Patterns of Presidential-Congressional Policymaking*


   
Which Branch
 Shapes Policy?  
   
President
Shared
Congress
 
High
 
 		  

Aid to Contras
 
  

Budget Summit Agreement
How Much
Interbranch
Conflict?
 
 

Moderate

 
Economic & Budget Plan (1981)

Presidential Dominance

Civil Rights Administrative Reforms (1977-8)

Deadlock/Extraordinary Resolution
Civil Rights Restoration Act

Congressional Dominance

Immigration Reform and Control Act
  Low
Panama Canal Treaties
Tax Reform Act

Consensus/ Cooperation

Civil Rights Act
Family support Act