ANTHROPOLOGY 4380/5380 Spring 1997 Hale 256, 9:30-10:45 T Th
Payson Sheets
LITHIC ANALYSIS AND REPLICATION Office: Hale 160, hrs 2:30-4pm T
Th
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WEEK DATE TOPIC READING ASSIGNMENTS
1. 14,16 Jan Introduction: Attributes, Terminology, Crabtree
1982:1-57, W p1-9
Concepts
2. 21,23 Jan Use-Wear and Function, History Bamforth, Ahler, Loy.
3. 28,30 Jan Physics and Mechanics of Fracture.
W p11-21, Cotterell
& Kamminga chap.
4. 4,6 Feb So What’s the Point? -Lithic Analyses & Classif.
Sheets '75, W Ch 11
5. 11,13 Feb Mesoamerican Lithic Analyses. Sheets '77, Johnson 1996
6. 18,20 Feb Quarries & Workshops. Coe & Flannery '64, Sheets '75,
Michels '75, Singer &
Ericson'77
7. 25,27 Feb Ancillary Topics: Torrence, Ch. 3
Groundstone, fractured Adams 1988
bone, and ethnoarcheology
MIDTERM EXAM: Thurs 27 Feb - 100 points
8. 4,6 Mar Production and Specialization, Exchange
Costin 1991
9. 11,13 Mar Thermal Alteration Rick & Chappell, Dunnell et al. 1994
10. 18,20 Mar Analyses: total, sampling, Healan ‘95, Metcalf
& Heath ‘90, Schott ‘94
and bulk; micro & macro
SPRING VACATION at last
11. 1,3 Apr Technical Analysis: Trembour & Friedman, Stross,
et al.
Hydration, Sourcing;
Illustration
12. 8,10 Apr Replication: Introduction (Crabtree 1982:1-57), W Ch
3-5
& Materials
13. 15,17 Apr Replication: Percussion W Ch 6
Flaking
14. 22,24 Apr Replication: Percussion W Ch 7,8
and Pressure Flaking
15 29 Apr, 1 May Replication: Percussion & Pressure, Review W Ch 9, 10
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
FINAL EXAM: Saturday 10 May, 11:30 am - 2:30 p.m. - same room;
200 points
TERM PAPERS: Due Thurs 1 May, 10% deducted per day late. The
anthropological system of parenthetical referencing is to be used. Papers
may be in the formats of research proposals, research results, critical
literature reviews, or similar approaches. An abstract is required. 12
point font.
Undergraduate 4380 papers should be 5-7 pages of typed, double-spaced text
(not including illustrations), value - 100 points.
Graduate 5380 papers should be double that length, and more theoretically
or experimentally oriented, value - 200 points.
``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
REQUIRED READINGS:
Whittaker, John C.
1994 Flintknapping: Making and Understanding Stone Tools.
Austin: Univ of Texas Press. Text, @ Bookstore
Crabtree, Don E.
1982 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers,
Idaho State University Museum, #28. (Copy in Grad Lounge)
Johnson, Jay
1996 “Lithic Analysis and Questions of Cultural Complexity”
In Odell ed. Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human
Prehistory. NY: Plenum. pp.159-180.*
Healan, Dan
1995 Identifying lithic reduction loci with size-graded
macrodebitage: A multivariate approach. American
Antiquity 60:4: 689-700.*
Torrence, Robin
1986 Chapter 3 “Designing an instrument for measuring change”
in Production and Exchange of Stone Tools. Cambridge:
Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 38-92. *
Bamforth, Douglas
1988 Investigating Microwear Polishes with Blind Tests: The
Institute Results in Context. Journal of
Archaeological Science, 15:11-23. *
Dunnell, R. C. et al.
1994 Heat Treatment of Mill Creek and Dover Cherts on the
Malden Plain, Southeast Missouri. Journal of
Archaeological Science 21:1: 79-90.*
Newman, Jay
1994 The effects of distance on lithic material reduction
technology. Journal of Field Archaeology 21:4:491-501.*
Andrefsky, Wm.
