. Survival of microorganisms in smectitie clays: Implications for Martian exobiology. Icarus 98, 233-239.
10. Paramio, J. M., C. Bauluz and R. D. Vidania. 1991. Comparative study of the lethal effects of near-UV light (360 nm) and b-methoxypsoralen plus near-UV on plasmid DNA. Cellular and Molecular Biology 372, 125-137.
11. Siegel, B. Z. and S. M. Siegel. 1979. Further studies on the environmental capabilities of fungi: Interactions of salinity, ultraviolet irradiation, and temperature in Penicllium. Life Sciences and Space Research XVIII, 59-64.
12. Siegel, B. Z., S. M. Siegel and J. M. Phelan. 1977. The effects of temperature, salinity, and other factors on the growth and formation of UV-absorbing substances by the fungus Aspergillus. Life Sciences and Space Research XVI, 49-54.
13. Valdez, R., B. Z. Siegel and S. M. Siegel. 1981. Effects of salts and temperatures on post-irradiation growth of Penicillium exposed to ultraviolet. Advances in Space Research 1, 49-52.
14. Weber, P. and M. Greenberg. 1985. Can spores survive in interstellar space? Nature 316, 403-407.

1. Averner, M, M. and R. D. MacElroy. 1976. On the habitability of Mars: An approach to planetary ecosynthesis. NASA SP-414.
2. Fogg, M. J. 1993. Dynamics of a terraformed Martian biosphere. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 46, 293-304.
3. Fogg, M. J. 1995. Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. SAE International, Warrendale, PA.
4. Fogg, M. J. 1995. Terraforming Mars: Conceptual solutions to the problem of plant growth in low concentrations of oxygen. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 48, 427-434.
5. Friedmann, E. I. and R. Ocampo-Friedmann. 1994. A primitive cyanobacterium as pioneer microorganism for terraforming Mars. Advances in Space Research 15, 243-246.
6. Friedmann, E. I., M. Hua and R. Ocampo-Friedmann. 1993. Terraforming Mars: Dissolution of carbonate rocks by cyanobacterium. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 46, 291-292.
7. Haynes, R. H. 1990. Ethics and planetary engineering. 1. Ecce ecopoiesis: Playing God on Mars. In D. Macniven (Ed). Moral Expertise, 161-183. Routledge, London and New York.
8. Haynes, R. H., and C. P. McKay. 1992. The implantation of life on Mars: Feasibility and motivation. Advances in Space Research 12, 133-140.
9. Hiscox, J. A. 1993. Biological aspects of the planetary engineering of Mars. Privately circulated. 10 pages.
10. Hiscox, J. A. 1995. Modification of microorganisms for Mars. The Terraforming Report 2, 136-150.
11. Hiscox, J. A. 1996. Planetary engineering: The Science of genesis. Science Spectra. In press.
12. Hiscox, J. A. 1996. Planetary Engineering, Habitable Zones and the Relevance for Extraterrestrial Civilizations. SetiQuest. In press.
13. Hiscox, J. A. 1996. Biology and the Planetary Engineering of Mars. Review article for Case for Mars VI.
14. Hiscox, J. A. and D. J. Thomas. 1995. Modification and selection of microorganisms for growth on Mars. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 48, 419-426.
15. McKay, C. P. 1982. Terraforming Mars. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 35, 427-433.
16. McKay, C. P. and R. H. Haynes. 1990. Should we implant life on Mars? Scientific American, December, 144.
17. McKay, C. P., O. B. Toon and J. F. Kasting. 1991. Making Mars habitable. Nature 352, 489-496.
18. Nadis, S. 1994. Mars the final frontier. New Scientist, 5th February, 28-31.
19. Nussinov, M. D., S. V. Lysenko and V. V. Patrikeev. 1994. Terraforming of Mars through terrestrial microorganisms and nanotechnological devices. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 47, 319-320.
20. Pollack, J. B. and C. Sagan. 1991. Planetary Engineering. (Eds J. Lewis, M. Matthews and M. L. Guerrieri). In Resources of Near Earth Space. University of Arizona Press.
21. Sagan, C. 1973. Planetary engineering on Mars. Icarus 20, 513-514.
22. Thomas, D. J. 1993. The ecopoiesis and terraformtation of Mars: Current perspectives and research. NASA Planetary Biology Internship Program (16 pages).
23. Thomas, D. J. 1995. Biological aspects of the ecopoiesis and terraforming of Mars: Current perspectives and research. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 48, 415-418.

