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Ú150Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Mniaceaeóó yÝ ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòHypnaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú136Ú  Úóó ‹Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€TTl(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú136Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Hypnaceaeóó ›Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€**\(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú211Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Mosses,€Index€and€Catalogóó Ñ k Ñ {Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòNeckeraceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú154Ú  Úóó Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€èèj(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú154Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Neckeraceaeóó Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòOrthotrichaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú156Ú  Úóó €Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòPlagiotheciaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú160Ú  Úóó ’Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€¼¼e(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú160Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Plagiotheciaceaeóó ~Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòPolytrichaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú161Ú  Úóó Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€RRg(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú161Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Polytrichaceaeóó zÝ ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòPottiaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú166Ú  Úóó ŒÝ ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€zzk(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú166Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Pottiaceaeóó Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòPterigynandraceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú193Ú  Úóó “Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€DDd(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú193Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Pterigynandraceaeóó |Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòRhytidiaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú194Ú  Úóó ŽÝ ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€ÜÜi(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú194Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Rhytidiaceaeóó }Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòSeligeriaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú195Ú  Úóó Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€¸¸h(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú195Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Seligeriaceaeóó {Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòSphagnaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú197Ú  Úóó Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€ÆÆj(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú197Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Sphagnaceaeóó |Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòSplachnaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú202Ú  Úóó ŽÝ ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€¢¢i(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú202Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Splachnaceaeóó ~Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòTetraphidaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú205Ú  Úóó Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€,,g(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú205Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Tetraphidaceaeóó {Ý ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòThuidiaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú207Ú  Úóó Ý ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€  j(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú207Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Thuidiaceaeóó zÝ ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòTimmiaceae€ð"ð€Ú  Ú209Ú  Úóó ŒÝ ƒR¯(ÝÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà€k(#àÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòÚ  Ú209Ú  Ú€ð"ð€Timmiaceaeóó xÝ ƒFG'ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô‰%òXXÔòòHepatics€ð"ð€Ú  Ú211Ú  ÚóóINDEX AND CATALOG OF COLORADO MOSSESÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÓo[°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXoÓÑ8€n5XdædÈ8ÑÔ.Jƒ:C:\WAW\CRYPTMS\Mosses2004.wpdJÔC:\WAW\CRYPTMS\Mosses2004.wpdÔ/  ÔÐ ° ÐRevised:€Ô ƒÝ ÔDecember€3,€2004Ô!  ÔÐ –æ ÐÌò òà@æ æ 4ìà(A€W€O€R€K€€I€N€€P€R€O€G€R€E€S€Ô_ÔSÔ_Ô€)ó óˆÐ b² ÐÌÔ€ô‰%òXXÔÌÌÒe°Òà ½ àà  àÌÌÌÌÌÌà@Œ Œ 4Æàò òGUIDE€TO€THE€BRYOPHYTES€OF€COLORADOó óˆÐ 0€  ÐÌà@{ { &ÆàKeys€and€ecological€notes€based€on€field€and€herbarium€studiesˆÐ °  ÐÌà@//<ÆàBY€WILLIAM€A.€WEBERˆÐ 0€  ÐÌà@^^2ÆàFellow€of€the€Linnean€Society€of€LondonˆÐ ° Ðà@R R .ÆàProfessor€and€Curator€Emeritus€of€the€HerbariumˆÐ pÀ Ðà@OO2ÆàUniversity€of€Colorado€Museum,€BoulderˆÐ 0€ ÐÌÌà@((<ÆàRONALD€C.€WITTMANNˆÐ pÀ ÐÌà@ÁÁ4ÆàAssociate,€Herbarium€COLO,€BoulderˆÐ ð@ Ðò òÌ(a€Working€Document)ó óÐ pÀ ÐÌà@;ÆàNovember€2004€versionˆÐ  ð@ ÐÔ€Xn5Xòô‰%ÔÑ8€n5WXdæXdæ8Ñà@ŽŽ=Æàò òTABLE€OF€CONTENTSó óˆÐ ° ÐÌò òNote:€the€pagination€changes€as€we€make€revisions.€The€families€are€alphabetically€arranged.Ð ~Î ÐForó ó€genera€that€have€been€moved€to€other€families,€consult€the€Index€and€Catalog.€Portions€of€theÐ f¶ Ðmanuscript€that€are€in€need€of€amplification€are€indicated€by€***€.Ð Nž ÐÌPrefaceà‚(#(#{(#.¹¹àˆÐ  j ÐÌIntroductionà‚(#(#{(#.AAàˆÐ æ 6 ÐÌà@>ÆàPart€I.€MossesˆÐ ²   ÐÌKey€to€the€generaà‚(#(#{(#.é é àˆÐ ~Î  ÐÌFamily,€genus€and€species€treatmentsà‚(#(#{(#.  3àˆÐ Jš  ÐÌòòóóÔ4‚UÝ eÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔIndex€and€catalog€of€Colorado€MossesÔ6rÔÝ‚ÍO†ƒÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý k´Ôà‚(#(#{(#.kk3àòòˆÐ f ÐÌóóMoss€species€(alphabetical€by€specific€epithet)à‚(#(#{(#.íí>àˆÐ â2 ÐÌDerivations€of€the€generic€namesà‚(#(#{(#.³³/àòòˆÐ ®þ ÐÌóóMeanings€of€the€specific€epithetsòòà‚(#(#{(#.µµ0àˆÐ zÊ ÐÌóóGlossary€of€bryological€termsà‚(#(#{(#.± ± ,àòòˆÐ F– ÐÌóóAuthors€of€Bryophyte€taxaà‚(#(#{(#.½ ½ (àòòˆÐ b ÐÌÔ4‚ Ý eÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòŽòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔÔ6( ÔÝ‚ÍO< ƒÝóŽóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý ej ÔÌAppendicesÐ Ä ÐÌóóà ½ à1.€Leo€Lesquereux€(1884)à‚(#(#{(#.ÕÕ/àˆÐ  à ÐÌà ½ à2.€The€Colorado€Collections€of€A.€J.€Grout€(1914)à‚(#(#{(#.__HàˆÐ \"¬! ÐÌà ½ à3.€The€type€collections€of€T.€S.€Brandegeeà‚(#(#{(#.ééAàˆÐ ($x# ÐÌà ½ à4.€Colorado€Collections€reported€by€T.€P.€James€in€Wheeler€Expedition€Report,€1878à‚(#(#{(#.G!G!iàà€@(#(#{(#àˆÐ ô%D!% ÐÌà ½ à5.€F.€J.€Hermann.€€Mosses€of€Rocky€Mountain€National€Parkà‚(#(#{(#.±±PàˆÐ À'#' ÐÌà ½ à€€€€„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„.€Additions€paper,€1976à‚(#(#{(#.ÿÿBàˆÐ Œ)Ü$) ÐÌà ½ à6.€Original€descriptions€of€mosses€described€from€Coloradoà‚(#(#{(#.aaQàˆÐ X+¨&+ ÐÐ >,Ž', Ðà ½ à7.€Seville€Flowersðð€Mosses€of€Utah€and€The€Westà‚(#(#{(#.GGFàˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ à8.€Phytogeographical€comparisonsà‚(#(#{(#.ƒƒ7àˆÐ |Ì ÐÌà ½ à9.€Colorado€Bryological€Hot€SpotsÐ H˜ ÐÌà ½ àà  àBoulder€Mountain€ParkÐ  d ÐÌà ½ àà  àMount€EvansÐ à 0 ÐÌà ½ àà  àHigh€Creek€FenÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌAcknowledgmentsà‚(#(#{(#.? ? àà€@(#(#{(#àˆÐ xÈ  ÐÌBibliographyà‚(#(#{(#.……àòòˆÐ  D”  ÐóóÌà€(#(#{(#àˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ËË?ÆàDedicated€toˆÐ ŽÞ ÐÌÌà@L L 6ÆàFREDERICK€J.€HERMANN,€1906„1987ˆÐ @ ÐÌð ðHis€work€will€not€end€until€we€have€traced€each€delicate€web€that€ties€us€with€all€the€life€of€theÐ  \ Ðplanet.€His€greatest€worry€was€that€we€will€finish€the€planet€before€we€finish€that€work.€The€worldÐ òB Ðand€all€its€beauty€belongs€to€all€of€us,€not€to€politicians€and€mere€ideologies.€That€our€weapons€couldÐ Ø( Ðeradicate€all€life€ð!ð€plants,€insects,€mammals€as€much€as€man€ð!ð€was€a€terrible€fear€for€him,€and€heÐ ¾ Ðworked€hard,€contributing€hours€and€money,€against€that€fear.ðð€€Eric€Hermann€in€Ô_ÔVosÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔReznicekÔ_ÔÐ ¤ô Ð(1988).Ð  Š Ú ÐÑ€ÑÑ8€n5XXdæWXdæ8ÑÙ ÙÓ=€n5WÐXdÐd=Óà@îîBÆàò òPREFACEó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àI€first€learned€about€mosses€when€I€was€about€twelve€years€old.€When€I€was€in€High€SchoolÐ ~Î ÐI€built€a€small€terrarium€with€mosses€and€lichens€in€it,€and€entered€it€in€a€contest€(this€was€before€theÐ d´ Ðdays€of€Science€Fairs)€at€the€American€Museum€of€Natural€History.€With€the€$25.00€I€won€as€firstÐ Jš Ðprize,€I€was€urged€by€my€biology€teacher€to€buy€a€small€book€by€A.€J.€Grout,€òòMosses€with€a€HandÐ 0 € ÐLensóó.€Thus,€I€acquired€my€first€moss€textbook€on€Christmas€Day,€1934,€and€still€find€it€useful€overÐ  f Ðfifty€years€later!Ð ü L ÐÌà ½ àMr.€Grout€was€a€high€school€teacher€on€Staten€Island,€and€an€associate€of€the€New€YorkÐ È   ÐBotanical€Garden.€He€spent€a€lifetime€becoming€a€specialist€on€mosses,€and€eventually€produced€aÐ ® þ  Ðclassic€three„volume€work€entitled€òòMoss€Flora€of€North€Americaóó,€written€with€the€aid€of€as€manyÐ ”ä  Ðspecialists€as€he€could€muster.€òòMosses€with€a€Hand€Lensóó€was€written€from€the€standpoint€that€GroutÐ zÊ  Ðfelt€that,€with€proper€attention€and€guidance,€a€person€could€learn€to€recognize€most€of€the€commonÐ `°  Ðmosses€of€the€New€York€City€Region€with€the€use€of€only€a€hand€lens€and€his€book.€This€book€wasÐ F–  Ðso€popular€that€people€began€to€be€fairly€proficient€but€needed€more.€To€meet€the€demand,€Grout€thenÐ ,|  Ðwrote€òòMosses€with€Hand€Lens€and€Microscopeóó.€This€required€more€diligent€and€critical€study,€andÐ b Ðthe€area€covered€was€great‚er.€Most€professional€biologists€of€my€generation€in€America€owe€theirÐ øH Ðstarts€to€this€remarkable€man.Ð Þ. ÐÌà ½ àGrout's€little€moss€books,€now€sadly€out€of€print,€were€extremely€useful€in€the€Eastern€UnitedÐ ªú ÐStates,€and€have€been€followed€by€many€useful€books€currently€available€there.€One€of€the€veryÐ à Ðsuccess‚ful€ones€based€on€Grout's€philosophy€was€òòHow€to€Know€The€Mossesóó,€by€Henry€S.€ConardÐ vÆ Ð1956),€one€of€the€most€beloved€of€teachers€of€budding€bryologists.€He€was€professor€at€Ô_ÔGrinnellÔ_ÔÐ \¬ ÐCollege,€Iowa.€Unfortu‚nately,€Conard's€book€was€also€designed€for€use€in€the€eastern€U.€S.,€and€didÐ B’ Ðnot€help€me€at€all€in€1944€when€I€was€collecting€mosses€as€a€hobby€in€the€Columbia€River€Gorge.Ð (x ÐHowever,€this€fact€was€not€too€tragic,€because€it€resulted€in€my€corresponding€with€Dr.€Conard,€whoÐ ^ Ðhelped€me€identify€my€mosses.€Perhaps€it€was€through€helping€people€like€me€that€he€realized€thatÐ ôD Ðhe€had€to€publish€an€expanded€version€that€covered€the€entire€United€States.€The€latest€edition€is€co„Ð Ú* Ðauthored€by€one€of€Conard's€Ô_ÔprotegsÔ_Ô,€Paul€Ô_ÔRedfearnÔ_Ô,€who€has€just€now€retired.Ð À ÐÌà ½ àOne€of€Grout's€disciples€was€Seville€(ð ðBillðð,€or€to€most€of€his€students,€ð ðDocðð)€Flowers,€aÐ Œ Ü Ðlong„time€professor€of€all€sorts€of€biology€and€botany€at€the€University€of€Utah.€Bill€Flowers,€overÐ r!  Ðthe€years,€emulated€Grout€in€producing€mimeographed€outlines€of€keys€to€mosses,€liverworts,€andÐ X"¨! Ðferns,€of€Utah.€He€amassed€a€large€collection€as€well,€and€painstakingly€produced€marvelous€pen„and„Ð >#Ž" Ðink€illus‚trations€for€a€book€on€the€mosses€of€Utah.€He€did€not€live€to€see€this€published,€but€after€hisÐ $$t# Ðdeath,€Howard€Crum,€bryologist€at€the€University€of€Michigan,€edited€it€and€it€was€published€underÐ  %Z $ Ðthe€name€òòMosses:€Utah€and€the€Westóó.€For€Colorado€bryologists€this€book€has€excellent€descrip‚tionsÐ ð%@!% Ðand€illustra‚tions€of€nearly€all€of€our€Colorado€species.€The€book€also€has€one€of€the€best€introductionsÐ Ö&&"& Ðto€moss€morphology€ever€written€in€America.Ð ¼' #' ÐÌà ½ àThere€are€now€several€excellent€moss€floras€available,€but€few€of€them€are€especially€pertinentÐ ˆ)Ø$) Ðto€the€Rocky€Mountain€region.€The€Pacific€Northwest€is€well€served€by€Ô_ÔElvaÔ_Ô€Lawton's€òòMoss€FloraÐ n*¾%* Ðof€the€Pacific€Northwestóó;€Crum€and€Anderson€have€a€two„volume€òòMosses€of€Eastern€North€Americaóó,Ð T+¤&+ Ðand€William€D.€Reese€has€recently€published€a€òòMosses€of€the€Gulf€Southóó.€Sharp,€Crum,€and€Ô_ÔEckelÔ_ÔÐ :,Š', Ðhave€published€a€two€volume€òòMoss€Flora€of€Mexicoóó.€If€anyone€is€looking€for€new€worlds€to€conquer,Ð ° Ðlet€them€plan€a€òòMoss€Flora€of€Arizona€and€New€Mexicoóó!Ð –æ ÐÌà ½ àThis€guide€to€the€Colorado€mosses€is€patterned€after€the€excellent€series€of€little€books€writtenÐ b² Ðby€the€late€Prof.€Helmut€Gams€of€Innsbruck,€Aus‚tria,€entitled€òòÔ_ÔKleineÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKryptogamenfloraÔ_Ô€von€Ô_ÔMittelƒÐ H˜ ÐeuropaÔ_Ôóó.€They€are€òòð ðExcursion„florasððóóð"ð€field€guides€to€mosses,€lichens,€ferns,€fungi€and€algae€of€CenƒÐ . ~ Ðtral€Europe,€and€their€author€was€one€of€the€keen‚est€field€men€in€Europe.€I€remember€following€himÐ  d Ðin€the€field€and€listening€and€looking€as€he€point‚ed€out€(òòsotto€voceóó€to€himself)€all€of€the€variousÐ ú J Ðspecies€he€saw€as€he€passed€by.€This€is€only€one€of€the€many€ways€one€learns€the€lower€plants.Ð à 0 ÐÌà ½ àAs€a€compromise€owing€to€the€desirability€of€having€an€easily€carried€field€manual,€anÐ ¬ ü  ÐExcursion€Flora€contains€only€keys€and€ecological€notes.€For€more€detailed€descriptions€and€illustraƒÐ ’â  Ðtions€they€presume€the€availability€of€more€compre‚hensive€literature.€They€also€expect€a€certainÐ xÈ  Ðamount€of€general€biology€background€on€the€part€of€the€user.Ð ^®  ÐÌà ½ àThis€second€edition€still€does€not€accomplish€my€original€objective€of€eventually€provid‚ingÐ *z  Ðan€instructional€introduction,€but€available€books€and€the€planned€Moss€Flora€of€North€America€fillÐ ` Ðthat€need.€Much€remains€to€be€done€in€Colorado€in€refin‚ing€our€concepts€of€habitats€and€distribution.Ð öF ÐThe€first€edition€spawned€several€local€amateurs€who€now€are€adept€in€recognizing€mosses,€andÐ Ü, Ðperhaps€more€will€be€encouraged€to€enter€the€field€with€this€revision.Ð Â ÐÌà ½ àOne€who€constructs€diagnostic€keys€can€usually€make€a€key€that€satisfies€himself;€that€is,€heÐ ŽÞ Ðcan€distinguish€his€species€under€the€best€of€circum‚stances,€when€all€of€the€necessary€things€(includƒÐ tÄ Ðing€sporophytes)€are€present.€It€is€quite€another€thing€to€produce€a€key€that€works€for€his€students,€andÐ Zª Ðthat€has€to€ð ðworkðð€even€if€vital€parts€are€missing.€This€is€the€great€problem€with€mosses,€especiallyÐ @ Ðin€an€arid€area€like€this€one€ð"ð€that€most€of€the€species€are€rarely€or€never€found€in€fruiting€condition.Ð &v ÐThus,€the€Ô_Ôsporo‚phyticÔ_Ô€informa‚tion,€which€often€makes€identifica‚tion€surer€and€much€easier,€cannotÐ  \ Ðbe€included€in€a€key.€The€writ‚ing€of€the€key€thus€becomes€a€difficult€art,€with€inevitably€equivocalÐ òB Ðresults.€Furthermore,€without€sporophytes€it€is€impos‚sible€to€write€a€satisfac‚tory€key€to€the€largerÐ Ø( Ðgroups€ð"ð€families€and€genera€ð"ð€so€that€a€differ‚ent€method€has€to€be€tried.€Mrs.€Patricia€Nelson,€myÐ ¾ Ðstudent,€worked€out€a€very€useful€Ô_ÔpolyclaveÔ_Ô€key€on€IBM€cards€called€òòRandom€Access€Key€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐGenera€of€Colorado€Mossesóó,€which€I€consider€to€be€an€indispensable€adjunct€to€the€guide.Ð Š Ú ÐUnfortunately€there€are€no€copies€left!Ð p!À  ÐÌà ½ àAll€of€the€species€listed€in€the€Guide€are€documented€by€herbarium€specimens€in€theÐ <#Œ" Ðherbarium€(COLO)€of€the€University€of€Colorado€Museum,€which€now€contains€over€112,000Ð "$r# Ðspecimens€of€bryophytes.€I€welcome€com‚ments€and€criticism,€and€am€always€in‚terested€in€adding€toÐ %X $ Ðthe€collections€through€con‚tribu‚tions€from€collectors.Ð î%>!% ÐÌà ½ àAlthough€this€distillation€represents€more€than€fifty€years€of€sporadic€research,€the€work€isÐ º' #' Ðnow€only€well€begun€in€earnest.€The€stones€are€laid,€but€the€building€has€not€assumed€its€final€shape.Ð  (ð#( ÐWe€think€we€know€what€grows€here,€but€there€will€be€additions€as€soon€as€active€field€work€by€manyÐ †)Ö$) Ðstudents€begins.€We€have€some€notions€of€habitats,€but€they€are€primitive€and€need€refinement.