1994 Raw material availability and the organization of
technology. American Antiquity 59:1:21-35.*
Metcalfe, Duncan, and Kathleen Heath
1990 Microrefuse and site structure: The hearths and floors of
the Heartbreak Hotel. American Antiquity 55:4:781-96.*
Schott, Michael
1994 Size and form in the analysis of flake debris: Review and
recent approaches. Journal of Archaeological Method and
Theory 1:1:69-110.*
Adams, J.
1988 Use-wear Analyses on Manos and Hide-processing Stones.
Journal of Field Archaeology 15:307-315. *
Loy, Thomas
1982 "Prehistoric Blood Residues." Science 220:1269-71*.
Coe, Michael, and Kent Flannery
1964 The Precolumbian Obsidian Industry of El Chayal,
Guatemala. American Antiquity 30:43-49. *
Sheets, P.
1975 A Reassessment of the Precolumbian Obsidian Industry of
El Chayal, Guatemala. American Antiquity 40:98-103.*
Michaels, Joseph
1975 El Chayal Guatemala: A Chronological and Behavioral
Reassessment. American Antiquity 40: 103-106.*
Sheets, P.
1975 Behavioral Analysis and the Structure of a Prehistoric
Industry. Current Anthropology 16:369-91*.
1977 The Analysis of Chipped Stone Artifacts in Southern
Mesoamerica: An Assessment. Latin American Research
Review, 12:139-58*.
Ahler, S.
1979 "Functional Analysis of Nonobsidian Chipped Stone
Artifacts: Terms, Variables, and Quantification." In
Hayden (ed.) Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. NY: Academic
Press. *
Cotterell, B. and J. Kamminga
1979 "The Mechanics of Flaking." In Hayden (ed.) Lithic
Use-Wear Analysis. NY: Academic Press. *
Costin, Cathy
1991 Craft specialization: Issues in defining, documenting,
and explaining the organization of production. Method and
Theory in Archaeology, Ed. by Michael Schiffer. Vol. 3.
Tucson: Univ of AZ Press, p. 1-56.
Rick, J. and S. Chappell
1983 Thermal Alteration of Silica Materials in Technological
and Functional Perspective. Lithic Technology 12:69-
80.*
Singer, Clay and Jonathon Ericson
1977 Quarry Analysis at Bodie Hills, Mono County, CA: A Case
Study. In Exchange Systems in Prehistory, Ed. by T.
Early & J. Ericson. NY: Academic Press. pp. 171-188.*
Stross, F., P. Sheets, F. Asaro, and H. Michel
1983 Precise Characterization of Guatemalan Obsidian
Sources, and Source Determination of Artifacts from
Quirigua. American Antiquity 48:323-46.*
Trembour, F. and I. Friedman
1984 The Present Status of Obsidian Hydration Dating.
Quaternary Dating Methods, Ed. by W. Mahaney.*
*Available at C U Bookstore, readings packet
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
RECOMMENDED READINGS:
Hester, T. and R. Heizer
1973 Bibliography of Archaeology I: Experiments, Lithic
Technology and Petrography. Reading (MA): Addison-
Wesley Module #29.
Henry, Don & George Odell (Eds.)
1989 Alternative Approaches to Lithic Analysis. Archeol
Papers of the Amer Anthro Assn #1.
Krim, Jacqueline
1996 Friction at the Atomic Scale. Scientific American
October 1996, p. 74-80.
Hester, Tom
1980 The 1980 Season at Colha, Belize, an Overview. MS, Univ
of Texas, San Antonio.
Odell, George (Ed.)
1996 Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory.
NY: Plenum.
GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ANTHROPOLOGY 4380/5380
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION, THEORETICAL
Bamforth, D.
