Exercise 4: The Concept of Validity
Due Date: Thursday, September 23
Proportion of Final Grade: 5%2. It is not necessary to justify your answer.
3. If you are uncertain about some of the answers, use the
techniques set out in the lectures - such as Venn diagrams.
1. All Nazis were anti-Semitic.
Hitler was anti-Semitic.
Therefore, Hitler was a Nazi.
Valid
___ Invalid ___
2. All fish can swim.
Some things that swim live in the
ocean.
Therefore, some fish live in the
ocean.
Valid
___ Invalid ___
3. No one who is not a member of the
Catholic Church can be saved.
The Pope is not a member of the
Catholic Church.
Therefore, the Pope cannot be
saved.
Valid ___ Invalid ___
4. People with something to hide always
plead the Fifth Amendment.
Tom pleaded the Fifth Amendment.
Therefore, Tom had something to
hide.
Valid
___ Invalid ___
5. If God exists, then not everything is
morally permissible.
Not everything is morally
permissible.
Therefore, God exists.
Valid ___ Invalid ___