€EveryÐ l*¼%* Ðobserver€comes€to€the€field€with€a€different€pair€of€eyes€and€a€different€core€of€experience,€and€thereÐ R+¢&+ Ðhave€been€too€few€of€us€up€to€now.€I€shall€be€satisfied€if€this€guide€will€serve€to€bring€bryology€withinÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€competence€of€students€and€ecological€researchers,€and€serve€as€a€guide€to€visiting€bryologistsÐ ° Ðfrom€abroad,€until€such€time€as€a€more€sophisticated€work€is€made€possible.Ð –æ ÐÌà ½ àThis€manuscript€is€a€guide€book€in€progress.€We€are€making€it€available€on€this€web€site€toÐ b² Ðmake€the€sections€parts€available€as€they€near€final€form.€Many€of€the€smaller€families€are€ready€forÐ H˜ Ðuse,€but€some€of€the€larger€or€more€difficult€ones€are€being€worked€on€continuously.€It€is€hoped€thatÐ . ~ Ðthis€version€might€be€useful€to€amateurs,€students,€Ô_ÔamdÔ_Ô€professional€ecologists.€This€manuscript€isÐ  d Ðan€identification€guide€with€more€detailed€descriptions€than€are€usually€given€in€keys,€supplementedÐ ú J Ðby€notes€on€field€aspect,€ecological€niche,€and€other€interesting€observations.€A€collaborativeÐ à 0 Ðproduction€contributed€by€a€host€of€professional€bryologists€is€in€preparation,€which€will€provide€Ð Æ   Ðdetailed€descriptions€with€illustrations€of€all€the€species.€Tentative€treatments€are€available€on€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐNew€York€Botanical€Garden€web€site€<Ô4‚Ý ½ÔÝ‚ÍOÝÔÿÔòòÝ  ÝÔ5  ÔÔ_Ôóówww.nybg.org/bsci/bfna>.Ô65?ÔÝ‚I? ÝÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7Ý !w?ÔÐ ’â  ÐÌÐ  ^®  ÐMay€28,€2003à@¡¡=Æàò òSCOPE€OF€THE€BOOKó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àThis€is€not€an€introduction€to€the€study€of€mosses€and€liverworts.€In€fact,€it€is€not€a€primer€forÐ ~Î Ðbeginners,€but€a€source€book€and€guide€for€persons€already€literate€in€the€subject,€especially€thoseÐ d´ Ðwho€come€to€Colorado€from€previous€experience€with€bryophytes€from€other€parts€of€North€AmericaÐ Jš Ðand€abroad.€Elementary€books€on€the€life€histories,€morphology,€and€ecology€of€bryophytes€areÐ 0 € Ðavailable€elsewhere.€This€book€concentrates€on€the€taxonomy€and€ecology,€and€the€history€andÐ  f Ðevidence€for€the€occurrence€of€the€entire€moss€and€hepatic€flora€of€Colorado,€from€the€time€of€theÐ ü L Ðhistorical€expeditions€of€the€nineteenth€century€to€the€present.€Ð â 2 ÐÌà ½ àOur€intention€has€been€to€see€if€we€can€bring€the€knowledge€of€occurrence€of€the€species€upÐ ® þ  Ðto€the€point€of€diminishing€returns.€We€are€convinced€that€there€is€more€to€discover,€and€that€ourÐ ”ä  Ðunderstanding€of€geographical€distribution€and€of€habitats€is€still€very€imperfect.€We€are€especiallyÐ zÊ  Ðinterested€in€drawing€attention€to€the€precise€microhabitats€of€the€species,€for€field€work€in€bryologyÐ `°  Ðis€only€successful€when€the€mind€is€prepared.€We€can€be€grateful€to€whatever€creative€force€there€isÐ F–  Ðon€our€planet€that€bryophytes,€no€less€than€other€plants,€are€not€distributed€at€random!€If€they€were,Ð ,|  Ðour€task€would€be€hopeless.Ð b ÐÌà ½ àWe€are€also€aware€that€there€are€ways€by€which€we€can€train€our€eyes€to€see€distinctiveÐ Þ. Ðcharacters€of€bryophytes€that€enable€us€to€recognize€the€different€taxa€in€the€field.€These€are€what€theÐ Ä Ðornithologists€call€ð ðflash€charactersðð.€Such€characters€are€not€always€easy€to€describe€nor€are€they€Ð ªú Ðinfallible,€but€as€one€gains€experience,€they€become€indispensable€for€field€identification€and€can€Ð à Ðprevent€excessive€accumulation€of€collections€of€species€that€we€are€not€particularly€interested€inÐ vÆ Ðcramming€into€our€limited€space€in€home€or€laboratory.€Being€successful€in€finding€ways€to€recognizeÐ \¬ ÐòòCeratodon€purpureusóó,€that€most€pervasive€herbarium€weed,€becomes€a€valuable€attribute€in€the€fieldÐ B’ Ðbotanist.Ð (x ÐÌà ½ àLearning€to€recognize€habitat€is€very€important€in€developing€an€understanding€of€the€relativeÐ ôD Ðfidelity€of€bryophyte€species€to€acidic,€calcareous,€mineralized,€acidic€or€basic€substrates,.€We€stillÐ Ú* Ðknow€very€little€about€this€and€wonder€whether€our€local€situation€agrees€with€that€of€the€same€speciesÐ À Ðin€Scandinavia€or€Australia.€Ð ¦ö ÐÌà ½ àColorado€does€not€appear€at€first€glance€to€be€a€very€interesting€place€for€bryophytes€ð"ð€muchÐ r!  Ðtoo€dry€and€steep.€One€doesnððt€see€many€mosses€beside€the€superhighways,€and€then€only€a€few€veryÐ X"¨! Ðconspicuous€and€common€ones€on€seeping€road„cuts!€Also,€the€pace€taken€by€hikers€does€not€lendÐ >#Ž" Ðitself€to€our€subject.€While€a€vascular€plant€collector€may€cover€twenty€miles€in€a€day,€the€lowlyÐ $$t# Ðbryologist€may€not€stray€more€than€a€few€hundred€yards€along€the€trail€before€being€forced€to€stopÐ  %Z $ Ðfor€an€hour€or€so€on€hands€and€knees€beside€an€initially€unlikely„looking€site.€Thus,€if€we€were€to€plotÐ ð%@!% Ðon€a€map€the€locations€of€€collections€of€bryophytes€in€Colorado,€the€dots€would€follow€the€roads.€Ð Ö&&"& ÐÌà ½ àWe€make€no€apology€for€the€technical€difficulty€of€identification€of€bryophytes.€Anyone€whoÐ ¢(ò#( Ðha€a€hand€lens€can,€with€some€guidance€in€the€field,€learn€many€of€the€common€and€conspicuousÐ ˆ)Ø$) Ðspecies,€For€this€purpose€we€have€produced€a€primer€for€those€foresters€and€wetland€managers€whoÐ n*¾%* Ðneed€to€be€able€to€do€this€to€a€limited€degree..€For€amateurs,€being€able€to€recognize€some€commonÐ T+¤&+ Ðbryophytes€adds€to€the€amateurððs€joy€in€the€field.€In€fact,€Groutððs€old€book,€òòMosses€with€a€Hand€Lens,Ð :,Š', Ðóódemonstrates€that€it€can€be€done.Ð ° ÐÌà ½ àHowever,€in€all€taxonomic€studies€but€particularly€in€the€smaller€life€forms€more€sophisticatedÐ |Ì Ðequipment€is€needed€for€identification€requiring€high€magnification€and€dissection€or€sectioning€ofÐ b² Ðleaves€and€stems.€Also,€now€that€greater€emphasis€is€being€made€on€subtle€characteristics€andÐ H˜ Ðbiochemical€information,€it€is€becoming€€difficult€for€amateurs€and€other€nonprofessional€bryologistsÐ . ~ Ðto€do€this€work.€Up€to€a€point,€it€is€mostly€exhilarating€fun,€but€suddenly€one€hits€a€stone€wall.€ThisÐ  d Ðhappens€even€to€professionals€who€lack€not€only€the€money€for€physical€equipment€but€also€theÐ ú J ÐÔ_ÔindispensibleÔ_Ô€reference€books,€especially€as€the€older€ones€are€becoming€unavailable€or€are€beingÐ à 0 Ðreprinted.€These,€as€well€as€the€new€books,€are€only€available€at€astronomic€prices.Ð Æ   ÐÌà ½ àThe€basic€equipment€for€a€serious€amateur€includes€two€microscopes,€one€compound€for€highÐ ’â  Ðmagnifications€and€prepared€slides,€and€one€stereoscopic€for€magnifications€up€to€100x€for€grossÐ xÈ  Ðexaminations.€Dissecting€needles,€razor€blades€(double„edged€ð ðblue€bladesðð€from€which€slivers€canÐ ^®  Ðbe€broken€off€to€serve€as€knives),€slides€and€cover„glasses,€a€propane€burner€for€heating€dryÐ D”  Ðspecimens€in€water,€and€a€few€chemical€reagents,€are€all€necessary.€Depending€on€the€studentððsÐ *z  Ðaffluence,€a€fiber„optic€light€source€and€a€digital€camera€mounted€on€the€compound€scope€will€makeÐ ` Ðlife€easier.Ð  öF Ðà@¦¦?Æàò òINTRODUCTIONó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àColorado€bryophytes€have€never€been€treated€fully.€The€earliest€paper€attempting€to€list€€themÐ ~Î Ðis€that€of€Leo€Lesquereux€(1874).€A.€J.€Grout€visited€Colorado€once€and€published€a€short€paperÐ d´ Ð(Grout€1916)€on€his€collections€near€Tolland,€in€Gilpin€County.€Fred€J.€Hermann€(1970,€1987)Ð Jš Ðpublished€a€few€papers,€one€on€Rocky€Mountain€National€park€and€the€other€on€additions€to€the€flora.Ð 0 € ÐHermannððs€life€and€career€is€reviewed€by€Voss€and€Ô_ÔReznicekÔ_Ô€(1988).€Craft€and€Craft€(1952)€taughtÐ  f Ðat€the€Adams€State€College€at€Ô_ÔAlamosaÔ_Ô€and€published€a€three€page€paper€listing€by€county€40€mossesÐ ü L Ðthey€had€collected€in€southern€Colorado,€but€cited€no€specimens.€They€implied€that€the€collectionsÐ â 2 Ðwere€in€that€institution.€H.€S.€Conard,€Frederick€Ô_ÔMcAllisterÔ_Ô,€and€others€have€collected€mossesÐ È   ÐÔ_ÔsporadiallyÔ_Ô€but€no€publications€are€based€on€their€collections.Ð ® þ  ÐÌà ½ àThe€real€founder€of€the€bryophyte€herbarium€(COLO)€at€the€University€of€Colorado€has€to€beÐ zÊ  ÐGeneva€Ô_ÔSayreÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔPfisterÔ_Ô€1993).€She€came€from€Menlo,€Iowa,€and€went€to€Ô_ÔGrinnellÔ_Ô€College,€where€sheÐ `°  Ðcame€under€the€wing€of€Henry€S.€Conard.€When€she€graduated,€during€the€Great€Depression,€sheÐ F–  Ðcould€not€afford€to€go€to€graduate€school,€so€Dr.€Conard€invited€her€to€stay€another€year€at€Ô_ÔGrinnellÔ_ÔÐ ,|  Ðso€that€he€could€continue€to€be€her€mentor.€In€1934€Conard€arranged€for€her€to€spend€the€summer€withÐ b ÐDr.€Grout€in€Ô_ÔNewfaneÔ_Ô,€Vermont.€With€Grout€she€worked€on€the€preparation€of€the€text€for€theÐ øH ÐSplachnaceae,€Timmiaceae,€and€Aulacomniaceae€for€the€Moss€Flora€of€North€America.€In€1935€sheÐ Þ. Ðreceived€the€Masterððs€Degree€at€the€University€of€Wyoming,€her€thesis€being€the€work€just€mentioned.Ð Ä ÐIn€1935€she€went€on€to€get€a€doctorate€at€the€University€of€Colorado€under€Joseph€Ewan.Ð ªú ÐÌà ½ àð ðJimmyðð€had€no€mentors€in€the€region€so€she€kept€in€touch€with€Conard€and€Grout.€TheÐ vÆ Ðdifficulties€of€writing€a€moss€flora€for€Colorado€(her€thesis€subject)€were€immense.€There€was€noÐ \¬ Ðmoss€herbarium€here;€the€library€was€poor.€Groutððs€flora€was€only€two„thirds€published.€Nevertheless,Ð B’ Ðshe€did€write€a€thesis.€She€was€never€very€proud€of€it,€through€no€fault€of€hers;€the€information€wasÐ (x Ðjust€not€ready€for€her,€and€field€work€must€have€been€extremely€difficult€without€a€car.€During€thisÐ ^ Ðtime€she€studied€the€vascular€plants.€It€is€said€that€she€wrote€a€spring€flora€of€the€Laramie€area€andÐ ôD Ða€mountain€flora€of€Boulder€County;€these€were€probably€never€really€published€and€evidently€noÐ Ú* Ðlonger€exist.€But€she€did€leave€a€small€collection€of€her€bryophytes,€some€2,000€specimens,€whichÐ À ÐI€discovered€in€a€cardboard€box€soon€after€I€arrived€on€campus.€This€was€our€beginning.Ð ¦ö ÐÌà ½ àGeneva€Ô_ÔSayreÔ_Ô€held€an€instructorship€in€the€Biology€Department€and€taught€at€the€UniversityÐ r!  ÐCamp€from€1938„1941€before€taking€an€Assistant€Professorship€at€Russell€Sage€College€in€Troy,€NewÐ X"¨! ÐYork.€There€she€had€to€teach€almost€everything€in€the€Biology€Department€(except€bryophytes!)€andÐ >#Ž" Ðspent€her€entire€career€there,€becoming€head€of€the€department€in€1946.€She€took€early€retirement€inÐ $$t# Ð1972€and€took€a€part€time€position€at€Harvard€in€the€Ô_ÔFarlowÔ_Ô€Library€and€Cryptogamic€Herbarium.Ð  %Z $ ÐÌà ½ àBecause€of€the€pressures€of€her€various€academic€duties€and€the€lack€of€an€herbarium,€she€wasÐ Ö&&"& Ðnever€able€to€pursue€a€career€in€the€taxonomy€of€bryophytes.€Instead€she€embarked€on€severalÐ ¼' #' Ðbibliographic€projects€that€have€produced€extraordinarily€important€basic€tools€for€research€inÐ ¢(ò#( Ðbotanical€bibliography€(see€Ô_ÔSayreÔ_Ô€1957„1975).Ð ˆ)Ø$) ÐÌà ½ àI€got€to€know€Geneva€Ô_ÔSayreÔ_Ô€at€national€meetings€and€always€looked€forward€to€finding€herÐ T+¤&+ Ðthere.€She€was€a€bright€young€lady€and€full€of€ideas€and€conversation€topics€in€bryology.€In€herÐ :,Š', Ðbiography€there€is€nothing€said€about€her€having€anything€to€do€with€the€formation€of€the€bryologicalÐ ° Ðherbarium€at€Boulder,€but€I€feel€we€owe€her€a€great€deal€for€what€she€achieved,€and€it€is€a€great€tributeÐ –æ Ðto€her€mentors€that€she€fulfilled€her€mission€in€life€so€abundantly.Ð |Ì ÐÌà ½ àFred€Hermann€(see€Voss€&€Ô_ÔReznicekÔ_Ô€1988)€came€to€Fort€Collins€in€1970,€with€the€herbariumÐ H˜ Ðof€the€U.€S.€Forest€Service,€where€he€had€served€in€Washington,€D.C.€and€became€the€leadingÐ . ~ ÐAmerican€specialist€on€the€genus€òòCarexóó.€From€that€time€on€until€his€death€in€1987€he€devoted€hisÐ  d Ðspare€time€to€collecting€bryophytes,€mostly€in€Rocky€Mountain€National€Park,€recruiting€a€nowÐ ú J Ðfamous€professor€of€philosophy,€Holmes€Rolston€III,€to€the€enterprise.€Fred€and€I€frequently€went€intoÐ à 0 Ðthe€field€together€and€we€have€at€herbarium€COLO€duplicates€of€most€of€his€Colorado€collections.Ð Æ   ÐHis€principal€collection€went€to€the€University€of€Michigan,€where€he€started€his€botanical€career€asÐ ¬ ü  Ða€freshman€student€in€the€1920s.€It€was€a€great€privilege€to€have€had€his€companionship€during€thoseÐ ’â  Ðyears.Ð xÈ  ÐÌà ½ àFred€was€fortunate€to€find€a€compatible€colleague€at€the€State€University€at€Fort€Collins€ð"ðÐ D”  ÐHolmes€Rolston€III,€a€philosophy€professor.€We€are€fortunate€that€these€two€men€spent€many€daysÐ *z  Ðcollecting€bryophytes€in€and€near€Rocky€Mountain€National€Park.€Holmes€was€just€the€companionÐ ` ÐFred€needed,€for€it€is€very€difficult€to€be€a€bryologist€and€hike€alone€in€safety€in€the€wilderness€duringÐ öF Ðones€declining€years.€Holmes€proved€to€have€not€only€stamina,€but€an€excellent€eye,€and€collected€aÐ Ü, Ðnumber€of€exciting€specimens.€However,€when€Fred€died,€Holmes€was€able€to€devote€all€of€his€timeÐ Â Ðto€his€favorite€studyð"ðthe€application€of€religious€teachings€and€ethics€to€environmental€conservation.Ð ¨ø ÐHe€published€many€significant€papers€and€traveled€world„wide€on€the€ð ðlecture€circuitðð,€and€in€2003,Ð ŽÞ Ðhe€earned€the€Ô_ÔTempletonÔ_Ô€Prize€for€Progress€toward€Research€about€Spiritual€Realities,€joining€MotherÐ tÄ ÐTheresa€and€Alexander€Solzhenitsyn€in€the€list€of€notable€recipients.€We€bryologists€can€be€veryÐ Zª Ðproud€that€such€an€individual€has€worked€in€our€midst.Ð @ ÐÌà ½ àHepatics€are€much€less€well€known€in€Colorado.€Alexander€Evans€published€a€list€of€ColoradoÐ  \ ÐHepatics€(Evans€1915),€but€never€visited€Colorado€to€see€them€in€the€field.€T.€C.€Frye€&€Lois€ClarkÐ òB Ðpublished€a€work€on€the€North€American€Hepatics€(Frye€&€Clark€1937,€1946)€and€cited€specimensÐ Ø( Ðfrom€Colorado,€but€likewise€did€no€visit€the€state.€Their€work€at€least€permitted€us€to€compile€a€checkÐ ¾ Ðlist€from€the€literature.€While€Rudolph€Schuster€published€a€giant€six„volume€work€on€the€HepaticsÐ ¤ô Ðof€part€of€Eastern€North€America€(Schuster€1966„1992),€he€did€not€include€observations€on€theÐ Š Ú Ðwestern€American€flora.€At€the€present€time€Won€Ô_ÔShicÔ_Ô€Hong,€College€of€Great€Falls,€is€publishingÐ p!À  Ðpapers€on€the€western€American€leafy€liverworts€and€has€examined€our€collections€and€providedÐ V"¦! Ðidentifications€(Hong€1986„2000)€which€have€proved€very€helpful€to€us,€but€the€American€West€needsÐ <#Œ" Ðmore€active€workers€in€the€field.Ð "$r# ÐÌà ½ àThere€is€no€single€guide€that€covers€all€of€the€Colorado€mosses.€Seville€Flowers,€òòMosses:€UtahÐ î%>!% Ðand€the€Westóó€lacks€several€of€our€genera€and€species,€as€does€Crum,€Steere,€and€Anderson,€òòMossesÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€Eastern€North€Americaóó;€Sharp,€Crum,€and€Ô_ÔEckelÔ_Ô,€òòThe€Mosses€of€Mexicoóó,€treats€several€ColoradoÐ º' #' Ðspecies€that€otherwise€are€unknown€in€North€America.€Steereððs€òòMosses€of€Arctic€Alaskaóó€has€most€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€disjunct€arctic€species€but€no€keys€are€provided.€The€most€useful€book€covering€our€flora€actuallyÐ †)Ö$) Ðis€Nyholmððs€òòMoss€Flora€of€Ô_ÔFennoscandiaÔ_Ôóó,€which€has€been€most€useful€to€us€because€so€many€speciesÐ l*¼%* Ðare€common€to€northern€Europe€and€the€Rocky€Mountains.€And€lastly,€a€few€of€our€mosses€have€beenÐ R+¢&+ Ðadded€to€our€flora€as€the€result€of€recent€monographs€such€as€Blomððs€revision€of€the€òòSchistidiumÐ 8,ˆ', Ðapocarpumóó€group€in€Norway€and€Sweden,€which€has€added€over€ten€more€species€in€this€group€thanÐ ° Ðwas€known.€A€few€mosses€are€widely€disjunct€from€Middle€Asia,€one€of€them,€òòDidymodonÐ –æ Ðanserinocapitatusóó,€having€been€described€little€more€than€a€decade€ago.€Thus,€the€present€manuscriptÐ |Ì Ðshould€be€of€great€value€in€providing€information€about€species€missing€from€the€other€availableÐ b² Ðbooks.Ð H˜ ÐÌà ½ àThe€first€edition€of€this€òòGuide€to€the€Mosses€of€Coloradoóó€was€pub‚lished€in€July,€1973,€asÐ  d ÐOcca‚sional€Paper€No.€6€of€the€Institute€of€Arctic€and€Alpine€Research.€In€the€28€years€following€thisÐ ú J Ðpublication,€numerous€additions€and€changes€have€been€neces‚sitated.€Ð à 0 ÐÌÐ  ¬ ü  Ðò òà@½ ½ -ÆàThe€historical€collectors€of€Colorado€bryophytesó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àThere€were€no€bryologists€in€Colorado€during€the€historic€exploratory€period€of€the€nineteenthÐ ~Î Ðcentury€(the€United€States€Geological€Surveys€(see€Rothrock,€1878)€and€the€Hayden€Surveys€(seeÐ d´ ÐFoster,€1994).€Not€that€the€Lewis€and€Clark€expedition€would€have€collected€many€mosses€had€itÐ Jš Ðmarched€through€what€is€now€Colorado.