1988 Ecology and Human Organization on the Great Plains.
Plenum Press, New York.
Bamforth, D.
1991 Technological Organization and Hunter-Gatherer Land Use:
A California Example. AAq 56:216-35.
Bordaz, J.
1970 Tools of the Old and New Stone Age. Natural History
Press, Garden City.
Bordes, F.
1968 The Old Stone Age. McGraw-Hill, N.Y.
Gould, R. and S. Saggers
1985 Lithic Procurement in Central Australia: A Closer Look
at Binford's Idea of Embeddedness in Archeology. A.
AQ. 50:117-36.
Hester, T. R. and R. F. Heizer
1973 Bibliography of Archaeology I: Experiments, Lithic
Technology and Petrography. Addison Wesley Module in
Anthropology, #29.
Honea, K.
1983 Lithic Technology: An International Annotated
Bibliography. LT Special Pub. #2. U. T., San Antonio.
Lustig-Arecco, Vera
1975 Technology: Strategies for Survival. Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, N.Y.
Oakley, K. P.
1964 Man the Tool-Maker. University of Chicago Press.
Odell, George (Ed)
1996 Stone Tools: Theoretical Insights into Human Prehistory.
NY:Plenum
Plew, M., J. Woods, and M. Pavesic (eds.)
1985 Stone Tool Analysis: Essays in Honor of Don E.
Crabtree. Albuquerque: Univ. of N. M. Press.
Seeman, Mark
1994 Intercluster lithic patterning at Nobles Pond: a case for
disembedded procurement among early Paleoindian
societies. Amer Antiq 59:273 ff.
Shott, M.
1989 On Tool-Class use Lives and the Formation of
Archaeological Assemblages. AAq 54:9-30.
Spier, R. F. G.
1970 From the Hand of Man: Primitive and Preindustrial
Technologies. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Torrence, R. (Ed.)
1989 Time, Energy and Stone Tools. Cambridge Univ Press,
Cambridge.
Watson, W.
1968 Flint Implements. British Museum, London.
Wright, R. (ed.)
1977 Stone Tools as Cultural Markers. Canberra; Humanities Press (NJ).
WEEK 1 (Ct’d): ATTRIBUTES, TERMINOLOGY, CONCEPTS
Binford, L. R.
1963 A Proposed Attribute List for the Description and
Classification of Projectile Points. Anth. Papers,
Museum of Anth., University of Michigan. 19. Ann
Arbor.
Bonnichsen, R. and D. Hoch
1983 Flake Dispersal Experiments: Noncultural
Transformations of the Archeological Record. A. AQ.
48:553-73.
Crabtree, D. E.
1972 An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Papers,
Idaho State University Museum 28. Pocatello.
Kamp, K. and J. Whittaker
1986 Unproductive Lithic Resources at Lake Mead. A. AQ.
51:383:8.
Ludke, Barbara
1992 An Archaeologist's Guide to Chert and Flint. UCLA Inst
of Archaeology.
Movius, H. L. Jr., et al.
1968 The Analysis of Certain Major Classes of Upper
Paleolithic Tools. Am. Sch. of Prehist. Res., Peabody
Museum, Harvard University Bull. 26. Cambridge.
Sullivan, A. and K. Rozen
1985 Debitage Analysis and Archeological Interpretation. A.
AQ. 50:755-79.
Tixier,J.
1974 Glossary for the Description of Stone Tools. Special
Publication #1, Lithic Technology.
WEEK 2: FUNCTION/MICROWEAR ANALYSIS
Brose, D. S.
1975 Functional Analysis of Stone Tools: A Cautionary Note
on the Role of Animal Fats. A. AQ. 40:86-94.
Del Bene, T.
1979 "Once Upon a Striation: Current Models of Striation
and Polish Formation." In Hayden (ed.) Lithic Use-Wear
Analysis. NY: Academic Press. *
Gould, R. A., D. A. Koster, and A. H. L. Sontz
1971 The Lithic Assemblage of the Western Desert Aborigines
of Australia. A. AQ. 36:149-69.
