1)Ignore the questions that I have labeled "omit"
2)You will note that this exam had two essay questions and fewer multiple choice questions. For 2005 there will be either: 0 essay questions, 1 essay question or 2 essay questions. And the more essay questions the fewer the number of multiple choice questions.
Comparative Animal Physiology - old - Exam 2 Name __________________
omit1.Muscles in the vertebrate endoskeleton are set up as
a)independent muscles each associated with its own function.
b)complementary pairs with one muscle enhancing the function of the other.
c)antagonistic pairs where the movement produced by one muscle is exactly the opposite of the movement generated by the other muscle.
d)answer 'a' in excitatory muscles and answer 'b' in inhibitory muscles.
e)answer 'b' in flexor muscles and answer 'c' in extensor muscles.
omit2.A muscle that is 'involuntary' but capable of 'fast forceful contractions' is:
a)smooth muscle.
b)cardiac muscle.
c)skeletal muscle.
d)both 'a' and 'b'
e)both 'b' and 'c'
omit3.The contractile unit of muscle is considered the
a)myoblast.
b)myotube.
c)myofiber.
d)myofibril.
e)sarcomere.
omit4.In a muscle twitch adenosine triphosphate is important for
a)driving the sarcoplasmic reticular pumps that sequester Ca++.
b)breaking the linkage between the myosin heads and the actin linkage site.
c)resetting tension in the myosin head which is the energy for the next 'contraction.'
d)all of the above.
e)none of the above.
omit5.Some insect flight muscles achieve very high frequencies of contraction because
a)they have duel innervation, one neuron for contraction and one for relaxation.
b)they have very long sarcomeres so that cycling can occur very quickly.
c)Ca++ is kept in the sarcomere space so that it can trigger contraction quickly.
d)they have enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum so that Ca++ can be sequestered quickly.
e)the muscles only contract in response to stretch.
6.The myelin sheath
a)is a mechanism for increasing velocity of axon conduction.
b)is found on only a small percentage of fast conducting nerve fibers.
c)is what gives the 'white' matter of the central nervous system its 'color.'
d)preserves current in axoplasm so that electrotonic spread goes for a greater distance.
e)all of the above are true.
7.The 'spike initiation zone' of the neuron is the
a)post synaptic membrane of excitatory dendrites.
b)unique characteristic of cytoplasm found in the soma of fast conducting neurons.
c)very high conductance zone of axon hillock where action potentials are usually occur.
d)'exposed axon membrane' where APs are renewed during saltatory conduction.
e)all of the above are examples of 'spike initiation zones.'
8.Select the following sequence that correctly represents the 'generic' distribution of ions.
a)[Na+]o = 140, [Na+]i = 140, [K+]o = 140, [K+]i = 10 (units of mM)
b)[Na+]o = 14, [Na+]i = 140, [K+]o = 140, [K+]i = 10 (units of mM)
c)[Na+]o = 140, [Na+]i = 14, [K+]o = 140, [K+]i = 140 (units of mM)
d)[Na+]o = 14, [Na+]i = 14, [K+]o = 140, [K+]i = 140 (units of mM)
e)[Na+]o = 140, [Na+]i = 14, [K+]o = 14, [K+]i = 140 (units of mM)
9.If we use the Nernst equation to predict Vm with [ion]s in #8 it should be about:
a)-70 mV on the inside.
b)-30 mV on the inside.
c)0 mV.
d)+30 mV on the inside.
e)+70 mV on the inside.
10.The resting membrane potential is based on
a)Na+/K+ATPase pumps that establish Na+/K+ gradients across the membrane.
b)Na+ conductance that is 0.01 times that of K+ conductance.
c)large molecular weight anions [ex., proteins] on the inside of the cell.
d)all of the above.
e)none of the above.
11.If we isolate a 'typical' mammal cell in a culture dish and then bath the outside of the cell with a solution containing Na+ = 140 mM, K+ = 10 mM, Cl- = 120 mM, Ca++ = 0.3 mM, Mg++ = 2 mM the most likely result will be
a)depolarization.
b)hyperpolarization.
c)no change in membrane potential.
d)initially (1st msec) depolarization and then (2nd msec) hyperpolarization.
e)initially (1st msec) hyperpolarization and then (2nd msec) depolarization.
12.Depolarization of a presynaptic axon terminal of a fast chemical synapse will
a)increase membrane permeability which enables neurotransmitter to diffuse out.
b)activates synaptic vesicles which causes them to release neurotransmitter.
c)triggers the release of Ca++ from endoplasmic reticulum.
d)create a depolarization current that will pass to the post synaptic membrane.
e)activate voltage-gated Ca++ channels increasing membrane permeability to Ca++.
13.The difference between an excitatory and an inhibitory synapse is determined by
a)whether the pre synaptic membrane is depolarized or hyperpolarized.
b)whether the trigger molecule at the pre synaptic membrane is K+ of Na+.
c)the specific neurotransmitter released by the pre synaptic vesicles.
d)the receptor proteins on the post synaptic membrane.
e)the nature of the ion channel in the post synaptic membrane.
14.The term transduction refers to
a)the conversion of chemical energy (ex. ATP) into ion gradients (ex. Na+/K+).
b)the conversion of chemical energy (ex. ATP) into force (ex. sarcomere contraction).
c)the conversion of an environmental change (ex light intensity) into AP frequency.
d)all of the above are examples of transduction.
e)none of the above are true of transduction.
15.The maximum action potential frequency in a neuron is about
a)10 per second.
b)100 per second.
c)1,000 per second.
d)10,000 per second.
e)100,000 per second.
16.Which sensory function is based on the vertebrate hair cell?
a)pressure sensation in the fish lateral line system.
b)static equilibrium via the sacculus and utriculus.
c)dynamic equilibrium via the semicircular canals.
d)auditory function via the Organ of Corti.
e)all of the above.
2. Draw a vertebrate hair cell with associate afferent-efferent neurons. Label and explain how it works.