€Only€two€specimens€of€bryophytes,€òòHypnum€(=€Ô_ÔKindbergiaÔ_Ô)Ð 0 € Ðoreganaóó€and€òòÔ_ÔBazzaniaÔ_Ô€trilobataóó€were€known€to€be€collected€(Moulton€1999),€both€of€them€areÐ  f Ðexceedingly€common€northwestern€species€that€merely€could€have€been€separated€from€some€vascularÐ ü L Ðplantððs€roots€during€the€preparation€of€specimens.€There€were€hardly€any€botanists€either;€most€wereÐ â 2 Ðmedical€men€attached€to€expeditions.€It€is€no€secret€that€botanists€are€the€last€in€line€for€positions€onÐ È   Ðgeneral€exploring€expeditions.€They€are€usually€held€hostage€by€the€demands€of€the€more€importantÐ ® þ  Ðmembers.€Their€collecting€spots€were€usually€accidental,€such€as€rest€stops€along€the€way.€When€theÐ ”ä  Ðgeographers,€surveyors,€military,€geologists,€and€zoologists€wanted€to€move€their€camp,€the€botanistsÐ zÊ  Ðhad€to€go€along€with€them.€Even€those€who€have€been€identified€as€ð ðbotanistsðð€collected€only€vascularÐ `°  Ðplants.€The€list€is€small;€most€were€male.Ð F–  ÐÌà ½ àFortunately,€in€the€historic€period€there€were€two€great€bryologists€in€America,€who€mayÐ b Ðrightly€be€called€jointly,€the€ð ðfathersðð€of€American€bryology€ð"ð€William€Starling€Sullivant€and€LeoÐ øH ÐLesquereux€(see€Rodgers€€1940).€Thanks€to€the€efforts€of€these€men€and€their€collaborators,€ThomasÐ Þ. ÐP.€James,€and€Ô_ÔCoeÔ_Ô€Finch€Austin,€they€put€together€the€first€ð ðcomprehensiveðð€moss€flora€of€NorthÐ Ä ÐAmerica€(Lesquereux€&€James€1884)€).Ð ªú ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔBiddlecomeÔ_Ô,€Miss€Hannah€J.€Amateur€bryologist€from€Springfield€and€Columbus,€Ohio.€òòBryumÐ vÆ ÐÔ_ÔbiddlecomeiÔ_Ôóó,€from€Alma,€Park€Co.€Andrews,€in€Grout€(MFNA€2:224.€1935),€wrote:€ð ðTheÐ \¬ Ðoriginal€collector€is€not€known€with€certainty.€Miss€Ô_ÔBiddlecomeÔ_Ô€[who€never€was€in€Colorado]Ð B’ Ðhad€received€it€from€Mrs.€Haines,€who€may€have€received€it€from€someone€else.ððÐ(x½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àBrandegee,€Ô_ÔTownshendÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔStithÔ_Ô€(1843„1925).€Civil€engineer€with€the€Atchison,€Topeka€and€Santa€FeÐ ôD ÐRailroad,€assigned€in€1871€to€Canyon€City€area,€became€the€county€surveyor€of€FremontÐ Ú* ÐCounty,€and€is€said€to€have€ð ðlaid€outðð€the€town€of€Florence.€He€served€as€botanist€on€theÐ À ÐHayden€Survey€in€1875€and€provided€an€early€and€very€useful€description€of€the€flora€ofÐ ¦ö Ðsouthwestern€Colorado.€His€bryophytes€came€from€ð ðS.€W.€Coloradoðð€or€ð ðwithin€100€milesÐ Œ Ü Ðof€Caon€City.ðð€He€was€the€only€resident€botanist€that€collected€any€mosses€here.€A€few€ofÐ r!  Ðthe€fragmentary€specimens€on€which€new€species€were€based€have€not€been€located€again.Ð X"¨! ÐBrandegee€later€went€on€to€have€a€distinguished€career€in€California,€where€he€was€a€botanistÐ >#Ž" Ðat€the€University€of€California,€Berkeley.Ð$$t#½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àConard,€Henry€Shoemaker€(1874„1971).€Important€American€bryologist€and€teacher€of€bryologists,Ð ð%@!% Ðprofessor€at€Ô_ÔGrinnellÔ_Ô€College,€collected€some€mosses€near€Buena€Vista€in€the€summer€ofÐ Ö&&"& Ð1941.€His€herbarium€is€at€Iowa€State€University.м' #'½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àCooper,€David.€Contemporary€plant€ecologist,€specializing€in€the€floras€of€Colorado€high€altitude€fensÐ ˆ)Ø$) Ðand€responsible€for€important€collections€ofòò€Sphagnum€óóand€Amblystegiaceae.Ðn*¾%*½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àCraft,€James€H.€professor€at€Adams€State€College,€Alamosa,€published€a€list€(1952)€of€Ô_ÔmossesÐ :,Š', Ðcollected€in€several€southern€Colorado€counties,€mostly€determined€by€Conard.€TheseÐ ° Ðevidently€have€not€been€preserved.Жæ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àCrandall,€C.€S.€(1852„1929).€Professor€of€Botany€at€Colorado€Agricultural€College,€collected€someÐ b² Ðmosses€in€what€is€now€the€Roosevelt€National€Forest€in€1894.ÐH˜½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔDownieÔ_Ô,€Timothy€Campbell,€1830„1875.€Nicknamed€ð ðMajor€Ô_ÔDownieÔ_Ôðð,€he€collected€some€mosses€inÐ  d ÐColorado€in€1868,€at€Twin€Lakes,€with€the€Hayden€Survey€(Ewan€1981).€According€toÐ ú J ÐHayden€(1869),€the€expedition€came€into€Colorado€first€from€Cheyenne,€visiting€points€in€theÐ à 0 Ðouter€Front€Range€to€Colorado€Sprigs€and€Raton€Pass.€It€returned€to€Colorado€from€Santa€Ô_ÔFÔ_Ô,Ð Æ   Ðup€the€Colorado€River,€through€the€San€Luis€Valley,€over€Ô_ÔPonchaÔ_Ô€Pass,€through€South€Park,Ð ¬ ü  Ðand€into€the€upper€Arkansas€River€Valley.€Presumably€Twin€Lakes€was€their€last€camp€beforeÐ ’â  Ðreturning€to€Denver.€The€collections€were€to€be€turned€over€to€the€Smithsonian€Institution,€butÐ xÈ  Ðwe€have€been€unable€to€find€them.Ð^® ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àFlock,€Ô_ÔJoAnnÔ_Ô€W.€€(***)€€Student€at€Univ.€of€Colorado,€collected€and€published€on€the€inventory€andÐ *z  Ðecology€of€alpine€lichens€and€bryophytes€on€Niwot€Ridge,€Boulder€County€(Flock€1978).€AlsoÐ ` Ðmade€inventories€of€the€mosses€and€lichens€of€Cape€Prince€of€Wales,€Alaska.ÐöF½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔGooddingÔ_Ô,€Leslie€N.€(1880„1967),€Wyoming€botanist,€student€of€Ô_ÔAvenÔ_Ô€Nelson,€collected€a€few€Ô_ÔmosesÔ_ÔÐ Â Ðin€the€Park€Range.Шø½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àGrout,€Abel€Joel,€(1867„1947).€Grout€made€a€short€visit€to€Colorado€in€1916,€and€collected€in€theÐ tÄ Ðvicinity€of€the€University€of€Coloradoððs€summer€camp€at€Tolland,€Gilpin€County.€SeeÐ Zª Ðappendix,€and€Steere€(1948).€Ð@½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àHaines,€Mrs.€Mary€Parry€(1826„1884).€A€naturalist€of€eclectic€tastes,€custodian€of€the€PaleontologyÐ  \ ÐDept.€of€a€museum€in€Richmond,€Indiana,€and€an€amateur€horticulturist.€Although€she€neverÐ òB Ðvisited€Colorado€she€was€responsible€for€funneling€several€odd€specimens€[cf.€òòOrthotrichumÐ Ø( ÐÔ_ÔhainesiaeÔ_Ôóó)€collected€by€her€friends,€Mrs.€E.€J.€Spence€and€T.€S.€Brandegee,€to€bryologicalÐ ¾ Ðspecialists€(Flowers€1942).Фô½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àHall,€Elihu€(1820„1882).€A€farmer€and€amateur€botanist€in€Athens,€Illinois.€Collected€with€Parry€inÐ p!À  ÐColorado€in€1862.Also€collected€plants€in€Texas€and€Oregon.ÐV"¦!½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àHermann.€Frederick€J.€(1906„1987),€received€his€doctorate€at€the€University€of€Michigan.€His€careerÐ "$r# Ðwas€spent€at€the€United€States€Forest€Service€Herbarium,€where€his€specialization€was€theÐ %X $ Ðgenus€òòCarexóó€and€òòViciaóó.€He€retired€to€Fort€Collins,€Colorado,€where€he€collected€a€fine€seriesÐ î%>!% Ðof€bryophytes,€especially€from€the€Front€Range€and€Rocky€Mountain€National€Park.€HisÐ Ô&$"& Ðcareer€collections€are€at€the€University€of€Michigan,€with€many€duplicates€at€the€UniversityÐ º' #' Ðof€Colorado.€See€Voss€&€Reznicek€(1988).Р(ð#(½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àHolmen,€Kjeld€(***).€Danish€bryologist€who€is€credited€with€discovering€òòOreas€martianaóó€on€MountÐ l*¼%* ÐEvans.ÐR+¢&+½(#½(# ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà0 ½ àà e àHolzinger,€J.€M.€(1853„1929),€German„born€Minnesotan,€collected€bryophytes€in€Colorado€inÐ ° ÐArapaho€and€Pike€National€Forests€in€1896,€and€his€Colorado€collections€contributed€to€hisÐ –æ Ðpublished€exsiccati,€òòMusci€Ô_ÔAcrocarpiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBorealiÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔAmericaniÔ_Ôóó.Ð|̽(#½(# ÐÌHolzinger,€Marie.€Collected€in€Boulder€County€in€1892.Ð H˜ ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àKiener,€Walter€B.€(1894„1959),€Swiss„born€Colorado€mountaineer,€collected€on€Longððs€Peak€(1938),Ð  d Ðwhere€he€was€a€climber€and€guide.€His€bryophyte€and€lichen€collections€were€acquired€by€theÐ ú J ÐUniversity€of€Nebraska€in€1960.€Kiener€was€involved€in€a€winter€climb€of€Longððs€Peak€onÐ à 0 ÐJan.€10„12,€1925,€in€which€his€companion,€Agnes€Ô_ÔVailleÔ_Ô,€died€in€a€fall.ÐÆ  ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔGooddingÔ_Ô,€L.€N.€(1880„1967)€€collected€in€Routt€County€(òòPtychostomum€pallescensóó,€No.€1781Ð ’â  Ð[COLO])€in€August,€1903.€Ô_ÔGooddingÔ_Ôððs€main€collections€were€at€the€Rocky€MountainÐ xÈ  ÐHerbarium,€whose€bryophytes€were€given€to€the€University€of€Tennessee,€where€they€wereÐ ^®  Ðlater€destroyed€in€a€fire€that€destroyed€the€herbarium.ÐD” ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àJamieson,€David,€contemporary€bryologist,€professor€at€Fort€Lewis€College,€Durango,€and€specialistÐ ` Ðin€the€moss€flora€of€the€southwestern€San€Juan€Mountains.€A€student€of€Wilfred€Schofield,Ð öF ÐUniv.€of€British€Columbia,€and€monographer€of€the€American€species€of€òòHygrohypnumóó.ÐÜ,½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àLehr,€Paula,€contemporary€amateur€botanist,€collected€bryophytes€in€the€Gunnison€Basin€and€ElkÐ ¨ø ÐMountains,€and€stimulated€interest€in€mosses€among€amateurs€and€Forest€Service€staff€€in€theÐ ŽÞ Ðlocal€area.ÐtĽ(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àNelson,€€Lawrence€T.€(1862„1932).€Primarily€a€mycologist,€collected€for€the€Ô_ÔU.S.D.A.Ô_Ô€as€a€forestÐ @ Ðagent€occupied€in€locating€poisonous€plants€in€Colorado€and€elsewhere.€He€collected€a€fewÐ &v Ðmosses€from€the€Gunnison€area.€Nelson€taught€at€an€extraordinary€number€of€colleges€andÐ  \ Ðuniversities€in€many€states.€His€bryophyte€collections€(1902„1910)€are€at€Duke€University.Ð òB ÐSee€Gier€(1953).ÐØ(½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àNelson,€Patricia€(1940„),€Ô_ÔcontemporaryÔ_Ô€amateur€bryologist,€Librarian€at€the€University€of€ColoradoÐ ¤ô ÐMedical€School€in€Denver,€studied€the€mosses€of€Clear€Creek€Canyon,€and€for€her€masterððsÐ Š Ú Ðthesis€prepared€a€very€useful€òòRandom€Access€Key€to€the€Genera€of€Colorado€Mossesóó.€AnÐ p!À  Ðamateur€bryologist,€she€is€credited€with€the€discovery€of€the€only€collection€of€òòLeptodonÐ V"¦! Ðsmithiióó€in€North€America.Ð<#Œ"½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àParry,€Charles€Christopher€(1823„1890).€ð ðDuring€that€year€[1865]€Rocky€Mountain€mosses€wereÐ %X $ Ðreceived€from€Dr.€Parry,€who€a€few€years€before€had€named€Coloradoððs€Rocky€MountainÐ î%>!% Ðpeaks€for€Dr.€Gray€and€Dr.€Torrey)ðð€(Rodgers€1940).€Only€òòBartramia€strictaóó€was€specificallyÐ Ô&$"& Ðattributed€to€Parry€by€Lesquereux€&€James€(1884).€See€Weber€(1997).к' #'½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àPorter,€Thomas€Conrad€(1822„1901).€Botanist€and€clergyman,€was€attached€to€the€Hayden€SurveysÐ †)Ö$) Ðfrom1869„1874€((Foster€1994).€His€moss€collections€were€few€and€incidental€to€vascularÐ l*¼%* Ðplants.€Professor€at€Lafayette€College,€Lancaster,€Pa.€What€collections€of€his€remain€are€at€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐPhiladelphia€Academy€of€Natural€Science.Ð8,ˆ',½(#½(# Їà0 ½ àà e àRolston,€Holmes,€III.€(***).€Contemporary€amateur€bryologist,€Distinguished€Professor€ofÐ ° ÐPhilosophy€at€Colorado€State€University,€ð ðfatherðð€of€the€concept€of€environmental€ethics€asÐ –æ Ða€modern€academic€discipline.€Collected€bryophytes€with€Fred€Hermann€for€several€years,€andÐ |Ì Ðis€an€excellent€field€bryologist.Ðb²½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àRothrock,€Josiah€Trimble€(1839„1922).€A€student€of€Asa€Gray,€and€a€botanist€and€surgeon€on€theÐ . ~ ÐWheeler€Expedition.€He€was€the€supervisor€of€John€Wolf.€Many€vascular€plants€bear€hisÐ  d Ðname;€whether€he€really€collected€bryophytes€is€questionable.Ðú J½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔSayreÔ_Ô,€Geneva€(1911„1992),€Collected€mosses€in€the€Front€Range€and€in€Mesa€Verde€National€ParkÐ Æ   Ðand€wrote€but€did€not€publish€a€Moss€Flora€of€Colorado.€Did€extensive€bibliographic€workÐ ¬ ü  Ðon€cryptogamic€exsiccati.€See€Ô_ÔPfisterÔ_Ô€(1993).Ð’â ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àSpence,€Mrs.€E.€Jane.€Reported€as€having€collected€at€Manitou€and€vicinity€in€July,€1897€(EwanÐ ^®  Ð1981)òò.óó€Possibly€the€collector€of€òòNeckera€douglasiióó?ÐD” ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔStiversonÔ_Ô,€Clare€L.€Bryology€student,€produced€a€Masters€Thesis€for€the€University€of€Denver€inÐ ` Ð1951:€òòA€preliminary€survey€of€the€mosses€in€the€Mount€Evans€areaóó,€45€pages.€Some€of€herÐ öF Ðcollections€are€in€herbarium€COLO.€accession€numbers€B„9263„9284.ÐÜ,½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àÔ_ÔWikelÔ_Ô,€Patricia€òòneeóó€Thomas€(***).€Collected€hepatics€in€the€Front€Range€and€San€Juan€Mountains€inÐ ¨ø Ðthe€1970s.€Collections€are€at€COLO.ÐŽÞ½(#½(# ÐÌà0 ½ àà e àWolf,€John€(1820„1877).€Member€of€the€1873€Wheeler€expedition.€Assistant€to€Rothrock.€SeveralÐ Zª Ðvascular€plants€(cf.€òòRibes€wolfiióó)€bear€his€name.€It€is€questionable€whether€he€had€any€realÐ @ Ðinterest€in€bryophytes.€Ð&v½(#½(# ÐÌà ½ àIn€19***€the€University€of€Colorado€hosted€a€series€of€field€trips€during€the€first€Ô_ÔICSEBÔ_ÔÐ òB Ðmeeting€in€Boulder,€A€large€number€of€bryologists€attended,€including€William€C.€Steere,€LewisÐ Ø( ÐAnderson,Ð ¾ ÐÌÐ  Š Ú ÐÔ_Ôà@ôô:Æàò òHabitats€of€bryophytesó óˆÐ ° ÐÌÌWetlands:Ð d´ ÐÌà@``>ÆàBogs€and€Fens.ˆÐ 0 € ÐÌà ½ àColorado€has€no€true€bogs.€What€have€been€called€bogs€in€Colorado€are€really€fens.€McQueenÐ ü L Ð(1990)€described€the€differences.€We€paraphrase€some€of€these€statements€to€apply€to€ourÐ â 2 Ðmountainous€region.€Bogs€are€wetlands€that€are€very€poor€in€nutrients€because€most€of€the€mineralsÐ È   Ðare€obtained€from€precipitation€rather€than€from€ground€water.€They€are€also€referred€to€asÐ ® þ  Ðombrotrophic€peatlands,€meaning€simply€that€all€nutrients€come€strictly€from€precipitation.€They€areÐ ”ä  Ðusually€characterized€by€a€pH€of€4€or€less.€òòSphagnumóó€is€the€dominant€vegetation€of€a€bog.Ð zÊ  ÐÌà ½ àFens€are€very€similar€to€bogs,€but€they€receive€their€nutrients€from€the€surrounding€groundÐ F–  Ðwater€and€are€wetter.€Many€of€the€same€plants€that€are€found€in€bogs€are€also€found€in€fens.€Fens€areÐ ,|  Ðoften€referred€to€as€minerotrophic€peatlands€because€if€the€greater€influx€of€nutrients€from€groundÐ b Ðwater€The€term€fen€may€be€somewhat€misleading,€because€the€category€includes€some€diverseÐ øH Ðhabitats.€For€example,€the€word€fen€is€used€to€describe€some€alkaline€wetlands€that€are€dominated€byÐ Þ. Ðsedges€and€grasses€and€very€few€peat€mosses.Ð Ä ÐÌà ½ àPoor€fens€generally€obtain€more€water€from€precipitation€than€from€run„off€from€elevatedÐ à Ðplaces,€and€their€pH€is€higher€(5€to€6.5).€High€Creek€Fen,€in€South€Park,€may€be€so€characterized.Ð vÆ ÐRich€fens€occur€in€level€areas€into€which€water€drains€from€higher€altitudes€and€flows€through€andÐ \¬ Ðout€although€at€a€rather€slow€rate.€Chattanooga€Fen,€in€the€San€Juan€Mountains,€is€an€example.Ð B’ ÐÌà ½ àThe€extensive€willow/sedge€meadows€along€the€subalpine€streams€do€not€hold€water€for€longÐ ^ Ðperiods€and€may€become€quite€dry€seasonally.€The€relatively€meagre€number€of€bryophytes€areÐ ôD Ðcommonly€restricted€to€the€slightly€raised€bases€of€willow€clumps.Ð Ú* ÐÌ***€Other€habitats€to€come,€for€example)Ð ¦ö ÐÌSwamps€are€forested€wetlands€in€which€there€is€standing€wayter€for€most€of€the€year.Ð r!  ÐÌCarrs€are€willow„dominated€wetlands€common€on€mountain€floodplains.€These€are€not€veryÐ >#Ž" Ðproductive€of€bryophytes€because€of€erosive€scouring€by€waster,€and€density€of€òòCarexóó€stands.Ð $$t# ÐÌAlkaline€flats:€seasonally€wet€greasewood€stands€with€few€species€of€mosses,€Crossidium,€SyntrichiaÐ ð%@!% ÐÌGypsum/salt€domes€that€retain€water€longer€than€the€flat€desert€pavements.Ð ¼' #' ÐÌÐ  ˆ)Ø$) ÐÌÌà ½ àÌÐ  b² Ðà@ð ð 5Æàò òThe€geography€of€Colorado€mossesó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àMosses€often€have€much€larger€or€more€widely€disjunct€distribution€patterns€than€do€floweringÐ ~Î Ðplants.€The€Southern€Rocky€Mountains€draws€its€flora€from€the€obvious€migration€pathway€affordedÐ d´ Ðby€the€immense€north„south€extent€of€the€Western€American€Cordillera.€Every€drainage€system€thatÐ Jš Ðradiates€from€the€core€of€the€system€also€serves€as€a€highway€of€migration€for€riparian€and€lowlandÐ 0 € Ðor€desert€species.€An€apt€analogy€is€that€of€a€great€wheel,€whose€hub,€the€Southern€Rockies,€preservesÐ  f Ðthe€most€ancient€survivors,€and€whose€axle€and€spokesð"ðthe€Cordillera€and€the€drainage€systems,Ð ü L Ðprovide€the€pathways€along€which€migration€has€taken€place€through€time€under€the€pressures€ofÐ â 2 Ðclimatic€shifts€and€orogenic€movements.Ð È   ÐÌà ½ àThe€Colorado€moss€flora€is€predominantly€boreal„montane,€as€testified€to€by€the€fact€that€allÐ ”ä  Ðbut€a€very€small€number€of€species€are€common€to€Colorado€and€Scandinavia.