Gould, R. A.
1973 Use-wear on Western Desert Aborigine Stone Tools: A
Reply to Messrs. Hayden and Kamminga. Newsletter of
Lithic Technology 2:9-14.
Hayden, B. and J. Kamminga
1973 Gould, Koster, and Sontz on "Micro-wear": A Critical
Review. Newsletter of Lithic Technology 2:3-8.
Hayden, B. (ed.)
1979 Lithic Use-wear Analysis. NY: Academic Press.
Hester, T. R. and R. F. Heizer
1971 Problems in Function Interpretation: Scraper-Planes
from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Contrib., U. of CA.
Arch. Res. Facility, 14:107-23.
1973 Arrow Points or Knives? Comments on the Proposed
Function of "Stockton Points." A. AQ. 38:220-2.
Hester, T. , D. Gilbow, and A. Albee
1973 A Functional Analysis of "Clear Fork" Artifacts from
the Rio Grande Plain, Texas. A. AQ. 38:90-6.
Hyland, D, J. Tersak, J. Adovasio, and M. Siegel
1990 Identification of the Species of Origin of Residual Blood
on Lithic Materials. AAq 55:104-111.
Keeley, L. H.
1974 Technique and Methodology in Microwear Studies: A
Critical Review. WA 5:323-36.
1974 A Methodology of Micro Analysis: A Comment on Nance.
A. AQ. 39:126-8.
1977 The Functions of Paleolithic Flint Tools. Scientific
American 237(5):108-126.
1980 Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses. U.
Chicago Press.
1982 Hafting and Retooling: Effects on the Archeological
Record. A. AQ. 47:798-810.
Keller, C. M.
1966 The Development of Edge Damage Patterns on Stone Tools.
Man 1:501-11.
Loy, Thomas
1982 Prehistoric Blood Residues: Detection on Tool Surfaces
and Identification of Species of Origin. Science
220:1269-71.
Nance, J. D.
1971 Functional Interpretations from Microscopic Analysis.
A. AQ. 36:361-6.
Odell, G.
1975 Micro-wear in Perspective. WA 7(2):226-240.
Olausson, D.
1980 Starting from Scratch: The History of Edge-wear
Research from 1838 to 1978. Lithic Technology 9(2):48-
60.
Semenov, S. A.
1964 Prehistoric Technology (tr. by M. Thompson). Cory,
Adams, and MacKay, London.
Shea, John
1992 Lithic Microwear analysis in archaeology. Evolutionary
Anthropology 1:4: 143-150.
Sheets, P. D.
1973 Edge Abrasion During Biface Manufacture. A. AQ.
38:215-8.
Sonnefeld, J.
1962 Interpreting the Function of Primitive Implements. A.
AQ. 28:56-65.
Tringham, R. et al.
1974 Experimentation in the Formation of Edge Damage: A New
Approach to Lithic Analysis. Journ. of Field Archaeol.
1:171-96.
Vaughan, P.
1985 Use-Wear Analysis of Flaked Stone Tools. Tucson:
Univ. of Arizona Press.
Walker, P. and J. Long
1977 An Experimental Study of the Morphological
Characteristics of Tool Marks. A. AQ. 42:605-16.
Witthoft, J.
1965 Glazed Polish on Flint Tools. A. AQ. 32:383-8.
Yerkes, R.
1983 Microwear, Microdrills, and Mississippian Craft
Specialization. A. AQ. 48:499-519.
Young, D. and D. Bamforth
1990 On the Macroscopic Identification of Used Flakes. A Aq
55:403-9.
WEEK 3: PHYSICS AND MECHANICS OF FRACTURE
Atkinson, B. (Ed.)
1987 Fracture Mechanics of Rock. Academic Press, London.
Barnes, A. S.
