This has been the visit to this site since Oct. 3, 1996.

Word roots:

acet (L) = vinegar
gener (L) = beget, produce
Flagell (L) = a whip
Vac (L) = empty
Vacc (L) = a cow

The world as an open system (energy in and energy out). (Fig. 9.1)

Review of ATP driven cellular work. (Fig. 9.2)

OXIDATION/REDUCTION REACTIONS (redox rxns)

OXIDATION = loss of electrons (olŽ or ole-)
REDUCTION = gain of e- ("reduction" in +)
Both can be partial or complete loss or gain.
Complete transfer of e-: e.g. Na + Cl ----> Na+ + Cl-

Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent due to its high electronegativity.

e- of C and H move towards O and lose energy in the process. Hs also move from organic compounds to O.
EXAMPLE of Methane oxidation: movement of e- closer to Oxygen
(FIG. 9.3)

= Electrons will be moving "downhill" and some of the energy will be captured to make ATP.

e.g. C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ÆG = -686 kcal/mol)

Above is the overall reaction but the actual process
is a stepwise SERIES OF REDOX REACTIONS.

e- carriers are needed to transfer electrons around the cell

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) = a dinucleotide found in all cells. (FIG. 9.4)
2 e- are not passed directly to O but are carried by NADH to the electron transport chain.

1) Gycolysis
2) Krebs cycle
3) e- transport chain

2 MAIN WAYS TO MAKE ATP:

1) Substrate-level phoshorylation (see Fig. 9.7)
2) Oxidative Phosphorylation via the electron transport chain (less direct but produces a lot more ATP, more next time)

The splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules via a series of rxns. in the cytosol.
No CO2 released
O2 not needed!

1) Energy-investment phase (uses ATP to activate)
2) Energy-yielding phase; A gross gain of 4 ATP giving a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose for the whole of glycolysis.
Also, 2 NAD+ molecules are reduced to 2 NADH.

e.g. step 1. Hexokinase adds a P to activate glucose
e.g. step 7. ATP is formed as P is donated back to ADP.