Ð zÊ  ÐÌà ½ àA€significant€number€are€restricted€to€protected€ravines€in€the€eastern€slope€of€the€FrontÐ F–  ÐRange,€where€they€persist€as€relicts€of€the€Pleistocene.€These€species€of€€eastern€woodlands€(someÐ ,|  Ðhaving€extensions€to€the€Pacific€Northwest)€formerly€radiated€to€the€foot€of€the€Rocky€Mountains.Ð b ÐFollowing€the€drying€out€of€the€high€plains,€they€were€eliminated€from€the€intervening€territory.Ð øH ÐAmong€these€are€òòAmphidium€mougeotii,€Anomodon€spp.,€Brachythecium€acuminatum,€CnestrumÐ Þ. Ðschistii,€Dicranum€brevifolium,€D.€flagellare,€D.€fulvum,€D.€montanum,€Didymodon€tectorum,Ð Ä ÐEntodon€cladorrhizans,€Grimmia€anomala,€G.€pilifera,€Leskea€polycarpa,€Mnium€hornum,€NeckeraÐ ªú Ðcomplanata,€Plagiothecium€cavifolium,€P.€laetum,€Platygyrium€repens,€Rhytidiadelphus€triquetrus.€óóÐ à ÐÌà ½ à€A€few€desert€and€lowland€species€are€common€to€desert€and€steppe€areas€here€and€in€AsiaÐ \¬ Ðòò(Anoectangium€handelii,€Didymodon€anserinocapitatus,€Jaffueliobryumóó,€òòCrossidiumóó,€òòAloinaóó,Ð B’ ÐòòPterygo‚neurumóó).€A€very€small€number€of€world„wide€disjuncts€can€be€considered€to€be€an‚cient€relictsÐ (x Ðof€Tertiary€or€older€floras€(òòBryoxiphium€norvegicum,€Gemmabryum€alpinum,€Lep‚todon€smithiióó,€òòOreasÐ ^ Ðmartianaóó,€òòVoitia€nivalisóó).€A€very€few€species€follow€a€North€American€Cordille‚ra„Andean€pathÐ ôD Ðranging€from€Alaska€through€Colorado€and€down€to€southern€South€America€€òò(Anacolia,€BartramiaÐ Ú* Ðpotosica,€Lep‚topterigyn‚andrum,€Rhexophyllum€subnigrum,€Syntrichia€bartramii).óóÐ À ÐÌà ½ àOf€the€boreal„montane€element,€the€ma‚jority€of€our€species€belong€to€taxa€of€relatively€dryÐ Œ Ü Ðmountain€areas€with€continental€climate.€Spe‚cies€requiring€constantly€high€humidity€(suboceanicÐ r!  Ðspecies)€such€as€those€of€the€forests€of€the€Pacif‚ic€Northwest€are€either€absent€here€or€they€occur€inÐ X"¨! Ðsmall€remnants€of€what€might€have€been€during€the€Pleistocene€larger€areas€suited€to€their€growth€(,Ð >#Ž" ÐòòHylocomiastrum€pyrenaicumóó,€òòHylocom‚ium€splendens,óó€òòPleurozium€schreberióó,€òòPtilium€crista„Ð $$t# Ðcastrensisóó,€òòRhytidiadelphus€triquetrusóó).Ð  %Z $ ÐÌ***Endemic€Pacific€Northwest:€òòBrachythecium€leibergiióó,€òòRoellia€roelliióó€...Ð Ö&&"& ÐÌà@C C )Æàò òSome€little„recognized€facts€about€bryophyte€distributionˆÐ ¢(ò#( ÐÌó óà ½ àThere€are€two€wonderful€things€about€bryophyte€distributions€which€have€nothing€much€toÐ r*Â%* Ðdo€with€the€bryophytes€themselves.€It€is€a€boon€to€scientists€that€the€Lord€did€not€distributeÐ X+¨&+ Ðbryophytes,€or€€plants,€for€that€matter,€other€plants,€at€random.€If€He€or€She€did,€we€scientists€wouldÐ >,Ž', Ðhave€a€terrible€time,€because€we€would€have€to€scour€every€inch€of€the€planet.€Bryophytes€are€tiedÐ ° Ðvery€closely€to€their€microhabitats,€which€are€discrete€and€can€be€recognized€by€an€astute€observer.Ð –æ ÐFurthermore,€bryological€collectors€move€at€a€snailððs€pace€compared€to€wild€flower€people.€We€mightÐ |Ì Ðwalk€a€few€miles€in€a€day€ð"ð€longer€distances€if€we€close€our€eyes€until€we€reach€the€destinationÐ b² Ðwhere€we€know€we€will€find€a€particular€microhabitat.€Usually€we€tend€to€find€an€interesting€spot€atÐ H˜ Ðthe€roadside€or€only€a€few€hundred€yards€away,€and€spend€the€day€right€there!Ð . ~ ÐÌà ½ àA€corollary€to€the€first€blessing,€we€should€be€very€thankful€that€man€has€built€roads€and€trails,Ð ú J Ðdespite€the€fact€that€we€tend€to€resent€these€intrusions€on€pristine€habitats.€But€for€these€we€mightÐ à 0 Ðnever€find€some€of€the€rarer€species.€When€looking€at€a€dot€distribution€map€of€a€bryophyte€we€mustÐ Æ   Ðremember€that€this€is€where€collections€have€been€made.€A€dot€map€will€give€us€a€general€idea€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðother€localities,€but€few€areas€are€so€well€collected€that€one€can€make€detailed€dot€maps€covering€theÐ ’â  Ðsmaller€geographical€divisions€such€as€counties,€townships,€ranges,€and€sections.€Thus€it€is€not€veryÐ xÈ  Ðmeaningful€to€declare€a€bryophyte€rare€because€few€collections€have€been€made.€€Few€bryologistsÐ ^®  Ðcollect€the€same€common€moss€in€more€than€a€few€counties€in€a€state.€At€the€same€time,€because€weÐ D”  Ðhave€found€a€rare€microhabitat€does€not€mean€that€we€have€exhausted€the€possibility€that€other€suchÐ *z  Ðplaces€may€still€be€found€farther€from€the€road.Ð ` ÐÌà@œ œ +Æàò òSome€thoughts€about€ecology,€evolution,€and€taxonomyó óˆÐ Ü, ÐÌà ½ àBryophytes€are€obviously€closely€tied€to€particular€substrates,€not€only€the€general€types€ofÐ ªú Ðrock,€but€the€features€of€rocks.€having€to€do€with€exposure,€seepage€areas,€crevices;€tree€and€shrubÐ à Ðhabitats:€the€kinds€of€bark,€the€height€from€the€ground,€the€exposure;€soil€types€and€conditions:€soilÐ vÆ Ðtypes€and€conditions,€whether€heavy,€light,€alkaline,€compacted€or€loose;€the€surrounding€forestÐ \¬ Ðcanopy.€Others€may€come€to€mind.Ð B’ ÐÌà ½ àKoponen€(1982b)€presents€an€interesting€discussion€concerning€how€bryophyte€ecology€mayÐ ^ Ðgive€insight€to€their€taxonomy.€He€says€ð ðIt€is€much€easier€to€find€examples€of€species€which€areÐ ôD Ðstrictly€limited€to€a€special€micro„habitat€than€of€species€which€grow€in€a€large€variety€of€habitats,Ð Ú* Ðsuch€as€òòCeratodon€purpureusóó.ðð€Habitat€specificity€often€is€correlated€with€the€evolution€and€henceÐ À Ðthe€taxonomy€of€the€species.€This€is€why€it€is€so€important€to€include€habitat€information€withÐ ¦ö Ðcollections.€When€I€was€identifying,€ð ðsite€unseenðð€Donald€McVeanððs€Australian€alpine€collections,Ð Œ Ü ÐI€sometimes€€suggested€a€name.€ð ðIt€canððt€be€that;€the€habitat€is€all€wrong!ðð€He€was€right€a€hundredÐ r!  Ðpercent€of€the€time.€Koponen€says.€ð ðI€am€also€pondering€why€we€should€not€accept€a€specific€statusÐ X"¨! Ðfor€a€taxon€which€differs€from€its€nearest€relative€in€several€characters€and€also€has€a€differentÐ >#Ž" Ðecology?ðð€I€feel€that€this€question€is€pertinent€to€our€consideration€of€the€taxonomic€position€of€theÐ $$t# Ðhigh„alpine€ð ðvarietyðð€ofòò€Aulacomnium€palustreóó.€This€moss€never€grows€with€the€species€proper,€itsÐ  %Z $ Ðleaf€shape€is€unique;€it€produces€no€gemmae,€it€is€disjunct€in€high€mountains€of€the€EasternÐ ð%@!% Ðhemisphere;€it€does€not€fruit;€it€conceals€what€stem€rhizoids€it€possesses€within€the€axils€of€the€leaves;Ð Ö&&"& ÐI€have€not€encountered€ð ðintermediates.ððÐ ¼' #' ÐÌÌà@:Æàò òGeobotany€of€bryophytesó óˆÐ n*¾%* ÐÌà ½ àBecause€of€their€physical€nature,€their€existence€as€predominantly€haploid€organisms,€and€theirÐ <,Œ', Ðclose€attachment€to€the€very€thin€layer€of€substrate€on€which€they€grow€and€must€survive,€bryophytes,Ð ° Ðmore€than€any€other€plants,€are€recognized€as€being€associated,€if€not€dependent€on,€various€physicalÐ –æ Ðsubstrates,€often€having€to€do€with€the€availability€of€water€as€actual€liquid€or€as€mist€or€dew;€ifÐ |Ì Ðliquid,€whether€the€water€is€running€or€not,€whether€it€is€augmented€by€chemical€ions€coming€downÐ b² Ðfrom€a€hillside€or€by€runoff€from€mine€tailings,€etc.,€hat€is,€what€the€pH€of€the€substrate€is,€acid€orÐ H˜ Ðbasic€or€neutral.€Other€characteristics€of€the€substrates€on€and€in€which€they€grow€are€important.Ð . ~ ÐBryophytes,€at€least€many€of€them,€are€categorized€as€being€calciphiles€or€basiphiles€(associated€withÐ  d Ðcalcium€or€other€substances€including€potash,€similar€in€chemical€behavior);€disturbance€plants,Ð ú J Ðnitrophiles€(requiring€or€tolerating€nitrogenous€material);€dung„ð ðlovingðð€mosses;€minerotrophicÐ à 0 Ðmosses.€Ð Æ   ÐÌà ½ àNot€very€many€mosses€are€well€enough€known€for€them€to€be€categorized€with€any€of€theseÐ ’â  Ðterms,€and€moreover,€it€is€not€understood€what€the€roles€of€substrate€really€plays€in€the€occurrenceÐ xÈ  Ðof€mosses.€Mosses€that€are€considered€calciphiles€on€one€part€of€the€world€may€not€behave€as€suchÐ ^®  Ðin€another.€Moss€floras€in€Places€like€Scandinavia€are€more€thoroughly€classified€than€others€becauseÐ D”  Ðof€a€long€history€of€interest€in€them€and€because€calciferous€rock€associated€with€abundant€moisture,Ð *z  Ðmakes€calciferous€substrates€more€obvious€selectors€of€plant€species.€In€the€Rocky€Mountains,Ð ` Ðhowever,€we€not€only€have€had€little€serious€interest€in€mosses,€and€the€so„called€calciphiles€are€oftenÐ öF Ðnot€definitely€connected€to€calciferous€substrates.€Very€little€note€has€been€made€in€ColoradoÐ Ü, Ðconcerning€the€calcium€content€of€the€substrate.Ð Â ÐÌà ½ àHere€is€a€partial€list€of€Colorado€species€that€are€considered€by€Crum€(1973)€as€beingÐ ŽÞ Ðcalciphiles,€or€likely€calciphiles.€A€few€more€have€been€added€by€the€present€writers.€Those€indicatedÐ tÄ Ðas€(!Crum)€we€consider€surprising,€since€in€Colorado€they€do€not€necessarily€behave€as€such.Ð Zª ÐÌòòÒ°eÒÒ(ê X5°(#°(#(ÒAbietinella€abietina€(!Crum)Ð &v ÐAloina€rigidaÐ  \ ÐAnoectangium€aestivumÐ òB ÐAnoectangium€handeliiÐ Ø( ÐAnomodon€rostratusÐ ¾ ÐAnomodon€attenuatusÐ ¤ô ÐBarbula€convolutaÐ Š Ú ÐBarbula€unguiculataÐ p!À  ÐBrachythecium€turgidum€(ð ðprobablyðð€!Crum)Ð V"¦! ÐBreidleria€pratensis€(!Crum)Ð <#Œ" ÐCampylium€stellatumÐ "$r# ÐCatascopium€nigritumÐ %X $ ÐConardia€compactaÐ î%>!% ÐCratoneuron€filicinumÐ Ô&$"& ÐCratoneuron€filicinumÐ º' #' ÐDicranella€variaÐ  (ð#( ÐDidymodon€anserino„capitatusÐ †)Ö$) ÐDidymodon€rigidulusÐ l*¼%* ÐDidymodon€subandreaeoidesÐ R+¢&+ ÐDistichium€inclinatumÐ 8,ˆ', ÐDrepanocladus€aduncus€(!Crum)Ð &v, ÐEncalypta€proceraÐ  \- ÐGrimmia€anodonÐ òB. ÐGymnostomum€aeruginosumÐ Ø(/ ÐHomomallium€adnatumÐ ¾0 ÐHygrohypnum€luridumÐ ¤ô1 ÐHymenostylium€recurvirostrumÐ Š Ú2 ÐHypnum€cupressiforme€(!Crum)Ð p!À3 ÐMyurella€julaceaÐ V"¦4 ÐOrthotrichum€anomalumÐ <#Œ5 ÐOrthotrichum€pellucidumÐ "$r6 ÐPlagiopus€oederianaÐ %X 7 ÐPseudocalliergon€turgescensÐ î%>!8 ÐPterygoneurum€ovatumÐ Ô&$"9 ÐRhytidium€rugosum€(!Crum)Ð º' #: ÐSaelania€glaucescensÐ  (ð#; ÐScorpidium€(all€species)Ð †)Ö$< ÐSphagnum€warnstorfiiÐ l*¼%= ÐSyntrichia€norvegica€(!€Crum)Ð R+¢&> ÐSyntrichia€ruralis€(!€Crum)Ð 8,ˆ'? ÐTomentypnum€nitens€(!Crum)Ð ° ÐTortella€tortuosaÐ –æ ÐTortella€fragilisÐ |Ì ÐTortula€(Phascum)Ð b² ÐTortula€obtusifoliaÐ H˜ ÐWeissia€controversaÐ . ~ ÐÐ  d ÐóóÐ ° ÐÒ(ê X5°š°š(Òà@þ þ 2ìàOther€kinds€of€substrate€relationships.ˆÐ à 0 ÐÌDisturbance:€òòCeratodon,€Bryum€argenteum,€B.€angustifolium,€Gemmabryum€subapiculatumóóÐ ¬ ü ÐÌNitrophile:€òòCeratodon€purpureusóóÐ xÈ  ÐÌBasiphile:€òòDitrichum€flexicauleóóÐ D”  ÐÌMinerotrophic:€òòCoscinodon€cribrosus,€MielichhoferiaóóÐ ` ÐÌFire€ash:€òòFunaria€hygrometrica,€LeptobryumóóÐ Ü, ÐÌDung:€Splachnaceae€òò(Tayloria,€Splachnum,€Voitia)óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌà@} } /ìàò òSome€little„observed€morphological€featuresó ó.ˆÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€an€important€paper,€Koponen€(1982a)€discusses€moss€rhizoids.€Their€position€on€the€stemÐ B’ Ðor€leaves,€and€their€surface€ornamentation,€has€largely€been€ignored.€The€cells€that€are€destined€toÐ (x Ðproduce€rhizoids€are€also€little„studied,€but€in€some€groups€like€òòSarmentypnumóó€and€òòDrepanocladusóóÐ ^ Ðthey€are€taxonomically€significant.€Branching€patterns€of€the€stem€also€vary.€These€patterns€are€soÐ ôD Ðimportant€that€later€on€in€this€book€I€shall€make€extensive€quotes€from€Koponenððs€paper.Ð Ú* ÐÐ  À Ðà@ý ý 3ìàò òKEY€TO€THE€GENERA€OF€COLORADO€MOSSESˆÐ ° ÐÌ(In€preparation)ó ó€à@ììEìàˆÐ €Ð ÐÌà@¹ ¹ 3ìàòòFamily,€Genus,€and€Species€TreatmentsóóˆÐ  Nž ÐÖ€NÿÿÖÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÖ€QÿÿÖÔ_Ôà@çç>ìàò òAMBLYSTEGIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌRef:€Hedens€papersÐ Î ÐÌNote€that€several€keys€follow€in€succession€before€the€list€of€genera€and€species.Ð Ð š ÐÌà@- - .ìàò òField€key€to€the€fen€species€of€AmblystegiaceaeˆÐ œ f Ðó óà@ììEìàˆÌà  àFor€people€working€with€fens,€it€is€very€useful€to€be€able€to€identify€the€plants€in€the€field.Ð j 4 ÐThis€key€will€make€the€job€easier.€Note:€Leaf€features€refer€to€the€stem€leaves,€not€the€branch€leaves.Ð P  ÐÌ1a.€à0  àLeaves€broadly€ovate,€ovate€or€rounded„triangular,€in€upper€part€suddenly€rounded„narrowedÐ æ  Ðor€apiculate€(note:€the€inflexed€upper€leaf€margins€may€give€the€apex€a€more€a€mucronateÐ Ì  Ðappearance)à‚#@"@"x(#.È È #(#(##à(2)ˆÐ è²  Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€straight€or€falcate,€from€ovate€or€triangular€basal€portion€gradually€narrowed€towardsРΘ  Ðleaf€apex€€€à‚#@"@"x(#.r r $(#(##à(5)ˆÐ ´~  ÐÌ2a.à0  àCosta€short,€double€or€single,€not€or€hardly€visible€with€a€hand€lens;€shoots€turgid,€slightlyÐ €J Ðand€irregularly€branched;€alar€cells€not€hyaline,€in€an€indistinctly€delimited€group.€Ð f0 Ðò òPseudocalliergon€turgescensó óÐL(#(# Ð2b.à0  àCosta€long,€reaching€leaf€middle€or€further,€single€or€branched,€usually€easily€seen€with€aÐ 4þ Ðhand€lensà‚#@"@"x(#. !(#(##à(3)ˆÐ ä ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€usually€ovate€or€narrowly€ovate;€plants€of€alpine€pools.à‚#@"@"x(#.žžW(#(##à(4)ˆÐ æ° Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€usually€broadly€ovate€or€broadly€rounded„triangular;€green€or€brownish„greenÐ Ì– Ðspecies,€sometimes€with€a€pale€pinkish€hue.€ò òCalliergonó óв|(#(# ÐÌ4a.à0  àRed€colors€common,€otherwise€green€to€dark€green;€usually€strongly€branched;€stem€leafÐ €J Ðapex€usually€distinctly€apiculate,€at€least€in€young€leaves;€leaf€point€often€bent€inwards;€veryÐ f0 Ðrarely€found€with€leaf„borne€rhizoids.€ò òWarnstorfia€sarmentosaó óÐL (#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àPale„€or€yellow„green,€usually€sparsely€branched;€leaf€apex€rounded€or€rounded„obtuse;€leaf„Ð 4!þ Ðborne€rhizoids€common€near€the€leaf€tips.€ò òStraminergon€stramineumó óÐ"ä(#(# ÐÌ5a.à0  àCosta€short,€usually€double,€not€or€hardly€visible€with€a€hand€lensà‚#@"@"x(#.ˆˆ[(#(##à(6)ˆÐ è#²! ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àCosta€long,€reaching€middle€of€leaf€or€further,€normally€single,€usually€easily€seen€with€aÐ Î$˜" Ðhand€lensà‚#@"@"x(#. !(#(##à(8)ˆÐ ´%~# ÐÌ6a.à0  àVery€large€species;€shoots€often€turgid,€not€flattened;€green€or€often€with€brown,€yellow„Ð €'J!% Ðbrown,€red,€or€blackish€colors.€ò òScorpidium€scorpioidesó óÐf(0"&(#(# ÐÔ_Ô6b.à0  àMedium€sized€species;€shoots€often€somewhat€flattened;€green€or€pale€to€yellow„greenÐ N)#' Ðspeciesà‚#@"@"x(#.H H (#(##à(7)ˆÐ 4*þ#( ÐÌ7a.à0  àLeaves€with€large€and€distinct€groups€of€alar€cells;€costa€short€and€forked,€or€lacking.€leaves€Ð ,Ê%* Ðstrongly€falcate€ò òCalliergonella€(See€Hypnaceae)ó óÐ6(#(# Ð7b.à0  àLeaves€with€small€and€indistinct€groups€of€alar€cells;€costa€very€short€and€inconspicuous;Ð è Ðleaves€weakly€falcate.€ò òBreidleria€pratensis€(See€Hypnaceae)ó óÐÎ(#(# ÐÌ8a.à0  àLeaves€straight,€lanceolate,€strongly€plicate,€the€underside€of€the€straight€stems€denselyÐ Ò œ Ðclothed€with€brown€tomentum.€ò òTomentypnumó óи ‚(#(# Ð8a.à0  àNot€as€aboveà‚#@"@"x(#.  $(#(##à(9)ˆÐ   j ÐÌ9a.à0  àStem€leaves€usually€more€or€less€broadly€triangular€to€very€broadly€cordate,€rather€quicklyÐ l 6 Ðnarrowed€to€the€acumen;€branch€leaves€much€smaller,€falcate;€alar€groups€large,€triangularÐ R  Ðand€well„delimited,€reaching€from€margin€to€costa;€plants€usually€densely€pinnate;€leaves€notÐ 8  Ðplicate.€ò òCratoneuron€filicinumó óÐè (#(# Ð9b.à0  àLeaves€rounded„triangular,€ovate€or€broadly€ovate€to€linear,€more€gradually€narrowed€towardÐ Ð  Ðthe€apex;€alar€groups€usually€less€distinct;€branching€rarely€densely€pinnate€(tomentum€mayÐ ì¶  Ðoccur€in€òòPalustriella€falcata,€Tomentypnum,óó€and€òòConardiaóó).à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ÌÌR(#(##à(10)ˆÐ Òœ  ÐÌ10a.à0  àParaphyllia€present€(tear€off€a€few€leaves;€the€paraphyllia€are€usually€distinctly€visible€withÐ žh Ða€hand€lens);€large€species€with€falcate,€distinctly€plicate€leaves;€costa€strong;€tomentumÐ „N Ðfrequently€present.€ò òPalustriella€falcataó óÐj4(#(# Ð10b.à0  àParaphyllia€absent;€tomentum€lacking€except€in€òòTomentypnumóóà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.€€R(#(##à(11)ˆÐ R ÐÌ11a.à0  àLeaves€conspicuously€plicate;€commonly€fruiting,€the€capsules€normally€horizontal€(notÐ è Ðcommon€in€fens€but€very€common€in€wet€spruce€forests).€ò òSanionia€uncinataó óÐÎ(#(# Ð11b.à0  àLeaves€not€plicate€or€indistinctly€soà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.((=(#(##à(12)ˆÐ ì¶ ÐÌ12a.à0  àLeaves€from€more€or€less€straight€and€rather€erect€basal€portion€with€rather€strongly€curvedÐ ¸‚ Ðupper€part;€alar€groups€undifferentiated€or€very€small€and€not€visible€in€the€field.€€€€à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ò ò p(#(##à(13)ˆÐ žh Ð12b.