I. Madison: Congress is not inclusive enough

A. The Floor is ‘superfluous‘ and defers to specialists;
B. Congress has lost its deliberative function.
1. But, this would slow down government.
C. Madisonianism doesn't recognize the advantages of centralization through presidential government.

A. The distinction between the individual and the institution is evidence of a problem.
1. They want the success of the institution to depend on the authority of the party, not the person.
2. Stronger parties would effectively determine who did and did not run Congress.
a. Members would then, through party discipline, be at least as responsive to the national party agenda as to constituents.
B. The major problem is the way in which members have successfully insulated themselves from dissatisfaction with the institution.
1. Next is that there is no partnership with the president.

A. Are not as critical.
1. They see Congress as representative of the diverse interests of the public.
a. This is in the specific sense that the structure of Congress, committees and subcommittees, (dispersed powers) hear and respond to the public.
(1) Particularism organizes the diverse interests.
b. It also responds to intensity.
(1) The basis of this is that they believe you can only critique Congress by comparing it to the presidency because both make public policy.
2. Concentration of power would deprive diverse interests from participating in the bargaining and adjustment of the system.
B. Evaluation of Congress must include the fact of a strong president.
1. Pluralists believe that a healthy balance is struck between the two organizations.

Walter Stone, (1990) "Republic at Risk" Brooks-Cole