1939 The Differences Between Natural and Human Flaking on
Prehistoric Flint Implements. A. Anth. 41:99-112.
Cottrell, A. H.
1964 The Mechanical Properties of Matter. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
Cotterell, B. and J. Kamminga
1987 The Formation of Flakes. AAQ 52:675-708.
Faulkner, A.
1972 Mechanical Principles of Flintworking. Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Anth. Washington St. Univ.
Jaeger, J. C.
1964 Elasticity, Fracture, and Flow. Methuen, London.
Kolsky, H.
1963 Stress Waves in Solids. Dover, New York.
Speth, J. D.
1972 Mechanical Basis of Percussion Flaking. A. AQ. 37:37-
60.
1974 Experimental Investigations of Hard-hammer Percussion
Flaking. Tebiwa 17:1:7-63
Tsirk, A.
1974 Mechanical Basis of Percussion Flaking: Some Comments.
A. AQ. 39:128-30.
Warrens, S. H.
1914 The Experimental Investigation of Flint Fracture and
Its Application to the Problem of Human Implements.
JRAI 44:412-50.
WEEK 4: FORMAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSES
Collins, M. B.
1973 Lithic technology as a means of processual inferences.
Paper, 9th ICAES, Chicago. Reprint #0271.
Davis, D. (ed.)
1978 Lithics and Subsistence. Vanderbilt Univ., Pubs. in
Anth. #20.
Flenniken, J. and A. Raymond
1986 Morphological Projectile Point Typology: Replication
Experimentation and Technological Analysis. A. AQ.
51:603-14.
Holmes, W. H.
1894 Natural History of Flaked Stone Implements. Memoirs of
the Int. Cong. of Anth., ed. by C. S. Wake, pp. 120-39.
Chicago.
Muto, G. R.
1971 A technological analysis of the early stages in the
manufacture of lithic artifacts. Unpublished M.A.
thesis, Idaho St. Univ., Pocatello.
Newsletter of Lithic Technology, 1972-1976 (named changed in
1977). changed to:
Lithic Technology, 1977-present.
Odell, G.
1980 Toward a More Behavioral Approach to Archaeological
Lithic Concentrations. A. AQ. 45:404-31.
Sackett, J. R.
1966 Quantitative Analysis of Upper Paleolithic Stone Tools.
A. Anth. 68:2:2:356-94.
Sheets, P. D.
1975 Behavioral Analysis and the Structure of a Prehistoric
Industry. CA 16:369-91.
Van Noten, F., D. Cahen, and L. Keeley
1980 A Paleolithic Campsite in Belgium. Scientific American
242(4):48-55
Wilmsen, E. N.
1970 Lithic Analysis and Cultural Inference: A Paleo-Indian
Case. Anth. Papers, Univ. Ariz. #16. Tucson.
1968 Lithic Analysis in Paleoanthropology. Science 161:982-
8.
WEEK 5: MESOAMERICAN LITHIC STUDIES
Clark, J.
1982 Manufacture of Mesoamerican Prismatic Blades: An
Alternative Technique. A. AQ. 47:355-76.
1986 From Mountains to Molehills: A Critical Review of
Teotihuacan's Obsidian Industry. In Research in
Economic Anthropology, Ed. by B. Isaac, Supplement 2. JAI Press,
CT.
Dockall, J. and H. Shafer
1993 Testing the Producer-Consumer Model for Santa Rita
Corozal, Belize. Latin American Antiquity 4:158-79.
Hester, T. (ed.)
1976 Maya Lithic Studies. Report #4, Center. Arch. Res.,
Univ. of Texas, San Antonio.
1978 Archaeological Studies of Mesoamerican Obsidian.
Ballena Press Studies #3 (Socorro, N. M.).
1991 Maya Stone Tools. Prehistory Press, Madison WI.
Lewenstein, S.