à0  àLeaves€curved€more€or€less€along€their€entire€length,€or€nearly€straight;€alar€groups€distinctlyÐ „N Ðdifferentiated€and€usually€visible€on€torn€off€leaves€(indistinctly€differentiated€inÐ j4 ÐòòPseudocalliergon€angustifoliumóó)à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.LL7(#(##à(14)ˆÐ P  ÐÌ13a.à0  àShoots€relatively€stiff€and€more€regularly€branched;€green,€yellow„green,€brown,€or€brown„Ð "æ Ðred€(a€unique€color€combination€in€contrast€to€the€next);€leaves€green€or€yellow„green€withÐ #Ì  Ðbrown„red€costa€(often€also€leaf€base),€somewhat€dull€(due€to€relatively€short€leaf€cells€withÐ è#²! Ðsquarish€ends).€ò òScorpidium€cossoniió óÐÎ$˜"(#(# Ð13b.à0  àShoots€somewhat€larger€and€less€branched;€red,€blackish€red€(brown„red)€or€green;€glossyÐ ¶%€# Ð(due€to€long€cells€with€gradually€narrowed€ends.€ò òScorpidium€revolvensó óМ&f $(#(# ÐÌ14a.à0  àCosta€long„excurrent;€shoot€and€branch€apices€sometimes€pencil„like;€usually€Ô_ÔgrowingÐ j(4"& Ðsubmerged€in€poolsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.& & *(#(##à(15)ˆÐ P)#' Ð14b.à0  àCosta€not€excurrent€ð"ð€in€case€of€doubt€(occurring€in€species€with€radially€branched€shoots)Ð 6*$( Ðthe€shoot€and€branch€apices€are€not€pencil„like;€submerged€or€notà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ddY(#(##à(16)ˆÐ +æ$) ÐÐ ,Ì%* Ð15a.à0  àShoot€and€branch€apices€sometimes€pencil„like;€leaves€straight€or€curved,€often€deep€red„Ð 6 Ðpurple;€young€axillary€hairs€long€and€brown€(visible€with€a€hand€lens€if€a€few€leaves€are€tornÐ æ Ðoff);€shoots€radially€branched.€ò òWarnstorfia€trichophyllaó óÐÌ(#(# Ð15b.à0  àShoot€and€branch€apices€never€pencil„like;€leaves€usually€curved,€never€becoming€red;€youngÐ ê´ Ðaxillary€hairs€small,€hyaline€(not€visible€with€a€hand€lens);€shoots€distichously€branched.Ð Ð š Ðò òDrepanocladus€longifoliusó óж €(#(# ÐÌ16a.à0  àYellow„brown,€brownish„yellow,€or€green€species,€typically€with€a€golden€gloss€when€dry;Ð „ N Ðalar€cells€indistinctly€differentiated;€plants€of€strongly€calcareous€habitats.€ò òPseudocalliergonÐ j 4 Ðangustifoliumó óÐR (#(# Ð16b.à0  àColor€varying,€not€with€golden€gloss€when€dry;€alar€groups€usually€large€and€more€or€lessÐ :  Ðdistinctly€differentiated;€in€less€strongly€calcareous€sitesà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ŒŒT(#(##à(17)ˆÐ  ê  ÐÌ17a.à0  àShoots€distichously€branched,€never€red;€rhizoids€never€growing€from€the€leaves;€mostly€inÐ ì¶  Ðnutrient„rich€habitats.€ò òDrepanocladusó óÐÒœ (#(# Ð17b.à0  àShoots€more€or€less€radially€branched,€most€distinct€when€growing€with€stem€in€verticalÐ º„  Ðposition;€sometimes€with€red€coloration,€and€sometimes€with€rhizoids€growing€from€theÐ  j Ðleaves;€in€less€nutrient„rich€situations.€ò òWarnstorfiaó óІP(#(# ÐÌ18a.à0  àPlant€habit€òòð ðDrepanocladus„óólikeòòððóó,€that€is,€with€leaves€falcate„secund€to€sometimes€straightÐ T Ðand€erect;€leaf€acumina€in€straight„leaved€plants€plane€or€at€most€slightly€furrowed.Ð : Ðò òDrepanocladus€aduncusó óÐ ê(#(# Ð18b.à0  àPlant€habit€òòð ðCampylium„óólikeòòððóó,€that€is,€with€leaves€from€straight€and€erect€bases€usually€withÐ Ò Ðleaf€acumina€more€or€less€spreading€or€squarrose;€leaf€acumen€furrowed.€ò òDrepanocladusÐ î¸ Ðpolygamusó óÐÖ (#(# ÐÌò òó óÌà@' ' .ìàò òHints€to€recognition€of€genera€of€flowing€wateró óˆÐ ŠT ÐÌà  àAquatic€pleurocarpous€mosses€that€grow€over€seeping€rocks€or€attached€to€rocks€in€smallÐ X " Ðstreams€may€belong€to€genera€of€several€families.€òòBrachythecium€rivulareóó€may€be€mistaken€forÐ >! ÐòòAmblystegiumóó,€but€the€leaves€are€more€broadly€ovate€and€finely€serrulate€distally,€and€the€alar€groupÐ $"î Ðis€conspicuously€inflated.€€òòAmblystegium€ripariumóó€is€notoriously€variable€in€the€size,€length€andÐ  #Ô  Ðshape€of€its€leaf€cells,€but€the€margin€is€entire,€the€alar€cells€less€pronounced,€and€does€not€have€theÐ ð#º! Ðrather€Ô_ÔstiffishÔ_Ô€texture€of€the€branches.€Nevertheless,€I€have€trouble€with€these.Ð Ö$ " ÐÌà  àIt€seems€to€be€a€òòHobsonððs€choiceóó€of€recognizing€the€smaller€genera€in€the€large€genusÐ ¢&l $ ÐòòAmblystegiumóó.€I€tend€increasingly€to€agree€with€Crum€and€Anderson€who€ð ðreluctantlyðð€decided€toÐ ˆ'R!% Ðtreat€òòHygroamblystegiumóó€and€òòLeptodictyumóó€as€part€of€òòAmblystegiumóó.€Although€there€are€greatÐ n(8"& Ðdifferences€in€size€and€appearance€between€the€tine€A.€serpens€(which€grows€at€the€bases€of€trees€andÐ T)#' Ðshrubs),€the€òòBrachytheciumóó„like€òòA.€ripariumóó,€the€harshly€stiff€òòHygroamblystegiumóó€of€running€water,Ð :*$( Ðthere€seems€to€be€no€really€qualitative€character€sets€to€separate€these€as€genera.Ð  +ê$) ÐÐ ,Ð%* Ðà  àòòHygrohypnumóó€is€rather€easy€to€recognize€as€a€genus€although€its€species€are€really€difficultÐ 6 Ðto€distinguish.Ð æ ÐÌà@åå@ìàò òGeneral€keyó óˆÐ è² ÐÌla.€à0  àAlar€cells€inflated,€sharply€differentiated;€paraphyllia€usually€present;€leaf€cells€more€or€lessÐ ¶ € Ðpapillose€(from€protruding€cell€ends).€ò òCratoneuronó ó€and€ò òPalustriellaó óМ f(#(# Ðlb.€à0  àAlar€cells€various;€paraphyllia€absent;€leaf€cells€smooth€or€nearly€soà‚#þ!þ!w(#.88^(#(##à(2))ˆÐ „ N ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€usually€squarrose.€ò òCampylium€òòó óóóand€relatives€ò ò(See€Campyliaceae)ó óÐP (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€never€squarroseà‚#@"@"x(#.VV.(#(##à(3)ˆÐ 8  ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€with€a€single€costa€extending€at€least€to€mid„leafà‚#@"@"x(#.„„Q(#(##à(4)ˆÐ Î  Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€lacking€a€costa,€or€the€costa€short€and€doubleà‚#@"@"x(#.rrM(#(##à(8)ˆÐ ê´  ÐÌ4a.à0  àLeaves€cordate„ovate,€oblong„ovate,€or€oblong,€never€long„acuminate;€margins€entire.€òòóóÐ ¶€  Ðò òCalliergonó ó€and€its€relativesМf(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€always€distinctly€acuminate;€margins€either€entire€or€serrulateà‚#@"@"x(#.°°^(#(##à(5)ˆÐ „N ÐÌ5a.à0  àLeaves€usually€falcate€(except€in€some€submerged€forms)€or€plicate,€or€both.€ò òDrepanocladusÐ P Ðó óand€its€relativesÐ8(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€neither€distinctly€falcate€nor€plicateà‚#@"@"x(#.zzE(#(##à(6)ˆÐ è ÐÌ6a.à0  àCosta€strong,€percurrent€or€excurrent;€plants€submerged€in€water.€ò òAmblystegiumÐ ê´ Ðòòó ó(ð ðHygroamblystegiumðð)óóÐÒœ(#(# Ð6b.à0  àCosta€shorter;€plants€terrestrial€or€in€wet€places,€rarely€submergedà‚#@"@"x(#.\(#(##à(7)ˆÐ ¸‚ ÐÌ7a.à0  àLeaves€small€(1ð!ð1.2€mm€long);€alar€cells€rectangular.€ò òAmblystegium€òòó ó(ð ðLeptodictyumðð)óóЄN(#(# Ð7b.à0  àLeaves€larger,€or,€if€small,€the€alar€cells€otherwise.€ò òAmblystegium€ó óÐl6(#(# ÐÌ8a.à0  àLeaves€and€branches€very€small€and€slender,€leaves€up€to€0.45€mm€long,€ovate„lanceolate,Ð :! Ðnever€squarrose,€entire€or€often€serrulate€at€the€base;€2-3„celled€gemmae€present€in€the€leafÐ  "ê Ðaxils.ò ò€Platydictya€ó ó(seeòò€óóHypnaceaeòò)óóÐ#Ð (#(# Ð8b.à0  àLeaves€larger,€or€if€small,€then€squarroseà‚#@"@"x(#.ÂÂB(#(##à(9)ˆÐ î#¸! ÐÌ9a.à0  àLeaves€ovate€to€ovate„lanceolate,€acuminate,€usually€squarrose€but€sometimes€merely€wide„Ð º%„# Ðspreading.€ò òCampyliumó óòò€óóand€its€relatives€ò ò(ó óSeeò ò€Campyliaceae)ó óР&j $(#(# Ð9b.à0  àLeaves€otherwise,€not€tapering€to€a€narrow€apexà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.G(#(##à(10)ˆÐ ˆ'R!% ÐÌ10a.à0  àLeaves€small€or€large,€less€than€twice€as€long€as€wide€or,€if€longer,€then€somewhat€falcate;Ð T)#' Ðbasal€cells€rarely€with€pitted€walls;€on€wet€rocks€in€or€near€streams.€ò òHygrohypnumó óÐ:*$((#(# Ð10b.à0  àLeaves€usually€2€mm€long€or€longer,€commonly€twice€as€long€as€wide€or€more,€deeplyÐ "+ì$) Ðconcave,€never€falcate;€walls€of€basal€cells€often€pitted;€not€attached€to€rocks,€but€eitherÐ ,Ò%* Ðsubmerged€in€fen€ponds€or€in€loose€gravel€of€snow„melt€rillsà0 (#(#àà È àà0  (# (#àà È àà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ÈÈZ (# (##à(11)ò òˆÐ 6 ÐÌó ó11a.à0  àLeaves€more€or€less€falcate„secund,€at€least€those€of€the€tips€of€the€stems€and€branches;€alarÐ Î Ðcells€hyaline,€thin„walled€and€inflated,€in€small,€inconspicuous€groups.€ò òScorpidiumó óÐê´(#(# Ð11b.à0  àLeaves€loosely€imbricate€to€spreading,€not€at€all€or€at€most€very€slightly€secund;€alar€cellsÐ Ò œ Ðshortly€oblong€and€Ô_ÔsubquadrateÔ_Ô,€neither€hyaline,€thin„walled,€nor€inflated.€ò òPseudocalliergonó óи ‚(#(# ÐÌà@B B 0ìàò òAmblystegiumó ó€ò òó óBruch€&€Schimper,€1853ò òó ó,€properˆÐ † P ÐÌ1a.à0  àCosta€less€than€3/4€the€leaf€length.€ò òA.€serpensó óÐT (#(# Ð1b.à0  àCosta€extending€into€the€acumen,€sometimes€filling€it€or€excurrent.€ò òA.€variumó óÐ< (#(# ÐÌà@‰ ‰ 4ìàò òAmblystegium€òòó ó(ð ðHygroamblystegiumðð)óóˆÐ  Ô  ÐÌ1a.à0  àPlants€large,€coarse,€usually€rigid;€costa€very€broad,€110„140ððm€wide,€terete,€filling€the€leafРآ  Ðtip€and€excurrent€as€a€short,€stout€point.€ò òA.€noterophilumó óоˆ (#(# Ð1b.à0  àPlants€small€or€medium„sized,€usually€relatively€soft;€costa€less€than€100ððm€wide,€usuallyÐ ¦p Ðsomewhat€flattened,€ending€in€the€leaf€tip€or€excurrent€as€a€slender€pointà‚#@"@"x(#.””b(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ŒV ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€blunt„pointed;€costa€relatively€broad,€75„100ððm€wide;€upper€leaf€cells€3„6:1;€cellsÐ X" Ðat€the€insertion€greenish.€ò òA.€fluviatileó óÐ>(#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaf€apex€acute€or€acuminate;€costa€less€than€75ððm€wide;€basal€cells€more€or€less€yellowish.Ð &ð Ðò òA.€tenaxÐ Ö(#(# ÐÌó óà@““7ìàò òAmblystegium€ó óòò(ð ðLeptodictyumðð)óóˆÐ ܦ ÐÌla.à0  àPlants€commonly€submerged€in€water;€leaves€entire,€usually€attached€obliquely€to€the€stem,Ð ªt Ðthe€branches€somewhat€complanate;€median€leaf€cells€50„l00ððm€x€5„l0ððm€(relatively€longÐ Z Ðand€slender).€ò òA.€fluviatileó óÐv@(#(# Ð1b.à0  àPlants€not€usually€submerged€but€often€in€very€wet€places;€leaves€entire€or€serrulate;€leaf€baseÐ ^ ( Ðattached€to€the€stem€transversely€(bowed€out€at€the€base),€the€upper€part€of€the€leaf€erect„Ð D! Ðspreading€and€somewhat€twisted;€leaf€cells€30-60ððm€long€x€5€ððm€wide€(relatively€short).€ò òA.Ð *"ô Ðripariumó óÐ#Ü (#(# ÐÌà  àò òA.€fluviatile€ó ó(Hedwig)€Bruch€&€Schimper€Thus€far€we€have€only€one€record€of€this,€from€theÐ à$ª" ÐLittle€Royal€Gorge€of€North€Boulder€Creek.Ð È%’# ÐÌà  àò òA.€ripariumó ó€(Hedwig)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€Common€in€very€wet€places,€particularly€in€areasÐ ”'^!% Ðwhere€livestock€or€other€pastoral€activity€is€strongly€evident.€I€have€found€it€abundant€in€drinkingÐ |(F"& Ðtroughs,€on€check„dam€sluices€and€in€relatively€still€water€through€the€middle€altitudes.Ð b),#' ÐÌà  àIn€our€distribution€of€specimens,€we€made€a€horrendous€mistake€of€thinking€a€large,€robust,Ð .+ø$) Ðsubmerged€population€was€òòFontinalis€hypnoidesóó.€Evidently€we€were€not€alone.€Crum€&€Anderson,Ð ,Þ%* Ðp.€994,€write:€ð ðòòAmblystegium€Ô_ÔlaxireteÔ_Ôóó€represents€an€extreme€development€of€a€òòFontinalisóó„like€habit.Ð 6 ÐIt€sometimes€occurs€in€long,€streaming€masses€in€swiftly€flowing€waters.€.€.€.In€this€habitat,€the€plansÐ æ Ðare€striking,€but€in€less€vigorously€flowing€waters€they€are€less€distinctive.ðð€A€number€of€otherÐ Ì Ðnamed€forms€evidently€are€variants€of€this€extraordinary€modification.€Moral:€Donððt€assume€thatÐ è² Ðeverything€that€looks€like€òòFontinalisóó,€is€òòFontinalis!óóÐ Î ˜ ÐÌà  àò òA.€serpensó ó€(Hedwig)€var.€ò òjuratzkanumó ó€(Schimper)€Rau€&€Ô_ÔHerveyÔ_Ô.€A€small,€nondescriptÐ š d Ðspecies,€usually€fruiting.€The€leaves€are€about€0.6€mm€long€and€gracefully€acuminate,€with€costa€toÐ ‚ L Ðabout€mid„leaf.€The€median€leaf€cells€are€about€6:1€or€35ððm€x€5-7ððm,€smooth€and€moderately€thick„Ð h 2 Ðwalled.€The€leaf€margin€is€slightly€denticulate€from€projecting€distal€ends€of€the€cells.€The€alarÐ N  Ðregion€is€quite€clearly€differentiated,€consisting€of€quadrate€and€broader€cells€forming€a€more€or€lessÐ 4þ  Ðtriangular€patch€at€the€basal€angles.€The€capsule€is€curved,€the€operculum€conic,€and€the€urn€stronglyÐ ä  Ðconstricted€below€the€mouth.€The€species€is€generally€distributed€on€wet€boulders,€soil,€bases€ofÐ Ê  Ðsaplings€or€shrubs,€exposed€roots,€rotten€logs,€etc.,€from€the€foothills€up€to€the€subalpine.€It€can€beÐ æ°  Ðmistaken€for€small€species€of€òòCampyliumóó,€especially€òòCampylophyllum.€hispidulumóó.€The€leaves€areÐ Ì–  Ðneither€secund€nor€falcate,€and€generally€do€not€spread€very€widely€from€the€stem,€slightly€moreÐ ²|  Ðwhen€wet.€òòConardia€compactaóó€may€also€be€taken€for€òòAmblystegium€serpensóó.€I€am€inclined€to€followÐ ˜b ÐNyholm€in€treating€òòA.€juratzkanumóó€as€a€variety€of€òòA.€serpensóó.€The€variety€is€distinguished€by€havingÐ ~H Ðthe€leaves€more€widely€spreading€and€with€the€marginal€basal€cells€rectangular€instead€of€quadrate.Ð d. ÐÌà  àò ò***€delete€A.€tenax€ó ó(Hedwig)€C.€Jensen€A€frequently€encountered€species€tightly€attachedÐ 0ú Ðto€rocks€in€the€lower€foothill€canyons.€As€far€as€I€know,€its€altitudinal€range€is€quite€limited€inÐ â ÐColorado€to€the€areas€near€the€mouths€of€the€foothill€canyons.€It€is€a€coarse,€harsh€moss€with€wiryÐ þÈ Ðstems,€and€the€older€parts€are€denuded€of€leaves€as€in€the€larger€òòHygrohypnumóó€species.€The€costa€isÐ ä® Ðextremely€stout,€however,€and€persists€as€a€spine€long€after€the€cells€of€the€lamina€have€been€wornÐ Ê” Ðaway.€In€òòHygrohypnumóó€the€costa€is€never€so€well€developed€and€resistant€to€water€erosion.€TheÐ °z Ðstems€and€leaves€accumulate€bits€of€sand€and€crustacean€shells,€diatoms,€etc.,€and€often€have€a€veryÐ –` Ðgritty€feel.€Ð |F ÐÌà  àò òA.€variumó ó€(Hedwig)€Lindberg€We€have€one€collection€thus€far,€of€this€species,€which€shouldÐ H  Ðbe€fairly€common€in€lower€altitudes:€Montrose€Co.:€Ô_ÔNyswongerÔ_Ô€Mesa,€above€and€west€of€Paradox,Ð 0!ú Ðca€1€mi€below€Buckeye€Reservoir,€in€pine€forest,€7,200€ft.€alt.,€N38ð$ð24ð-ð47ð.ð€W109ð$ð02ð-ð19ð.ð;€at€edgeÐ "à Ðof€very€small€streamlet€at€the€base€of€rim€rock,€2€July€2000,€Weber,€Wittmann,€&€Lehr€B„112608.òòóóÐ ü"Æ  ÐIt€is€a€small€species,€like€òòA.€serpensóó,€but€the€costa€is€very€stout€and€fills€the€acumen.€Ð â#¬! ÐÌà@  -ìàò òCalliergonó ó€(Sullivant€in€A.€Gray)€Kindberg,€1894ˆÐ ®%x# ÐÌà  àòòCalliergonóó€is€generally€not€a€plant€of€the€edges€of€swiftly€flowing€brooks.€òòC.€richardsoniióóÐ |'F!% Ðgrows€submerged€in€still€pools.€òòC.€cordifoliumóó€occurs€on€saturated,€swampy€ground€in€forestÐ b(,"& Ðclearings€filled€with€tall€willows,€òòC.€giganteum€óówas€found€on€sloping€rock€faces€beside€a€quietÐ H)#' Ðbackwater€on€a€level€bench€of€a€mountain€stream.€A€few€species€formerly€included€in€òòCalliergonóó€areÐ .*ø#( Ðcommon€in€alpine€pools.€These€include€òòWarnstorfia€sarmentosaóó€and€òòStraminergon€stramineum.Ð +Þ$) ÐóóÐ ú+Ä%* Ð1a.à0  àCosta€usually€ending€well€below€the€leaf€apex,€with€short€branches€or€forked€at€the€apex;Ð 6 Ðshoots€with€rather€long,€thick€branches,€more€sparsely€branched€and€with€branch€leaves€moreÐ æ Ðerect€or€imbricate€than€in€òòC.€giganteumóó€(see€below).€ò òC.€richardsoniió óÐÌ(#(# Ð1b.à0  àCosta€ending€almost€in€the€leaf€apex€(appearing€to€reach€the€apex€as€seen€with€a€hand€lens)€Ð ê´ Ðà‚#@"@"x(#.(#(##à(2)ˆÐ Ð š ÐÌ2a.à0  àCosta€strong;€alar€groups€of€stem€leaves€large,€triangular€and€sharply€delimited€fromÐ œ f Ðsurrounding€cells,€extending€from€leaf€margin€to€or€almost€to€the€costa;€leaves€broadlyÐ ‚ L Ðtriangular€(shoots€when€well„developed€densely€branched€like€a€spruce€tree,€with€more€orÐ h 2 Ðless€spreading€branch€leaves€except€near€branch€apices.€ò òC.€giganteumó óÐN (#(# Ð2b.à0  àCosta€weaker;€alar€groups€similar€but€diffusely€limited€from€surrounding€cells;€rarely€foundÐ 6  Ðin€permanently€submerged€habitats).€ò òC.€cordifoliumó óÐæ (#(# ÐÌà  àò òC.€cordifolium€ó ó(Hedwig)€Kindberg.€Pools€and€lakeside€swamps,€upper€montane€andÐ ê´  Ðsubalpine.€Our€records€are€from€the€plateaus€of€western€Colorado€and€fens€in€the€Front€Range.Ð Òœ  ÐÌà  àò òC.€giganteumó ó€(Schimper)€Kindberg.€We€have€two€collections:€Larimer€Co.:€CirqueÐ žh ÐMeadows€trail,€vic.€Ô_ÔPingreeÔ_Ô€Park,€streamlet€tributary€of€Fall€Creek,€9,600€ft.,€òòHermann€&€RolstonÐ †P Ð80114óó.€Same€locality,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€112731óó.Ð l6 ÐÌà  àò òC.€richardsoniió ó€(Mitten)€Kindberg.€Submerged€in€fens,€Boulder,€Larimer,€and€Clear€CreekÐ 8 Ðcounties.€The€Boulder€County€specimens€are€extremely€large„leaved,€resembling€òòC.€Ô_ÔmegalophyllumÔ_ÔóóÐ  ê Ð(so€reported€by€Weber,€1973).Ð Ð ÐÌà@Ô Ô 3ìàò òCratoneuronó ó€(Sullivant)€Spruce,€1867ˆÐ Òœ ÐÌà  àò òC.€filicinumó ó€(Hedwig)€Spruce.€This€species€is€abundant€in€wet€sites€in€the€subalpine€forestsÐ  j Ðand€willow€carrs€and€fens.