1. Denner, E. B. M., T. J. McGenity, Hans-Jurgen Busse, W. D. Grant, G, Wanner and H. Stan-Lotter. 1994. Halococcus salifodinae sp. nov., an archaeal isolate from an Austrian salt mine. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44, 774-780.
2. Friedmann, E. I. 1982. Endolithic microorganisms in the cold Antarctic desert. Science 215, 1045-1053.
3. Friedmann, E. I. 1986. The Antarctic cold desert and the search for traces of life on Mars. Advances in Space Research 6, 265-268.
4. Friedmann, E. I. and R. Weed. 1987. Microbial trace-fossil formation, biogenous, and abiotic weathering in the Antarctic cold desert. Science 236, 703-705.
5. Grant, W. D. 1995. Life on the edge. Science Spectra 2, 56-61.
6. McKay, C. P. 1993. Relevance of Antarctic microbial ecosystems to exobiology. Antarctic Microbiology, 593-601. Wiley-Liss Inc.
7. Nienow, J. A., C. P. McKay and E. I. Friedmann. 1988. The cryptoendolithic microbial environment in the Ross Desert of Antarctica: Light in the photosynthetically active region. Microbial Ecology 16, 271-289.
8. Nienow, J. A., C. P. McKay and E. I. Friedmann. 1988. The cryptoendolithic microbial environment in the Ross Desert of Antarctica: Mathematical models of the thermal regime. Microbial Ecology 16, 253-270.
9. Norton, C. F., T. J. McGenity and W. D. Grant. 1993. Archaeal halophiles (halobacteria) from two British salt mines. Journal of General Microbiology 139, 1077-1081.
10. Olliver, B., P. Caumette, J-L. Garcia and R. A. Mah. 1994. Anaerobic bacteria from hypersaline environments. Microbiological Reviews 58, 27-38.
11. Palmer, Jr., R. J. and E. I. Friedmann. 1990. Water relations and photosynthesis in the cryptoendolithic microbial habitat of hot and cold deserts. Microbial Ecology 19, 111-118.

1. Cairns, J. and J. R. Pratt. 1995. 63-76. In Evaluating and monitoring the health of large-scale ecosystems. (Eds D. J. Rapport, C. L. Gaudet and P. Calow. Springer, Berlin.
2. Cherfas, J. 1994. How many species do we need? New Scientist, 6th August, 36-40.
3. Gash, J. H. C. and W. J. Shuttleworth. 1992. 123-124. In Tropical forests and climate. (Ed. N. Myers). Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
4. Salati, E. and C. A. Nobre. 1992. 177-196. In Tropical forests and climate. Ed. N. Myers. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
5. Schlesinger, W. H. 1991. Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. Academic Press, San Diego.
6. Francois, L. M., and J. -C. Gerard. 1988. Ozone, climate and biospheric environment in the ancient oxygen-poor atmosphere. Planetary Space Science 36, 1391-1414.

1. Andersen, D. T., C. P. McKay, R. A. Wharton Jr. and J. D. Rummel. 1990. An Antarctic research outpost as a model for planetary exploration. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 43, 499-504.
2. Fogg, M. J. 1993. Terraforming: A review for environmentalists. The Environmentalist 13, 7-17.
3. Ishikawa, Y., T. Ohkita and Y. Amemiya. 1990. Mars habitation 2057. Concept design of a Mars settlement in the year 2057. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 43, 505-512.
4. Kim, J. and D. C. Rees. 1994. Nitrogenase and biological nitrogen fixation. Biochemistry 33, 387-397.
5. Letaw, J. R., R. Silberberg and C. H. Tsao. 1987. Radiation hazards on space missions. Nature 330, 709-710.
6. Lindberg, C. and G. Horneck. 1994. Planetary protection considerations for Marsnet and Mars sample return missions. Advances in Space Research 15, 277-280.
7. McKay, C. P., T. R. Meyer, P. J. Boston, M. Nelson, T. Maccallum and O. Gwynne. 1991. Utilizing Martian resources for life support. Resources of near-Earth space. (Eds J. Lewis, M. Matthews and M. L. Guerrieri). University of Arizona Press.
8. Meyer, T. R. and C. P. McKay. 1984. The atmosphere of Mars-resources for the exploration and settlement of Mars. The Case for Mars. (Ed. P. J. Boston). American Astronautical Society, Science and Technology Series 57, 209-232.
9. Meyer, T. R. and C. P. McKay. 1989. The resources of Mars for human settlement. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 42, 147-160.
10. Scherer, S., T. W. Chen and P. Boger. 1988. A new UV-A/B protecting pigment in the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. Plant Physiology 88, 1055-1057.
11. Sieving, D. L. 1996. A centrifugal habitat for reduced gravity environments. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 49, 83-96.
12. Sterns, P. M. and L. I. Tennen. 1995. Legal aspects of planetary protection for Mars missions. Advances in Space Research 15, (3)281-(3)284.