1987 Stone Tool Use at Cerros. Univ of TX Press, Austin.
Shafer, H. and H. Hester
1983 Ancient Maya Chert Workshops in Northern Belize,
Central America. A. AQ. 48:519-543.
Sheets, P.
1978 The Artifacts. In Sharer (ed.) The Prehistory of
Chalchuapa, El Salvador, Vol II. Philadelphia: U. of
Pa. Press.
1977 The Analysis of Chipped Stone Artifacts in Southern
Mesoamerica.
Spence, M.
1981 Obsidian Production and the State in Teotihuacan. A.
AQ. 46:769-88.
WEEK 6: QUARRIES AND WORKSHOPS
See references on p. 2-3.
Stevenson, M.
1985 The Formation of Artifact Assemblages at Workshop-
Habitation Sites: Models from Peace Point in Northern
Alberta. AAQ 50:63-81.
Cottrell, M.
1985 Tomato Springs: The Identification of a Jasper Trade and
Production Center in Southern California. AAQ 50:833-49.
WEEK 7: ANCILLARY TOPICS: GROUNDSTONE, FRACTURED BONE,
ETHNOARCHEOLOGY
Adams, Jenny
1995 The development of prehistoric grinding technology in the
Point of Pines area, AZ. Museum Anthropology 19:3:17-29.
Bamforth, D.
1986 Technological Efficiency and Tool Curation. A. AQ.
51:38-50.
Bonnichsen, R.
1973 Millie's Camp: An Experiment in Archeology. WA.
1979 Pleistocene Bone Technology in the Beringian Refugium.
Nat. Mu. Man, Mercury Series, Paper 89. Ottawa.
Bonnichsen, R. & M. Sorg Eds.
1989 Bone Modification. (conference proceedings) Center for
Study of First Americans, Oregon St Univ, Corvallis.
Frison, G. and G. Zeimens
1980 Bone Projectile Points: An Addition to the Folsom
Cultural Complex. A. AQ. 45:231:7.
Hayden, B. and M. Nelson
1981 The Use of Chipped Lithic Material in the Contemporary
Maya Highlands. A. AQ. 46:885-98.
Hayden, B. (Ed.)
1987 Lithic Studies Among the Contemporary Highland Maya.
Univ of AZ Press, Tucson.
Lyman, R. L.
1984 Broken Bones, Bone Expediency Tools, and Bone
Pseudotools: Lessons from the Blast Zone Around Mt.
St. Helens, Washington. A. AQ. 49:315-33.
Stanford, E. et al.
1981 The Ginsberg Experiment. Science 212:43-50.
Weissner, P.
1983 Style and Social Information in Kalahari San Projectile
Point. A. AQ. 48:253-77.
White, J. P. and D. H. Thomas
1972 What Mean These Stones? IN Models in Archaeology, Ed.
by D. Clarke. London: Methuen.
Zier, A.
1981 An Experiment in Groundstone Use-wear Analysis. M.A.
Thesis, Anthropology, CU-Boulder.
WEEK 9: THERMAL ALTERATION
Collins, M. and J. Fenwick
1974 Heat Treating of Chert: Methods of Interpretation and
Their Application. Plains Anth. 19:134-45.
Crabtree, D. E. and B. R. Butler
1964 Notes on Experiments in Flint Knapping: 1. Heat
Treatment of Silica Minerals. Tebiwa 7:1-6.
Domenski, M. et al
1994 Mechanical properties of tone artefact materials and the
effect of heat treatment. Archaeometry 36:2: 177-208.
Dunnell, R. et al.
1994 Heat treatment of Mill Creek...cherts in MO. Journal of
Archaeological Science 21:79-90.
Flenniken, J. and E. Garrison
1975 Thermally Altered Novaculite and Stone Tool
Manufacturing Techniques. JFA 2:125-31.
Hester, T. R.
1972 Ethnographic Evidence for the Thermal Alteration of
Siliceous Stone. Tebiwa 15:63-5.