€The€plants€are€small,€pinnately„branched,€and€the€stem€leaves€areÐ ˆR Ðconspicuously€larger€than€the€branch€leaves.€The€branch€leaves€are€usually€falcate.€A€characteristicÐ n8 Ðfeature€are€the€paraphyllia,€of€various€shapes€and€sizes,€minutely€Ô_ÔleaflikeÔ_Ô,€which€unfortunately€varyÐ T  Ðin€abundance€and€are€sometimes€almost€lacking.€The€stem€leaves€are€broadly€ovate,€Ô_ÔwitrhÔ_Ô€a€veryÐ :! Ðstrong€costa.€The€median€laminal€cells€are€narrowly€rhomboid,€an€the€alar€cells€are€enlarged,€in€aÐ  "ê Ðconspicuous€triangular€group.€€The€species€is€said€to€be€strongly€Ô_ÔcalciphilousÔ_Ô,€and€is€common€inÐ #Ð  Ðcalcareous€fens€in€the€subalpine.Ð ì#¶! ÐÌà@d d 2ìàò òDrepanocladusó ó€(Mller€Hal.)€Roth,€1899ˆÐ ¸%‚# ÐÌà  àCrum€and€Anderson€€accept€òòDrepanocladusóó€and€òòScorpidium€óóin€a€traditional€sense,€which€forÐ †'P!% Ðfield€botanists€seems€reasonable,€and€they€reject€the€separation€of€several€other€species€into€theÐ l(6"& Ðgenera€òòLimprichtiaóó,€òòWarnstorfiaóó,€and€òòScorpidiumóó.€However,€we€follow€the€recent€works€of€Hedens.Ð R)#' ÐÌà  àHedens€suggests€one€way€to€distinguish€òòDrepanocladus€óófrom€òòWarnstorfiaóó:€ð ðIt€is€alwaysÐ +è$) Ðgood€to€look€for€rhizoidal€initials€near€the€leaf€apices.€If€you€study€10„15€leaves€(or€a€shoot€apex€withÐ ,Î%* Ðseveral€leaves€left)€in€the€microscope,€there€are€almost€always€at€least€some€leaves€with€such€initialsÐ 6 Ðin€òòWarnstorfiaóó€species,€but€never€in€òòDrepanocladus€s.€stróó.ððÐ æ ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€from€more€or€less€straight€and€erect€bases,€usually€with€the€acumen€more€or€lessÐ è² Ðspreading€or€squarrose;€leaf€acumen€furrowed;€plants€more€golden„brown€than€green.€ò òD.Ð Î ˜ Ðpolygamusó óж €(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€strongly€falcate„secund;€leaf€acumen€in€less€falcate„leaved€plants€plane€or€almostÐ ž h Ðslightly€furrowed;€plants€green€with€no€other€tintsà‚#@"@"x(#.ŠŠK(#(##à(2)ˆÐ „ N ÐÌ2a.à0  àCosta€of€stem€leaves€ending€well€below€the€leaf€apex;€leaf€margin€entire,€or€onlyÐ P  Ðoccasionally€€very€finely€denticulate.€ò òD.€aduncusó óÐ6 (#(# Ð2b.à0  àCosta€of€stem€leaves€excurrent,€rarely€ending€a€few€cells€below€leaf€apex;€one€or€both€leafÐ è  Ðmargins€usually€partly€finely€denticulate.€ò òD.€longifoliusó óÐÎ (#(# ÐÌò òó óà  àò òDrepanocladus€aduncusó ó€(Hedwig)€Warnstorf.€An€extremely€common€and€variable€species,Ð Òœ  Ðvery€wide„ranging€in€altitude€from€the€plains€up€to€the€alpine.€The€elongate,€inflated€alar€cells€in€aÐ º„  Ðrow€continuing€almost€to€the€costa,€is€diagnostic.€The€plant€is€weak,€not€standing€erect,€yellowish„Ð  j Ðgreen,€never€with€reddish€or€brown€colors,€very€little€branched€and€then€not€at€all€pinnate;€the€costaÐ †P Ðis€slender€and€elongate.€However,€some€collectors€have€confused€this€with€òòCalliergonella€óó(wasÐ l6 ÐòòHypnumóó)€òòlindbergii.€óóThe€latter€stands€stiffly€erect€in€close€order,€the€leaves€are€very€broad€at€the€baseÐ R Ð(triangular„ovate)€and€with€large€alar€cells€at€the€basal€angles€just€where€the€leaf€becomes€decurrent.Ð 8 ÐThe€costa€is€absent€or€short€and€double,€and€faint,€and€the€leaf€margins€tend€to€curve€inward€near€theÐ è Ðapex.Ð Î ÐÌà  àò òDrepanocladus€longifoliusó ó€(Mitten)€Paris.€In€subalpine€pools.€We€have€one€excellentРК Ðcollection:€Grand€Co.:€Rocky€Mt.€Nat.€Park:€Floating€on€pond€along€Ute€Trail€south€of€Lake€Irene,Ð ¸‚ Ð10,400€ft.,€Hermann€26506.€Hedens€(Ô_ÔBFNAÔ_Ô)€accepts€this€for€Colorado,€saying:€ð ðòòD.€longifoliusóó€[òòD.Ð žh ÐÔ_ÔcapillifoliusÔ_Ôóó€of€authors]€differs€from€all€other€American€òòDrepanocladusóó€species€in€its€excurrent€leafÐ „N Ðcosta.€Because€of€the€latter€it€could€hardly€be€confused€with€any€earlier€òòDrepanocladus€s.€l.óó€in€NorthÐ j4 ÐAmerica€except€òòWarnstorfia€trichophyllaóó.€However,€the€leaves€are€always€green,€there€are€never€anyÐ P  Ðrhizoidal€initials,€and€the€shoots€are€distichously€pinnately€branched.€In€òòWarnstorfia€trichophyllaóó€theÐ 6! Ðshoots€are€radially€branched,€and€the€shoots€and€branch€apices€pencil„like,€the€leaf€margins€are€moreÐ "æ Ðstrongly€denticulate€than€in€òòD.€longifoliusóó;€it€frequently€becomes€red€when€emergent€whereas€òòD.Ð #Ì  Ðlongifoliusóó€never€gets€red,€and€the€axillary€hairs€consist€of€1„7€early€brown€upper€cells€(1„2€elongateÐ è#²! Ðhyaline€cells€in€òòD.€longifoliusóó).Ð Î$˜" ÐÌà  àò òDrepanocladus€polygamus€ó ó(Bruch€&€Schimper)€Hedens.€One€record,€from€a€subalpine€fenÐ š&d $ Ðon€Diamond€Lake,€in€the€Front€Range,€collected€by€Hermann€(!Lawton).€See€Flowers,€plate€119:9„Ð ‚'L!% Ð11.€(òòCampyliadelphus,€Campylium,€Drepanocladusóó).€This€has€until€recently€been€placed€inÐ h(2"& ÐòòCampyliumóó€and€indeed€has€more€the€aspect€of€that€genus.€The€plant€is€definitely€stouter€and€theÐ N)#' Ðleaves€less€falcate€than€òòD.€aduncusóó€and€has€more€brownish€tints.òò€D.€polygamousóó€is€autoicous,€whileÐ 4*þ#( ÐòòD.€aduncusóó€is€dioicous€but€this€is€difficult€to€determine€without€capsules.Ð +ä$) ÐÐ ,Ê%* Ðà@öö8ìàò òHygrohypnumó ó€Lindberg,€1872ˆÐ 6 ÐÌà0  àà ° àRef.:€Jamieson€(1986a)ÐÎ(#(# Ð***€Add€òòH.€styriacum€óó(Limpricht)€Brotherus€Check€also€(11).€Have€we€left€out€something?Ð ê´ ÐÌ1a.à0  àStem€cross„section€with€an€epidermis€of€enlarged,€fragile,€thin„walled€cells,€the€inner€corticalÐ ¶ € Ðcells€in€3„4€layers,€thick„walled,€the€core€cells€large€and€thin„walled.€ò òH.€ochraceumó óМ f(#(# Ð1b.à0  àStem€cross„section€with€an€epidermis€of€several€layers€of€small,€thick„walled€cells,€the€outerÐ „ N Ðlayer€not€fragile€nor€thin„walledà‚#@"@"x(#.þþ9(#(##à(2)ˆÐ j 4 ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€all€straight,€but€sometimes€somewhat€secundà‚#@"@"x(#.ffJ(#(##à(3)ˆÐ 6  Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€falcate€(or€some€leaves€on€different€branches€falcate€and/or€straight).à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ØØf(#(##à(11)ˆÐ æ  ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€broadly€ovate€to€orbicularà‚#@"@"x(#.‚‚9(#(##à(4)ˆÐ è²  Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€ovate€to€oblong„ovate€or€ovate„lanceolateà‚#@"@"x(#.``H(#(##à(8)ˆÐ Θ  ÐÌ4a.à0  àMedian€marginal€leaf€cells€60€ððm€long€or€more.€ò òH.€bestiió óКd(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àMedian€marginal€leaf€cells€rarely€longer€than€55€ððmà‚#@"@"x(#.ffK(#(##à(5)ˆÐ ‚L ÐÌ5a.à0  àAlar€cells€clearly€differentiated,€either€thin„walled€or€incrassate.€ò òH.€duriusculumó óÐN(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àAlar€cells€undifferentiated€or€formed€of€a€few€quadrate€or€short„rectangular€cells€which€areÐ 6 Ðincrassate€or€thin„walledà‚#@"@"x(#.²²1(#(##à(6)ˆÐ æ ÐÌ6a.à0  àCosta€usually€single,€stout,€extending€to€mid„leaf€or€slightly€beyond,€sometimes€forked€orÐ è² Ðshort€and€double;€plants€very€coarse€and€rigid.€ò òH.€smithiió óÐΘ(#(# Ð6b.à0  àCosta€almost€always€short€and€double;€if€single,€the€costa€slender€and€the€plants€soft€andÐ ¶€ Ðpliableà‚#@"@"x(#.( ( (#(##à(7)ˆÐ œf ÐÌ7a.à0  àLeaves€deeply€concave€to€cochleariform,€usually€0.8„1.2€mm€long,€the€apex€tapering€to€anÐ h2 Ðobtuse€or€broadly€rounded€tip;€inner€perichaetial€leaf€margins€entire€and€recurved;Ð N  ÐÔ_ÔendostomalÔ_Ô€cilia€2€or€3.€ò òH.€smithiió óÐ4!þ(#(# Ð7b.à0  àLeaves€concave€but€never€cochleariform,€usually€1,0„1,7€mm€long,€the€apex€tapering€to€anÐ "æ Ðacute€but€blunt€point;€inner€perichaetial€leaf€margins€coarsely€denticulate€and€plane;Ð #Ì  ÐÔ_ÔendostomalÔ_Ô€cilia€rudimentary€or€absent.€ò òH.€molleó óÐè#²!(#(# ÐÌ8a.à0  àAlar€cells€clearly€differentiated,€either€inflated€and€mostly€thin„walled,€or€smaller,€incrassateÐ ¶%€# Ðand€quadrate€to€short„rectangular.€ò òH.€luridumó óМ&f $(#(# Ð8b.à0  àAlar€cells€undifferentiated€or€with€but€a€few€quadrate€to€short„rectangular€cells€which€do€notÐ „'N!% Ðform€a€recognizable€groupà‚#@"@"x(#.FF1(#(##à(9)ˆÐ j(4"& ÐÌ9a.à0  àCosta€predominantly€single€to€mid„leaf€or€beyond,€sometimes€short€and€double€(leaf€apexÐ 6*$( Ðacute,€plants€coarse).€ò òH.€smithiió óÐ+æ$)(#(# Ð9b.à0  àCosta€usually€short€and€double,€rarely€single€to€mid„leaf€(margin€of€leaf€apex€uneven€toÐ ,Î%* Ðdenticulate).€ò òH.€molleó óÐ6(#(# Ðò òó óÌà  àòòHygrohypnumóó€is€found€attached€firmly€to€rocks€which€are€inundated€by€water€of€swift„Ð Î Ðflowing€streams€or€at€least€wet€periodically€by€spray.€They€are€often€coppery€in€color.€Species€withÐ ê´ Ðfalcate€leaves€might€be€mistaken€for€òòDrepanocladusóó€but€lack€the€prominent€percurrent€costa.Ð Ð š ÐòòDrepanocladusóó€does€not€occur€firmly€attached€to€rocks.€òòH.€bestiióó€and€òòH.€dilatatumóó€might€be€mistakenÐ ¶ € Ðfor€òòScorpidium€turgescensóó€but€the€òòScorpidiumóó€likewise€is€not€firmly€attached€to€rocks€and€grows€inÐ œ f Ðsnow„melt€rills€(see€key€also).€Unfortunately€we€do€not€understand€the€subtleties€of€the€microhabitatsÐ ‚ L Ðfor€these€species€or€we€probably€could€separate€them€quite€nicely€on€their€preferences.€TheyÐ h 2 Ðprobably€do€not€occur€together€in€the€field.€Taxonomically€they€are€very€difficult€if€one€considersÐ N  Ðrelationships€of€the€species€over€a€broader€range.€Quite€possibly€there€are€more€species€in€our€areaÐ 4þ  Ðthan€we€recognize€at€present.Ð ä  ÐÌà  àò òH.€bestiió ó€(Ô_ÔRenauldÔ_Ô€&€Bryhn)€Holzinger€ex€Brotherus.€ð ðOf€the€broad„leaved€species,€òòH.€bestiióóÐ æ°  Ðis€distinguished€by€the€very€long€marginal€leaf€cells,€which€range€from€60€to€250ððm,€the€large€leavesРΘ  Ðwhich€reach€3€mm€long€x€2€mm€wide,€and€the€dioecious€sexuality.€In€many€instances,€discolorationÐ ´~  Ðin€the€basal€leaf€cells€imparts€the€appearance€of€a€radiating€ððsunburstðð€in€the€leaf€base€which€is€typicalÐ šd Ðof€the€speciesðð€(òòJamiesonóó,€unpublished€thesis).Ð €J ÐÌà  àò òH.€cochlearifoliumó ó€(Venturi€in€DeNotaris)€Brotherus.€ð ðA€soft€species;€leaves€very€small,Ð L Ðdeeply€concave,€often€with€margins€explanate€or€more€or€less€recurved.€Often€gets€saturated€withÐ 4þ Ðmud;€much€smaller€than€òòH.€smithiióó,€not€at€all€falcate,€alar€cells€not€inflated,€poorly€developed.ððÐ ä Ð(Jamieson,€voce).€Collections€from€San€Ô_ÔJuansÔ_Ô€(Spencer€Basin)€and€La€Plata€Mts.€(Owen€Basin),Ð Ê ÐMount€Evans€(Vaarama€and€Weber).Ð æ° ÐÌà  àò òH.€duriusculum€ó ó(De€Notaris)€Jamieson.€ð ðUnder€the€microscope,€the€species€can€beÐ ²| Ðrecognized€best€by€its€usually€oblong„elliptic€to€broadly€ovate€leaves€and€the€well„defined€group€ofÐ šd Ðthick„walled,€usually€discolored,€quadrate,€short„rectangular€or€slightly€irregular€alar€cells.ððÐ €J ÐòòJamiesonóó,€thesis€(òòH.€dilatatumóó).Ð f0 ÐÌà  àò òH.€luridum€ó ó(Hedwig)€Jennings.€I€find€òòH.€luridumóó€and€òòH.€ochraceumóó€difficult€to€distinguishÐ 2!ü Ðwithout€making€stem€sections,€and€of€course€this€is€impossible€to€do€in€the€field.€Both€species€haveÐ "ä Ðparallel€green€or€reddish,€straight€or€falcate„leaved,€imbricate€or€spreading„leaved€forms,€and€thereÐ #Ê  Ðseems€to€be€a€wide€range€in€leaf€size.€There€is€also€speculation€that€the€outer€cortical€cells€may€beÐ æ#°! Ðshowing€differences€in€response€to€environmental€changes,€in€which€case€the€species€may€not€beÐ Ì$–" Ðseparable.€ð ðAn€exceedingly€variable€species.€.€.€.The€species€varies€virtually€continuously€in€nine€orÐ ²%|# Ðten€features,€which€have€been€used€singly€or€in€various€combinations€as€criteria€for€the€recognitionÐ ˜&b $ Ðfor€numerous€subspecific€taxa.ðð€(òòJamiesonóó,€thesis).€ð ðThe€alar€cells€are€enlarged,€ð ðblisteredðð,€moreÐ ~'H!% Ðwell„developed€than€in€òòH.€luridumóó,€the€stems€are€usually€more€or€less€julaceous€an€may€be€falcate.Ð d(."& ÐFruiting€material:€the€capsule€of€òòH.€luridumóó€has€a€persistent€annulus;€in€òòH.€styriacumóó€it€isÐ J)#' Ðdeciduous.ðð€(Jamieson,€voce).€Good€luck!Ð 0*ú#( ÐÌà  àò òH.€molleó ó€(Hedwig)€Loeske.€ð ðòòH.€molle€óómay€be€distinguished€from€other€species€in€the€genusÐ ü+Æ%* Ðby€the€broadly€ovate,€concave€leaves,€which€generally€taper€into€an€acute€but€blunt€point€and€oftenÐ 6 Ðdenticulate€apex,€the€undifferentiated€alar€cells,€and€the€inner€perichaetial€leaves€in€which€the€cellsÐ æ Ðon€the€abaxial€surface€of€the€leaf€apex€are€prorulateðð€òò(Jamiesonóó,€thesis).€For€distinctions€between€thisÐ Ì Ðand€òòH.€luridumóó,€see€chart€on€thesis,€p.€186.€Jamieson€suggests€we€ignore€the€discussion€in€Crum€andÐ è² ÐAnderson.Ð Î ˜ ÐÌà  àò òH.€ochraceumó ó€(Turner€ex€Wilson)€Loeske.€A€very€common€moss€on€wet€rocks€in€subalpineÐ š d Ðand€alpine€rivulets.€ð ð.€.€.a€polymorphic,€yet€very€distinctive€species,€which€may€be€distinguished.€.Ð ‚ L Ð.€by€the€dioicous€sexuality,€the€outer€layer€of€inflated€cortical€stem€cells,€the€variable€costa,€and€theÐ h 2 Ðnature€of€the€alar€cells.ðð€(òòJamiesonóó,€thesis).Ð N  ÐÌà  àò òH.€smithiió ó€(Swartz)€Brotherus.€ð ðMay€be€recognized€by€its€coarse,€rigid€habit€and€the€usuallyÐ ä  Ðbroadly€ovate€to€orbicular,€loosely€imbricated€to€spreading€leaves€and€the€stout,€generally€singleÐ Ì  Ðcosta.ðð€(òòJamiesonóó,€thesis).€This€is€a€rare€species€occurring€in€high,€wet€tundra€(òòH.€cochlearifoliumóó).€Ð è²  ÐÌà  àò òH.€styriacumó ó€(Limpricht)€Loeske.€We€have€one€collection,€from€Clear€Creek€Co.:€SummitÐ ´~  Ðof€Loveland€Pass,€at€inlet€of€small€pond€called€ð ðSummit€Lakeðð,€3,600€msm,€òòWeber€111133„34óóÐ œf Ð(verified€by€Jamieson,€2002).€ð ðòòH.€Ô_ÔsyriacumÔ_Ô€óólooks€like€a€ððweirdðð€òòluridumóó;€the€leaf€tip€is€flexedÐ ‚L Ðsideways,€the€leaf€base€is€bowed€out€more€than€in€other€species,€the€leaves€are€triangular€ovate,Ð h2 Ðwidest€just€above€the€base.€there€are€few€alar€cellsðð€(Jamieson,€voce).Ð N ÐÌà@ËË9ìàò òPalustriellaó ó€Ochyra,€1989ˆÐ ä ÐRef.:€Ochyra€(1989)Ð Ì ÐÌà  àò òPalustriella€falcataó ó€(Bridel)€Hedens.€A€moss€of€cold€running€water€of€streamlets€in€theРΘ Ðalpine€and€subalpine€(òòCratoneuron€falcatumóó).€We€had€been€calling€this€òòC.€commutatumóó,€but€theÐ ¶€ Ðspecies€does€not€occur€in€America.€Stems€pinnately€branched;€leaves€falcate„secund,€plicate,€broadlyÐ œf Ðtriangular„ovate,€abruptly€narrowed€at€the€base,€the€cells€linear;€paraphyllia€abundant€(strip€leavesÐ ‚L Ðfrom€the€stem),€linear,€2„3„cells€wide;€rhizoids€red,€branched,€with€thick€cell€walls;€alar€cells€notÐ h2 Ðdifferentiated€but€a€few€rows€of€basal€cells€inflated€or€much€enlarged.Ð N  ÐÌà@Ý Ý 0ìàò òPseudocalliergonó ó€(Limpricht)€Loeske,€1907€ˆÐ "ä ÐRef:€Hedens€(1990a)Ð #Ì  ÐÌà  àò òP.€angustifoliumó ó€Hedens.€€Fairly€common€in€subalpine€wetlands.€This€is€a€òòDrepanocladus„Ð Î$˜" Ðóólike€plant€with€essentially€straight€leaves,€little€branched€and€lax,€the€leaves€gradually€long„attenuateÐ ¶%€# Ðwith€very€slender€apex;€costa€ending€below€the€apex.€The€alar€cells€are€not€very€inflated€butÐ œ&f $ Ðrectangular,€with€thickened€walls€which€turn€yellow;€a€band€of€short,€almost€quadrate€cells€run€acrossÐ ‚'L!% Ðthe€leaf€base.€In€Scandinavia€the€plant€is€usually€in€calcium„rich€wetlands.€It€is€commonly€confusedÐ h(2"& Ðwith€òòDrepanocladus€aduncus,€óówhich€is€always€clear€green,€never€brownish,€reddish,€or€yellow.Ð N)#' ÐÌ€à  àò òP.€turgescensó ó€(T.€Jensen)€Loeske.€A€large,€sparingly€branched,€flaccid,€brown€moss€veryÐ +ä$) Ðslightly€falcate€and€with€broad€usually€obtuse,€concave€€leaves.€The€terminal€leaves€of€the€year€areÐ ,Ì%* Ðyellow„green.€Commonly€found€floating€in€rich€willow„peat€fens€and€forming€short,€dense€mats€in€Ð 6 Ðtundra€snow„melt€rills,€South€Park€and€vicinity.€See€Crum€&€Anderson€(1981)€vol.2,€p.€994„997€forÐ æ Ðexcellent€plates€and€discussion.€The€species€is€sterile€here.€Hedens€(1989,€1990)€feels€that€this€doesÐ Ì Ðnot€belong€to€either€òòScorpidiumóó€or€òòCalliergonóó€and€suggests€that€its€proper€designation€isÐ è² ÐòòPseudocalliergon€turgescensóó.€In€Scandinavia€it€is€considered€a€calciphile.€See€Hedens€(2002).€HeÐ Î ˜ Ðsays:òòò ò€óóó óð ðThe€species€is€always€sterile€here.€.€.€.ððThe€easily€detached€apical€shoot€buds,€a€means€ofÐ ´ ~ Ðvegetative€reproduction,€probably€partly€make€up€for€the€low€sporophyte€production.ððÐ š d ÐÌà@CC;ìàò òSanioniaó ó€Loeske,€1897ˆÐ f 0 ÐÌRef.:€Hedens€(1989c)Ð 4þ  ÐÌà  àò òSanionia€uncinataó ó€(Hedwig)€Loeske.€Very€common,€the€only€species€found€in€relatively€dryÐ Ê  Ðsites€in€the€montane€and€subalpine€forests,€at€the€bases€of€trees€and€shrubs,€and€up€to€the€tundra,€butÐ è²  Ðnot€in€the€wetter€fen€sites€(òòDrepanocladus€Ô_ÔuncinatusÔ_Ôóó).€The€clearly€plicate€leaves€suggest€òòHypnumРΘ  Ðrevolutumóó,€and€care€must€be€exercised€not€to€mistake€the€leaf€folds€of€that€species€for€a€costa.Ð ´~  ÐÌà@z z 3ìàò òScorpidiumó ó€(Schimper)€Limpricht,€1899ˆÐ €J ÐÌRef.:€à  àHedens€(1989a)Ð N ÐÌ1a.à0  àLarge€species€(stem€leaves€0.7„2.4€mm€wide);€stem€leaves€strongly€concave,€almost€orbicularÐ ä Ðand€obtuse€to€acuminate,€or€from€broadly€ovate€to€broadly€ovate„lanceolate€base€narrowedÐ Ê Ðto€apiculate,€acute,€or€acuminate€point,€falcate€or€(rarely)€straight;€costa€usually€double,€moreÐ æ° Ðrarely€single€or€lacking,€rarely€reaching€above€mid„leaf;€hyalodermis€of€stem€oftenÐ Ì– Ðincomplete.€ò òS.€scorpioidesó óв|(#(# Ð1b.à0  àSmall€species€(stem€leaves€0.45„1.09€mm€wide);€stem€leaves€concave,€from€ovate€to€ovate„Ð šd Ðlanceolate€base€narrowed€to€shortly€or€Ô_ÔlonglyÔ_Ô€acuminate€apex,€falcate;€costa€single,€endingÐ €J Ðin€upper€half€of€leaf;€hyalodermis€of€stem€complete.à‚#@"@"x(#.BBL(#(##à(2)ˆÐ f0 ÐÌ2a.à0  à€Mid„leaf€cells€(of€stem€leaves)€14„95(„120)€microns€long,€with€squared€to€shortly€Ô_ÔfusiformlyÔ_ÔÐ 2!ü Ðnarrowed€stem€cells.€Dioicous;€outer€peristome€layer€of€exostome€predominantly€(>70%)Ð "â Ðdotted€in€lower€part.€ò òS.€cossoniió óÐþ"È (#(# Ð2b.à0  àMid„leaf€cells€61„140(„178)€microns€long,€with€shortly€to€Ô_ÔlonglyÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔfusiformlyÔ_Ô€narrowed€cellÐ æ#°! Ðends.€Autoicous;€outer€peristome€layer€usually€predominantly€(40„50%)€cross„striolate€inÐ Ì$–" Ðlower€part.€ò òS.€revolvensó óв%|#(#(# ÐÌà  àò òS.€cossoniió ó€(Schimper)€Hedens.€This€resembles€somewhat€òòS.€revolvensóó,€but€is€a€smallerÐ €'J!% Ðplant€without€the€deep€golden„brown€color.€One€might€mistake€it€at€first€for€a€husky€òòDrepanocladusÐ h(2"& Ðaduncusóó,€but€the€color€is€variable€on€the€same€stem€(in€òòaduncusóó€always€green),€and€the€stem€isÐ N)#' Ðstouter,€the€branching€rather€stiffly€spreading€at€right€angles€(never€so€in€òòDrepanocladusóó)€the€leavesÐ 4*þ#( Ðare€very€strongly€circinate,€and€the€color€of€the€leaves€varies€from€young€to€old€from€yellowish„greenÐ +ä$) Ðthrough€pink€to€darker€reddish.€We€have€collections€from€many€counties,€in€subalpine€fens.€With€aÐ ,Ê%* Ðlittle€practice€it€can€be€distinguished€easily€in€the€field€without€a€lens.€One€caution:€when€the€leavesÐ 6 Ðare€stripped€from€the€stem,€often€some€of€the€stem€epidermis€comes€along€with€them.€The€stem€cellsÐ æ Ðare€inflated„rectangular,€and€often€red„brown.€They€may€be€mistaken€for€alar€cells€except€for€the€factÐ Ì Ðthat€they€begin€where€the€leaf€base€(as€measured€by€the€costa€base)€ends.€The€leaf€base€is€alsoÐ è² Ðslightly€decurrent€alongside€these€stem€cells.Ð Î ˜ ÐÌà  àA€òòDrepanocladusóó„like€pleurocarp€with€distinct€pinnate€branching,€closely€ranked€falcate„Ð š d Ðcircinate€leaves€forming€prostrate€mats.€The€color€alone€is€enough€to€separate€it€from€òòD.€aduncusóó,Ð € J Ða€clear€green€moss€for€which€it€has€been€repeatedly€mistaken.€The€òòScorpidiumóó€is€not€green,€but€hasÐ f 0 Ða€variety€of€brown€and€reddish€tints.€The€stem€is€stout€and€brown€here,€but€weak€and€slender€in€theÐ L  ÐòòDrepanocladusóó.€In€size€the€leaves€are€closer€to€the€òòDrepanocladusóó€than€to€òòScorpidium€revolvensóó,€andÐ 2ü  Ðthe€matte€appearance€according€to€Hedens€may€be€due€to€the€broader,€less€long„pointed€ends€of€theÐ â  Ðcells€of€the€glossy€€òòS.€revolvensóó.€The€species€is€not€confined€to€fens€but€evidently€is€common€enoughÐ þÈ  Ðin€stream„side€situations.€The€same€may€be€said€of€the€òòScorpidium.óó€It€seems€amazing€that€thisÐ ä®  Ðcommon€plant€has€only€recently€been€recognized€in€America.Ð Ê”  ÐÌà  àò òS.€revolvensó ó€(Swartz€ex€Anon.)€Rubers.€A€beautiful€dark€blackish„copper„colored€speciesÐ –` Ðof€alpine€fens€and€tundra€pools,€not€abundant€(òòDrepanocladus€revolvensóó).ò òó ó€The€leaves€commonly€areÐ ~H Ðquite€circinate,€much€more€so€than€in€òòS.€cossoniióó,€with€the€narrow€tip€curved€back€again.€The€alarÐ d. Ðcells€are€very€few€and€small.€The€terminal€branches€show€the€leaves€completely€curved€into€a€circle.Ð J ÐWith€experience,€the€shape€and€size€of€the€median€leaf€cells€is€critical.€In€òòS.€revolvensóó€the€leaf€cellsÐ 0ú Ðare€so€long€and€so€narrow€that€they€are€difficult€to€measure,€and€the€ends€of€the€cells€are€acute.€InÐ à ÐòòS.€cossoniióó€the€leaf€cells€are€elongate€but€their€borders€are€easily€discerned,€and€the€end€walls€areÐ üÆ Ðmore€blunt.€òòS.€cossoniióó€is€definitely€a€smaller€plant€and€more€pinnate.€See€Hedens€(1989),€forР⬠Ðdiscussion€of€this€and€òòScorpidium€cossonii€óó(dioicous)òò;€S.€revolvens€óóis€said€to€be€autoicous).Ð È’ ÐÌà  àò òS.€scorpioidesó ó€(Hedwig)€Limpricht.€Floating€in€pools€in€calcareous€subalpine€fens,€SouthÐ ”^ ÐPark€and€Guanella€Pass.€A€gigantic€water€moss,€with€€very€soft€and€pliant,€densely€foliate€stems€withÐ |F Ðshort€pinnate€branches.€No€other€aquatic€moss€looks€anything€like€this.€The€plant€is€black€except€forÐ b, Ðthe€very€apices€of€the€leaves€exposed€above€the€water€level.€The€leaves€are€short,€very€convex,€andÐ H  Ðfalcate„secund,€The€stems€reach€up€to€more€than€a€decimeter€long.Ð .!ø ÐÌà@008ìàò òStraminergonó ó€Hedens,€1993ˆÐ ú"Ä  ÐÌà  àò òStraminergon€stramineumó ó€(Bridel)€Hedens.€Common€in€very€wet€ground€along€the€edgesÐ È$’" Ðof€tundra€pools€and€in€shallow€water,€upper€subalpine€and€alpine.€When€growing€withÐ °%z# ÐòòSarmentypnumóó,€it€characteristically€is€light€green€in€color€and€has€fairly€narrow€leaves€with€roundedÐ –&` $ Ðtips€(òòCalliergon€stramineumóó).€The€leaf€tips€often€contain€one€or€more€colorless€cells€that€can€giveÐ |'F!% Ðrise€to€brown€rhizoids.Ð b(,"& ÐÌà@ªª9ìàò òWarnstorfiaó ó€Loeske,€1907ˆÐ .*ø#( ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€ovate€to€narrowly€ovate,€not€falcate,€the€upper€part€suddenly€narrowed€to€a€rounded„Ð ü+Æ%* Ðapiculate€apex,€often€bent€inwards€over€the€leaf.€ò òW.€sarmentosaó óÐ6(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€gradually€narrowed€to€the€apex,€usually€falcateà‚#@"@"x(#.  N(#(##à(2)ˆÐ è ÐÌ2a.à0  àShoots€distichously€branched,€never€red;€rhizoids€never€growing€from€the€leaves;€mostly€inÐ ê´ Ðnutrient„rich€habitats.€See€ò òDrepanocladusó óÐÐ š(#(# Ð2b.à0  àShoots€more€or€less€radially€branched,€most€distinct€when€growing€with€stem€in€verticalÐ ¸ ‚ Ðposition;€sometimes€with€red€coloration,€and€sometimes€with€rhizoids€growing€from€theÐ ž h Ðleaves;€in€less€nutrient„rich€situations.€ò òWarnstorfiaó óà‚#@"@"x(#.**M(#(##à(3)ˆÐ „ N ÐÌ3a.à0  àCosta€strongly€excurrent;€shoot€and€branch€apices€sometimes€pencil„like;€leaves€straight€orÐ R  Ðcurved.€ò òW.€trichophyllaó óÐ8 (#(# Ð3b.à0  àCosta€not€excurrent;€shoot€and€branch€apices€not€pencil„likeà‚#@"@"x(#.ÀÀT(#(##à(4)ˆÐ  ê  ÐÌ4a.à0  àAlar€groups€mostly€large,€triangular€and€well„delimited;€costa€rather€strong;€green€or€partlyÐ ì¶  Ðto€entirely€red€to€blackish„red€plants.€ò òW.€exannulataó óÐÒœ (#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àAlar€groups€either€large,€triangular€and€well„delimited,€or€indistinct€and€more€or€less€ovate;Ð º„  Ðcosta€weak€or€strong;€plants€usually€green€to€brownish,€hardly€ever€red,€but€sometimesÐ  j Ðreddish€brown.€ò òW.€fluitansó óІP(#(# ÐÌà  àò òW.€exannulataó ó€(Bruch€&€Schimper)€Loeske.€Common€in€still€water€of€subalpine€and€tundraÐ T Ðpools.€The€plants€are€usually€brown,€purplish€or€blackish.€The€curvature€of€the€leaves€is€usuallyÐ < Ðpronounced,€but€may€vary.€The€leaves€do€not€have€an€excurrent€costa,€and€are€distinctly€serrulateÐ "ì Ðespecially€near€the€apex.€The€alar€cells€are€inflated,€rectangular,€and€form€a€triangular€patch€thatÐ Ò Ðreaches€the€costa.Ð î¸ ÐÌà  àò òW.€fluitansó ó€(Hedwig)€Loeske.€Very€common€in€fens€and€still€water€of€ponds,€especially€inÐ º„ Ðthe€San€Juan€Mts.€€Nyholm€stated:€ð ðWhen€well„developed,€this€species€is€easily€known€andÐ ¢l Ðdistinguished€from€òòW.€exannulataóó.€.€.€by€its€stem€leaves€mostly€slightly€decurrent€and€distinctlyÐ ˆR Ðnarrowed€towards€the€base,€a€narrow€plano„convex€costa€reaching€about€half„way€up€the€leaf,Ð n8 Ðslightly€wider€leaf€cells,€longer€seta€and€larger€spores.ððÐ T  ÐÌà  àò òW.€sarmentosaó ó€(Wahlenberg)€Hedens.€Very€common€in€tundra€pools,€where€it€formsÐ  "ê Ðfloating€or€submerged€purple„red€masses€along€with€òòStraminergonóó.€Formerly€òòCalliergon€óóandÐ #Ò  ÐòòSarmentypnumóó.Ð î#¸! ÐÌà  àò òW.€trichophyllaó ó€(Warnstorf)€Tuomikoski€&€Koponen.€This€occurs€in€the€fens€of€GuanellaÐ º%„# ÐPass.€Most€other€reports€have€been€considered€to€be€misidentifications.€The€leaves€have€a€long,Ð ¢&l $ Ðexcurrent€costa,€the€alar€cells€are€large€(sausage„shaped),€and€the€leaf€margins€denticulate.€It€is€aÐ ˆ'R!% Ðbeautiful€red„purple€moss,€and€the€leaves€are€extraordinarily€long€and€tapering€to€a€needle„point.€OurÐ n(8"& Ðonly€collection€is€Clear€Creek€Co.:€Guanella€Pass,€3550€msm,€just€below€the€pass€along€trail€to€Mt.Ð T)#' ÐÔ_ÔBierstadtÔ_Ô;€in€shallow€water€on€margin€of€the€largest€pool€at€the€base€of€the€slope€beside€theÐ :*$( Ðboardwalk,€18€June€2000,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€110855óó.Ð   +ê$) ÐÖ€ON¾ÖÖ€PQ¾ÖJanuary€8,€2001à@  ?ìàò òANDREAEACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà0  àà ° àRef:€B.€Murray€(1987).ÐÎ(#(# ÐÌà  àThis€family€is€characterized€by€the€peculiar€dehiscence€of€the€capsule,€which€splits€into€fourÐ Ð š Ðvalves€with€the€valves€remaining€attached€at€the€top€and€bottom,€elastically€constricting€the€capsuleÐ ¶ € Ðin€the€manner€of€a€paper„lantern.€The€sporophyte€parts€are€not€strictly€homologous€to€those€in€otherÐ œ f Ðmosses,€so€that€this€family€forms€a€separate€class€of€mosses.€òòAndreaeaóó€is€a€very€slender„stemmedÐ ‚ L Ðmoss€growing€in€dense€tufts€on€granite€rocks,€usually€above€timberline.€The€stems€are€more€slenderÐ h 2 Ðthan€most€species€of€òòGrimmiaóó,€and€usually€there€are€at€least€a€few€of€the€characteristic€capsulesÐ N  Ðpresent.€òòDidymodon€subandreaeoidesóó€Kindberg,€a€very€similar€moss€that€forms€very€dense,€wideÐ 4þ  Ðð ðturfsðð€on€limestone€terraces€and€is€never€fertile€can€be€easily€mistaken€for€òòAndreaeaóó.Ð ä  ÐÌà  àThe€genus€òòAndreaeaóó€and€the€family€Andreaeaceae€are€named€for€Johann€Gerhard€ReinhardÐ æ°  ÐÔ_ÔAndreaeÔ_Ô€(1724„1793).€He€was€born€in€Hannover,€the€son€of€a€pharmacist.€After€training€in€aÐ Ì–  ÐFrankfurt€pharmacy,€he€studied€in€Leiden€and€England.€Returning€to€Hannover,€he€took€over€hisÐ ²|  Ðfatherððs€pharmacy.€He€did€field€work€in€Switzerland€and€became€interested€in€chemistry€andÐ ˜b Ðmineralogy,€describing€300€types€of€soils.€Besides€natural€history,€he€read€great€literature€in€variousÐ ~H Ðlanguages,€especially€loved€the€English€poets,€and€was€a€fine€pianist.€Friedrich€Ehrhart,€with€whomÐ d. Ðhe€worked,€named€this€genus€after€him€(Frahm€2001).Ð J ÐÌà@ýý;ìàò òAndreaeaó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ à ÐÌ1a.à0  àCosta€lacking;€leaves€lanceolate.€ò òA.€rupestrisó óÐä®(#(# Ð1b.à0  àCosta€present;€leaves€subulate.€ò òA.€heinemanniió óÐÌ–(#(# ÐòòÌà  àò òóóA.€heinemanniió ó€Hampe€&€Mller€Hal.€Very€rare,€on€granite€boulders€on€the€highest€peaks,Ð šd Ðour€records€from€Mount€Evans€and€Quandary€Peak.€Easily€distinguished€in€the€field€by€the€looselyÐ ‚L Ðspreading,€acuminate€leaves.€The€costa€is€weak,€flattened€above,€4„cell„layered€and€often€absent€inÐ h2 Ðthe€base€of€the€leaf.€Murray€states:€ð ðòòAndreaea€heinemanniióó€is€easily€identified€by€its€small€size,Ð N  Ðuntidy€look€due€to€divergent€leaf€€tips,€obtuse€leaf€apices,€the€more€or€less€flattened€subula€and€theÐ 4!þ Ðcosta€often€very€weak€or€lacking€basally.ððÐ "ä ÐÌà  àò òA.€rupestrisó ó€Hedwig.€More€frequent€than€the€last,€but€always€a€welcome€discovery.€AlthoughÐ æ#°! Ðmost€collections€are€from€alpine€tundra,€one€locality€in€Grand€County€was€from€boulders€along€aÐ Î$˜" Ðstream€in€subalpine€spruce€forest.Ð  ´%~# ÐÖ€qO¾ÖÖ€rP¾ÖJuly€18,€2004à@>ìàò òAULACOMNIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@FF6ìàò òAulacomniumó ó€Schwgrichen,€1804ˆÐ Î ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€small,€mostly€less€than€1.5€mm€long;€basal€leaf€cells€green,€not€distinctly€differentÐ Ò œ Ðfrom€the€upper€ones,€unistratose;€stems€charac‚teristically€with€a€terminal€pseudopodiumÐ ¸ ‚ Ðbearing€a€spherical€cluster€of€few„celled,€fusiform€gemmae;€habitat€on€rotting,€often€charred,Ð ž h Ðwood.€ò òA.€androgynumó óЄ N(#(# ÐØ! !ØÓ€ V(Eh83Ó1b.à0  àLeaves€larger,€2„4€mm€long;€basal€leaf€cells€often€enlarged,€bistratose;€pseudopodia,€whenÐ l 6 Ðpresent,€naked€or€bearing€relatively€few€green,€leaf„like,€many„celled€gemmae€in€an€erectÐ R  Ðflabelliform€cluster;€terrestrialà‚#@"@"x(#.nn9(#(##à(2)ˆÐ 8  ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€often€yellow„green,€variously€spreading,€contorted€when€dry.€Stems€matted€togetherÐ Î  Ðby€conspicuous€masses€of€red„brown€rhizoids.€Gemmae€usually€present.€ò òA.€palustreó óÐê´ (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€usually€green,€erect€and€imbricate,€not€contorted€when€dry.€Stems€separating€easily,Ð Òœ  Ðthe€rhizoids€largely€hidden€by€the€leaves.€Gemmae€absent.€ò òA.€imbricatumó ó€Ð¸‚ (#(# ÐÌÌà  àò òA.€androgynumó ó€(Hedwig)€Schwgrichen.€An€infrequent€species€of€a€very€specific€habitat:Ð l6 Ðrotten,€often€charred,€wood,€on€the€ground€on€slopes€from€the€foothills€canyons,€under€òòPseudo‚tsugaóóÐ T Ðto€the€subalpine€forests.Ð : ÐÌà  àò òA.€imbricatumó ó***.€€Restricted€to€the€highest€wet€alpine€areas.€This€is€a€plant€that€stronglyÐ Ð Ðsuggests€the€Arctic€òòA.€turgidum€óó(but€with€smaller€leaves)€or€òòA.€imbricatumóó€(but€with€rounded€leafÐ î¸ Ðapices).€Collections:€Boulder,€Clear€Creek,€Larimer,€Summit€Counties.€€This€has€been€consideredÐ Ôž Ðto€be€merely€a€high€altitude€modification€of€no€taxonomic€significance,€a€response€to€the€peculiarÐ º„ Ðclimatic€conditions€of€the€high€alpine€zone.€However,€this€form€never€produces€gemmae,€does€notÐ  j Ðexpose€its€rhizoids,€hence€the€stems€do€not€cling€to€each€other;€the€tufts€do€not€grow€intermixed€withÐ †P Ðother€mosses€and€tend€to€be€darker€green€rather€than€yellowish.€Vitt€(in€litt.)€has€grown€this€in€theÐ l6 Ðgreenhouse€and€reports€that€under€those€conditions€it€reverts€to€type,€but€we€have€not€seen€vouchersÐ R  Ðof€this.€We€believe€that€no€other€mosses€in€our€region€exhibit€such€a€pronounced€ecologicalÐ 8! Ðmodification.€€òòA.€imbricatum€óóis€extremely€well€developed€and€abundant€on€the€saddle€betweenÐ "è ÐMount€Evans€and€Mount€Epaulet,€at€13,500€ft.€alt.€Collections:€Boulder,€Clear€Creek,€Larimer,Ð #Î  ÐSummit€Counties.€Ð ê#´! ÐÌà  àThe€most€recent,€and€really€the€only€description€of€this€plant€is€given€in€C.€C.€Ô_ÔPedrottiÔ_Ô,€FloraÐ ¶%€# Ðdei€Ô_ÔmuschiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdððItaliaÔ_Ô:€Ô_ÔSphagnopsidaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔAndreaeopsidaÔ_Ô,€Bryopsida€(I€parte).€2001,€p.€686.€I€translate:Ð œ&f $ ÐÌà0  àð ðCushions€dense.€Stems€scarcely€tomentose;€leaves€erect„imbricate€and€acute,€linear„Ð h(2"& Ðlanceolate,€apex€obtuse,€margin€entire.€Vegetative€reproduction€absent.€Ecology:Ð N)#' ÐEnvironment€[Ô_ÔstessoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔambienteÔ_Ô]€similar€to€that€of€the€species,€subalpine€and€alpine€flats.Ð 4*þ#( ÐBecause€of€the€erect„imbricate€leaves€in€the€dry€state€it€may€be€confused€with€òòA.€turgidumóó,Ð +ä$) Ða€species€not€yet€reported€for€Italy€which€differs€in€having€ovate€leaves€with€obtuse€orÐ ,Ê%* Ðrounded€apices€[Ô_ÔspessoÔ_Ô]€cucullate„concave,€the€cells€not€or€scarcely€papillose€and€with€aÐ 6 Ðdistinctly€sinuose€costa.ððÐæ(#(# ÐÌà  àUsually€with€modifications€there€are€intermediate€forms€along€an€ecological€gradient.€ThisÐ è² Ðis€such€a€strikingly€different€plant€in€the€field€from€the€abundant€lower€altitude€òòA.€palustreóó€that€weÐ Î ˜ Ðfeel€justified€in€giving€it€specific€status,€especially€in€view€of€the€fact€that€it€occurs€in€isolated€tundraÐ ´ ~ Ðsites€in€Austria€(the€type€locality),€Norway,€Italy,€and€Russia€(Lake€Ô_ÔBaicalÔ_Ô).€Ð š d ÐÌà  àò òA.€palustreó ó€(Hedwig)€Schwgrichen.€One€of€the€most€abundant€mosses€of€wet€areas,Ð f 0 Ðoccurring€in€willow€swamps€and€fens€in€the€upper€montane€and€subalpine.€The€plants€typically€haveÐ N  Ðnarrow,€contorted€or€twisted€yellow„green€leaves€and€abundant€tomentum€on€the€stems.Ð  4þ  ÐÖ€wq¾ÖÖ€xr¾Öà@cc?ìàò òBARTRAMIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà0  àà ° àRef:€Flowers€(1952),€Griffin€(1989,€1998)ÐÎ(#(# ÐÌla.à0  àLeaves€from€a€more€or€less€clasping€or€sheathing,€differentiated€and€greatly€enlarged€basalÐ Ð š Ðportion,€the€lamina€subulate.€ò òBartramiaó óж €(#(# Ðlb.à0  àLeaves€from€a€non„clasping,€non„sheathing,€usually€ovate€base,€the€lamina€subulate€orÐ ž h Ðbroaderà‚#@"@"x(#.h h (#(##à(2)ˆÐ „ N ÐÌ2a.à0  àLamina€subulate€or€linear;€tufted€or€matted€plants€of€cliff„sides,€not€associated€with€seeps,Ð P  Ðsprings,€or€running€waterà‚#@"@"x(#.àà1(#(##à(3)ˆÐ 6  Ð2b.