Hester, T. R. and M. B. Collins
1974 Evidence for Heat Treating of Southern Texas Projectile
Points. Bulletin, Texas Arch. Soc. 45:219-23.
Melcher, C. and D. Zimmerman
1977 Thermoluminescent Determination of Prehistoric Heat
Treatment of Chert Artifacts. Science 197:1359-62.
Paulish, L. and P. Sheppard
1983 Thermoluminescent Determination of PaleoIndian Heat
Treatment in Ontario, Canada. A. AQ. 48:793-800.
Perino, G.
1971 Some Results of Heat Treating Flint. The Chesiopiean
9:99-100.
Purdy, B. A. and H. K. Brooks
1971 Thermal Alteration of Silica Materials. An
Archaeological Approach. Science 173:322-5.
Rick, J.
1978 Heat-Altered Cherts of the Lower Illinois Valley.
Northwestern Arch. Prog., Records, #2.
Sollberger, J. B. and T. R. Hester
1973 Some Additional Data on the Thermal Alteration of
Siliceous Stone. Bulletin, Okla. Anth. Soc. 21:181-5.
WEEK 11: TECHNICAL ANALYSES: HYDRATION DATING, SOURCING;
ILLUSTRATION
Addington, Lucille
1986 Lithic Illustration: Drawing Flaked Stone Artifacts
for Publication. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Friedman, I. and F. Trembour
1983 Obsidian Hydration Dating Update. A. AQ. 48:544-47.
Meighan, C.
1983 Obsidian Dating in California: Theory and Practice.
A. AQ. 48:600-609.
Moholy-Nagy, H., F. Asaro, and F. Stross
1984 Tikal Obsidian: Sources and Typology. A. AQ. 49:104-
18.
Sheets, P., K. Hirth, F. Lange, F. Stross, and H. Michel
1990 Obsidian Sources and Elemental Analyses of Artifacts in
Southern Mesoamerica and the Northern Intermediate Area.
AAq 55:144-158.
Stross, F., P. Sheets, F. Asaro, and H. Michel
1983 Precise Characterization of Guatemalan Obsidian
Sources, and Source Determination of Artifacts from
Quirigua. A. AQ. 48:323-36.
WEEKS 12-15: REPLICATION
Bamforth, D.
1991 Flintknapping Skill, Communal Hunting, and Paleoindian
Projectile Point Typology. Plains Anthropologist 36:
309-322.
Crabtree, D. E.
1966 A Stoneworker's Approach to Analyzing and Replicating
the Lindenmeier Folsom. Tebiwa 9:39.
1967 Notes on Experiments in Flint Knapping: 3. The Flint
Knapper's Raw Materials. Tebiwa 10:8-25.
Crabtree, D. E.
1967 Notes on Experiments in Flint Knapping: 4. Tools Used
for Making Flaked Stone Artifacts. Tebiwa 10:60-73.
1968 Mesoamerican Polyhedral Cores and Prismatic Blades. A.
AQ. 33:446-78.
1970 Flaking Stone with Wooden Implements. Science 169:146-
53.
Ellis, H. H.
1939 Flintworking Techniques of the American Indians: An
Experimental Study. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus.
Mewhinney, H.
1957 A Manual for Neanderthals. Univ. of Texas Press,
Austin.
Newcomer, M. H.
1971 Some Quantitative Experiments in Handaxe Manufacture.
WA 3:85-94.
Pond, A. W.
1930 Primitive Methods of Working Stone, Based on
Experiments of Halvor L. Skavlem. Logan Museum
Bulletin 2:1. Beloit College.
Swanson, E. (ed.)
1975 Lithic Technology: Making and Using Stone Tools. The
Hague: Mouton.
ABBREVIATIONS USED:
JFA = Journal of Field Archeology
A. AQ. = American Antiquity
JRAI = Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
WA = World Archaeology
CA = Current Anthropology
A ANTH = American Anthropologist whew
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