à0  àLamina€lanceolate€or€ovate;€with€terminal€branches€frequently€in€whorls,€with€the€spreading,Ð æ  Ðshort€branches€subtending€antheridial€buds;€plants€of€springs,€seeps,€streamsides€and€fens.Ð Ì  Ðò òPhilonotisó óÐè² (#(# ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€broadly€linear;€stem€3„angled€in€cross„section;€plants€with€erect€stems,€formingÐ ¶€  Ðrounded€tufts,€usually€fruiting.€ò òPlagiopusó óМf(#(# Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€with€subulate€lamina;€sterile€in€our€area.€ò òAnacoliaó óЄN(#(# ÐÌà@àà:ìàò òAnacoliaó ó€Schimper,€1876ˆÐ R ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Griffin€(in€litt.),€sterile€material€of€òòAnacoliaóó€can€be€distinguished€fromÐ  ê ÐòòBartramiaóó€by€the€cross„section€of€the€stem.€In€òòAnacolia€óóthe€cortical€cells€are€highly€mammillose,€andÐ Ð Ðthere€is€no€hyalodermis.€In€òòBartramia€óóa€hyalodermis€is€present€and€thus€the€cortical€layer€is€smooth.Ð ì¶ ÐThe€axillary€hairs€(difficult€to€make€out)€are€of€two€cells,€the€basal€one€more€or€less€quadrate€andÐ Òœ Ðbrown,€the€terminal€one€globose€and€hyaline.€In€òòBartramiaóó€they€are€of€3€or€more€cells,€the€terminalÐ ¸‚ Ðcell€elongate,€thick„€or€thin„walled,€the€intercalary€cells€hyaline€or€with€pigmented€cross„walls,€theÐ žh Ðbasal€cell(s)€sometimes€brown€(Griffin€1998).Ð „N ÐÌ1a.à0  àInner€basal€cells€elongate.€ò òA.€laevisphaeraó óÐP (#(# Ð1b.à0  àInner€basal€cells€quadrate€or€short„rectangular.€ò òA.€menziesiió óÐ8!(#(# ÐÌà  àò òA.€laevisphaera€ó ó(Taylor)€Flowers.€One€record€(verified€by€Flowers€and€by€Griffin)€fromÐ #Ð  Ðeroding€soil€over€sloping€granite€outcrop€on€west€side€of€Boulder€Falls.€The€site€has€been€destroyedÐ î#¸! Ðby€foot€traffic.€This€otherwise€barely€gets€into€the€United€States€in€New€Mexico€and€southernÐ Ô$ž" ÐArizona.€We€have€one€collection€from€northern€New€Mexico.Ð º%„# ÐÌà  àò òA.€menziesiió ó€(Turner)€Paris.€A€very€beautiful€moss,€forming€sprawling€mats.€Frequent€onÐ †'P!% Ðnorth„facing€granite€cliffs€in€the€Front€Range€near€Boulder.€òòA.€menziesiióó€roughly€follows€theÐ n(8"& Ðdistribution€of€the€redwood€forests€of€California,€with€outliers€in€northeastern€New€Mexico€andÐ T)#' Ðnorthwestern€Wyoming.Ð :*$( ÐÌÐ ,Ð%* Ðà@ÜÜ:ìàò òBartramiaó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ 6 ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€rigidly€erect„appressed,€the€shoulders€of€the€sheath€with€very€thin„walled,€elongateÐ Î Ðcells€that€often€appear€collapsed;€dioicous.€ò òBartramia€potosicaó óÐê´(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€laxly€appressed€to€flexuose;€synoicousà‚#@"@"x(#.ppE(#(##à(2)ˆÐ Ò œ ÐÌ2a.à0  àSeta€short,€3„4€mm€long;€endostome€rudimentary;€exclusively€high€alpine.€ò òB.€subulataó óО h(#(# Ð2b.à0  àSeta€long,€5„7€mm€long;€plants€of€middle€altitudes€up€to€subalpine.€ò òB.€ithyphyllaó óІ P(#(# ÐÌà  àò òB.€ithyphyllaó ó€Bridel.€A€fairly€common€species€of€the€subalpine€and€alpine,€the€onlyÐ T  ÐòòBartramiaóó€that€will€be€generally€met€with.€It€is€commonly€fruiting.Ð <  ÐÌà  àò òB.€potosicaó ó€Montagne.€A€rare€species,€this€occurs€on€rock€ledges€in€the€foothills€canyons,Ð Ò  Ðon€north„facing€cliffs.€It€appears€to€be€distributed€from€Larimer€to€El€Paso€County,€but€is€nowhereÐ ðº  Ðabundant.€It€is€always€sterile€here.€The€remarkable€sheath,€with€its€margin€of€thin„walled€cells,€atÐ Ö   Ðfirst€suggests€a€member€of€the€tropical€family€Ô_ÔCalymperaceaeÔ_Ô!€It€is€distributed€along€the€Front€RangeÐ ¼†  Ðof€Colorado€and€New€Mexico,€throughout€Mexico€and€Central€America,€and€in€the€Andes€from€PeruÐ ¢l Ðto€Argentina.€Its€occurrence€in€the€Front€Range€reinforces€the€pattern€of€very€ancient€TertiaryÐ ˆR Ðdisjunct€species.Ð n8 ÐÌà  àò òB.€subulataó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€A€very€rare€species€usually€occurring€on€wet€tundra€at€highÐ : Ðaltitudes,€known€in€Colorado€from€Summit€Lake€on€Mt.€Evans,€and€Blue€Lake€in€Summit€Co.Ð "ì ÐHowever,€our€best€material€comes€from€the€montane„subalpine€ecotone€along€Lost€Creek,€in€ParkÐ Ò ÐCounty,€where€it€occurs€on€wet€rocks€along€a€small€rivulet€in€the€wet€meadows€of€the€valley€floor.Ð î¸ ÐThe€very€short€and€stout€setae,€erect,€symmetrical€capsule€which€becomes€black€and€loses€itsÐ Ôž Ðperistome€at€maturity,€and€short,€stiffly€appressed€leaves€distinguish€it€from€òòB.€ithyphyllaóó.€InÐ º„ ÐAmerica€this€is€restricted€to€the€Rocky€Mountains€from€Colorado€to€Alaska.€Its€distribution€in€theÐ  j ÐOld€World€is€not€clear.Ð  †P ÐSven€Ô_ÔFransnÔ_Ô€has€provided€a€table€for€the€separation€of€our€species:Ð 6 ÐÌà@ -ìàò òSome€characters€of€Colorado€species€of€Bartramiaó óˆÐ Ì ÐÓ  ÓÌÒ.€UU,UU,UU°(#°(#.Òà@77_ àò òB.€ithyphyllaó óˆÐ Ð š Ðà@@ëàò òB.€potosicaó óˆÐ Ð š Ðà@’’ewàò òB.€subulataó óˆÐ Ð š Ðò òPeristomeó ó:€doubleÐ , ö Ðdoubleà0 “ àÐ, ö“›“› Ðsingle€or€lackingÐ , ö Ðà0  àà ° àò òCapsuleó ó:€asymmetric,Ð ‡ Q Ðinclined,€ca.€2€mmÐo 9 Ðà0 “ àà ; àasymmetric,€inclined,€ca.Ð ‡ Q Ð2mmÐm 7“›“› Ðrather€symmetric,€ca.€1€mm,Ð ‡ Q Ðerect€and€black€with€matureÐ m 7 Ðò òSetaó ó:€long,€straight,€5ð!ð29€mmÐ È’ Ðà0 “ àà ; àrather€short,€often€curved€toÐ È’ Ðone€side,€3ð!ð8€mmЮx “›“› Ðshort,€3.0ð!ð3.5€mmÐ È’ Ðò òSexuality:ó ó€synoicousÐ Ñ  ÐdioicousÐ Ñ  ÐautoicousÐ Ñ  Ðò òLeaf€lengthó ó:€2.5ð!ð5.5€mmà€1àˆÐ b,  Ð4ð!ð10€mm€when€not€brokenÐ b,  Ð1.5ð!ð2.5€mmÐ b,  Ðò òLeaf€tipsó ó:€usually€intactÐ ½‡  Ðusually€brokenÐ ½‡  Ðsometimes€brokenÐ ½‡  Ðà0  àà ° àò òUpper€leaf€cellsó ó:€longÐ â Ð(20ð!ð50ð%ð,€median€ca.Ð Ê  Ð35ð%ð),€mammillae€lowÐæ°  Ðà0 “ àà ; àshort€(15ð!ð30ð%ð,€median€ca.Ð â  Ð20ð%ð),€€mammillaeÐ þÈ  Ðhigh€Ðä® “›“› Ðà0  àà Ç àshort€(18ð!ð25ð%ð,€median€ca.Ð â  Ð20ð%ð),€mammillae€high€Ð þÈ (#(# ÐÒ.€UU,UU,UU°°.ÒÐ ?   ÐÓ  Óà@22:ìàò òPhilonotisó ó€Bridel,€1827ò òˆÐ %ï Ðó óÌ1a.à0  àLeaf€cells€with€a€single€papilla€projecting€from€the€lower€(proximal)€end;€perigonia€(maleÐ ó½ Ðbuds)€terminal€on€the€stems,€when€fresh€open€wide,€when€dry€appearing€nut„like;€someÐ Ù£ Ðmarginal€leaf€cells€with€a€projection€at€each€end,€suggesting€a€double€tooth.€ò òP.€fontanaó óп‰(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaf€cells€with€a€papilla€projecting€from€the€upper€end€or€from€both€ends;€perigonia€similar;Ð §q Ðmarginal€leaf€cells€with€a€single€projection€or€tooth.€ò òP.€marchicaó óÐW(#(# ÐÌà  àA€note€on€the€papillae:€When€a€fresh€leaf€is€placed€under€the€microscope,€little€round€objectsÐ [ % Ðwith€distinct€edges€can€be€seen€over€the€cell€lumen.€They€are€not€papillae.€The€papillae€are€notÐ A!  Ðdistinctly€margined,€but€can€be€seen€only€when€one€moves€the€objective€slowly€up€and€down.€TheÐ '"ñ Ðpapillae€are€visible€as€faint€mounds.€In€òòP.€fontana€óóthese€are€at€the€bases€of€the€cells.€In€òòP.€marchicaÐ  #× Ðóóthey€are€at€the€distal€ends.€Flowers€suggests€that€boiling€the€leaf€in€a€drop€of€Ô_ÔlactophenolÔ_Ô€will€makeÐ ó#½ Ðthe€papillae€more€obvious.Ð Ù$£ ÐÌà  àThe€plants€are€dioecious.€The€perigonial€(male)€shoots€have€strongly€appressed€leaves;€belowÐ ¥&o  Ðthese,€the€stems€of€the€previous€season€have€falcate€leaves.€The€perichaetial€(female)€stemsÐ ‹'U! Ðcommonly€have€radiating€whorls€of€subterminal€branches.€Entire€tufts€thus€will€either€be€male€orÐ q(;" Ðfemale€and€very€different€in€appearance.Ð W)!#  ÐÌà  àò òP.€fontanaó ó€(Hedwig)€Bridel.€Extremely€common€in€wet€places€throughout,€especiallyÐ #+í$" Ðabundant€on€seepage€areas€along€highways,€where€its€yellow„green€color€makes€it€easilyÐ  ,Õ%# Ðrecognizable€from€a€moving€car.€€The€subspecies€òòpumilaóó€(òòP.€tomentellaóó)€is€characterized€by€its€veryÐ 6 Ðdense,€compact€growth€form,€the€copious€production€of€tomentum,€the€non„plicate€leaves€that€areÐ æ Ðslenderly€acuminate€and€with€a€long„excurrent€costa.€This€expression€of€òòP.€fontanaóó€tends€to€be€mostÐ Ì Ðfrequent€at€very€high€latitudes€in€the€Northern€Hemisphere€and€at€high€elevations€in€the€temperateÐ è² Ðmountain€ranges.Ð Î ˜ ÐÌà  àò òP.€marchicaó ó€(Hedwig)€Bridel.€Evidently€relatively€uncommon.€Our€records€are€mostly€orÐ š d Ðall€from€the€San€Juan€Mountains.€It€possibly€is€restricted€to€areas€of€high€mineralization.Ð ‚ L ÐÌFurther€notes:€The€present€treatment€is€very€much€simplified€from€that€of€most€texts,€where€theÐ N  Ðspecies€and€varieties€are€legion.€Dana€Griffin€III€writes:€ð ðIn€his€dissertation€on€òòPhilonotisóó€for€NorthÐ 4þ  ÐAmerica€north€of€Mexico,€William€Ô_ÔZalesÔ_Ô.€a€student€of€Wilfred€Schofield,€attacked€the€òòP.€fontanaóóÐ ä  Ðcomplex€in€a€way€different€from€that€of€most€other€bryologists.€He€brought€several€specimens€intoÐ Ê  Ðculture€and€grew€them€in€light€boxes€and€in€the€greenhouses€at€Univ.€of€British€Columbia.€What€heÐ æ°  Ðfound€out€from€this€approach€is€that€many€of€the€characters€used€to€define€species€allied€to€òòP.€fontanaóóÐ Ì–  Ðare€(to€use€his€term€òòÔ_ÔecophenicÔ_Ôóó€characters).€Changes€in€the€local€environment€can€influence€theÐ ²|  Ðelaboration€of€these€characters.€In€other€words,€such€characters€form€a€very€poor€basis€on€which€toÐ ˜b Ðjustify€a€particular€taxon.€Ô_ÔZalesÔ_Ô€found€three€characters€that,€taken€together,€help€identify€òòP.€fontanaóó:Ð ~H ÐDiscoid€perigonia,€adaxial€cells€of€the€lower€lamina€with€postical€projections€and€some€marginalÐ d. Ðcells€showing€paired€teeth.€Ð J ÐÌà  àð ðThe€paired€teeth€character€needs€to€be€clarified.€For€Ô_ÔZalesÔ_Ô,€it€means€a€tendency€in€someÐ à Ðcontiguous€marginal€leaf€cells€to€develop€apposing€and€recurved€projections.€When€well€developed,Ð üÆ Ðthis€produces€a€ððdouble€toothðð€that€might€recall€the€bifid€teeth€in€the€leaves€of€some€Hookeriaceae.Р⬠ÐHowever,€here€we€are€not€dealing€with€a€bifid€tooth€(which€is€produced€by€a€single€mother€cell€thatÐ È’ Ðbifurcates€but€rather€two€side„by„side€projections€that€meet€and€then€curve€away€from€each€other.Ð ®x ЀÌà  àð ðIf€one€accepts€this€as€the€basis€for€identifying€òòP.€fontanaóó,€it€then€becomes€largely€a€matterÐ zD Ðof€taste€(sounds€better€than€bias)€how€many€subspecific€entities€one€wishes€to€recognize.€òòP.Ð `* Ðtomentellaóó,€also€known€as€òòP.€fontana€óóvar.òò€pumilaóó€is€characterized€at€the€varietal€level€by€its€veryÐ F  Ðdense,€compact€growth€form,€the€copious€production€of€tomentum,€the€non„plicate€leaves€that€areÐ ,!ö Ðslenderly€acuminate€and€with€a€long„excurrent€costa.€This€expression€of€the€species€tends€to€be€mostÐ "Ü Ðfrequent€at€very€high€latitudes€in€the€Northern€Hemisphere€and€at€high€elevations€in€temperateÐ ø"  Ðmountain€ranges.ððÐ Þ#¨! ÐÌà@==:ìàò òPlagiopusó ó€Bridel,€1826ò òˆÐ ª%t# Ðó óÌà  à€ò òP.€oederianaó ó€(Swartz)€Crum€&€Anderson.€This€species€forms€dense€and€extensive€sods€overÐ x'B!% Ðseeping€rocks€in€the€subalpine€and€lower€alpine€zones.€Mrs.€Nyholm€writes€(òòMoss€Flora€ofÐ `(*"& ÐÔ_ÔFennoscandiaÔ_Ôóó),€ð ðIn€moist,€deeply€shaded€habitats€the€tufts€become€shorter€and€denser€and€the€leavesÐ F)#' Ðshorter€and€more€crowded.€On€dry€alpine€rocks€forma€òòalpinaóó,€with€smaller€capsules,€grows€in€smallÐ ,*ö#( Ðtufts.ðð€This€form€is€very€abundant€in€the€upper€valley€of€Monte€Cristo€Creek€in€Summit€CountyÐ +Ü$) Ðbelow€Hoosier€Pass.Ð  ø+Â%* ÐÖ€}w¾ÖÖ€~x¾ÖÌSeptember€24,€2004à@šš=ìàò òBRACHYTHECIACEAEó óˆÐ æ ÐÌla.à0  àLeaves€concave,€cucullate,€rounded€at€the€apex€but€then€abruptly€extended€into€a€longÐ ê´ Ðfiliform€point;€stems€often€julaceous.€ò òCirriphyllumó óÐÐ š(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€without€the€above€combination€of€charactersà‚#@"@"x(#.PPJ(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ¸ ‚ ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€blunt„pointed€or€rounded€at€the€apex,€erect„spreading€when€moist,€serrulate€from€baseÐ „ N Ðto€apex;€costa€ending€below€the€leaf€apex,€the€terminal€cell€protruding€from€the€dorsal€sideÐ j 4 Ðof€the€lamina€as€a€small€spine.€ò òRhynchostegiumó óÐP (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€definitely€acute€or€acuminate;€variously€smooth€or€denticulate€along€the€margins;Ð 8  Ðcosta€not€protruding€as€a€dorsal€spineà‚#@"@"x(#.¦¦>(#(##à(3)ˆÐ è  ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€linear„lanceolate,€very€strongly€plicate,€appressed,€glossy;€basal€cells€notÐ ê´  Ðdifferentiated€from€the€median€onesà‚#@"@"x(#.44;(#(##à(4)ˆÐ К  Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€broader,€lanceolate€or€ovate,€plane€or€more€or€less€plicate;€basal€leaf€cells€shorter€andÐ ¶€  Ðbroader€than€the€median€cellsà‚#""w(#.665(#(##à(5).ˆÐ œf ÐÌ4a.à0  àStems€with€masses€of€brown€rhizoids€on€the€older€parts;€shoots€essentially€straight;€plantsÐ h2 Ðof€fens.€ò òTomentypnumó ó€(see€Campyliaceae)ÐN(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àStems€without€masses€of€rhizoids;€stems€with€the€branches€up„curved€when€dry,€of€a€shiningÐ 6 Ðgolden€color;€plants€of€vertical€cliff€faces€in€the€foothills.€ò òHomalotheciumó óÐæ(#(# ÐÌ5a.à0  àStems€complanate,€the€leaves€more€or€less€distant,€never€plicate;€alar€cells€not€differentiated.Ð ê´ Ðò òRhynchostegiumó óÐК(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àStems€not€complanate,€the€leaves€usually€not€distant,€often€imbricate,€plane€or€plicate;€alarÐ ¸‚ Ðcells€usually€differentiatedà‚#@"@"x(#.NN4(#(##à(6)ˆÐ žh ÐÌ6a.à0  àSmall€plants€in€deep€compact€cushions€on€moist€calcareous€sandstone€cliffs€or€ledges;€leavesÐ j4 Ðnever€plicate;€margin€serrate,€the€teeth€at€the€leaf€base€often€double€and€recurved;€short„Ð P  Ðcylindric€gemmae€commonly€produced€along€the€costa€near€the€leaf€apex.€ò òConardiaó óÐ6!(#(# Ð6b.à0  àMedium„sized€to€large€plants€on€the€forest€floor,€soil€of€Ô_ÔcanyonsidesÔ_Ô,€fens,€or€tundra;€leavesÐ "è Ðplane€or€plicate;€teeth€of€leaf€base€not€as€above;€gemmae€absent.€ò òBrachytheciumó óÐ#Î (#(# ÐÌMarch€8,€2004à@ËË7ìàò òBrachythecium€ó óSchimper,€1853ˆÐ Ò$œ" ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€strongly€falcate„secund,€almost€circinate€(resembling€òòHypnumóó€or€òòDrepanocladusóó),Ð  &j $ Ðbiplicate;€branches€strongly€pinnate€and€also€curved;€plants€in€extensive,€tight€mats€(as€in€òòB.Ð †'P!% Ðcollinumóó).€ò òB.€leibergiió óÐl(6"&(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€either€straight€or€sometimes€falcate€but€never€circinate,€and€largerà‚#@"@"x(#.èèc(#(##à(2)ˆÐ T)#' ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaf€margins€entire€or€nearly€so,€sometimes€slightly€serrulate€at€the€apex€only;€seta€smoothÐ  +ê$) Ð(or€nearly€so)à‚#@"@"x(#.: : &(#(##à(3)ˆÐ ,Ð%* Ð2b.à0  àLeaf€margins€serrulate€in€the€upper€half€or€sometimes€to€the€base;€seta€rough€or€smooth€€€€€Ð 6 Ðà‚#F!F!s(#.(#(##à€€€€€à€@>">"x(#(#(#à(5)ˆÐ æ ÐÌ3a.à0  àPlants€robust,€in€loose,€somewhat€shiny,€green€or€golden„brown€tufts,€the€stems€subjulaceous,Ð è² Ðerect„ascending,€sparsely€branched,€the€leaves€appressed;€strictly€alpine;€autoicous.€ò òB.Ð Î ˜ Ðturgidumó óж €(#(# Ð3b.à0  àPlants€of€medium€size,€mostly€creeping,€much€branched;€dioicousà‚#@"@"x(#.––W(#(##à(4)ˆÐ ž h ÐÌ4a.à0  àLeaves€narrowly€lance„ovate,€gradually€narrowed€to€long€acumen,€appressed€to€the€stem€(asÐ j 4 Ðif€combed);€the€branches€short,€curved€at€the€tips,€flattened;€plants€growing€in€dry€duff€onÐ P  Ðforest€floors,€light€yellow„green.€ò òB.€erythrorrhizonó óÐ6 (#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€broadly€ovate,€more€abruptly€narrowed,€concave,€some€somewhat€falcate,€the€basesÐ è  Ðrounded€to€the€Ô_ÔtheÔ_Ô€stem,€very€slightly€decurrent€and€producing€a€shaggy€appearance;€plantsÐ Î  Ðof€more€moist€sites,€green.€ò òB.€salebrosumó ó€Ðê´ (#(# ÐÌ5a.à0  àPlants€small;€leafy€stems€less€than€or€2€mm€wide;€leaves€1€mm€long,€not€plicate;€capsulesÐ ¸‚  Ðshortà‚#@"@"x(#.˜˜(#(##à(6)ˆÐ žh ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àPlants€medium„sized€to€somewhat€robust;€leafy€stems€more€than€1€mm€wide;€stem€leaves€1.5Ð „N Ðmm€long€or€more,€entire,€often€plicate;€capsules€often€elongateà‚#@"@"x(#.˜˜W(#(##à(9)ˆÐ j4 ÐÌ6a.à0  àPlants€true€green;€stems€not€julaceous,€leaves€spreadingà‚#""w(#.^^P(#(##à(7).ˆÐ 6 Ð6b.à0  àPlants€bright,€yellow„green,€mats€not€soft€or€silky;€stems€julaceous,€leaves€appressedà‚#@"@"x(#.p!p!n(#(##à(8)ˆÐ æ ÐÌ7a.à0  àPlants€in€soft,€dark€green,€silky€mats;€leafy€stems€less€than€1€mm€wide;€branch€leavesÐ è² Ðserrulate€throughout;€leaves€somewhat€falcate,€long„tapering€to€the€slender€point;€alar€cellsРΘ Ðin€a€short€group,€not€nearly€reaching€the€costa.€€ò òB.€velutinumó óд~(#(# Ð7b.à0  àPlants€with€bright€green€foliage,€not€in€silky€mats;€leafy€stems€broader;€leaves€concave,Ð œf Ðabruptly€narrowed€to€a€slender€tip,€very€faintly€serrulate€near€the€apex;€alar€cells€moreÐ ‚L Ðnumerous,€reaching€close€to€the€costa.€ò òB.€plumosumó óÐh2(#(# ÐÌ8a.à0  àCapsules€straight€and€erect.€ò òB.€fendlerió óÐ6!(#(# Ð8b.à0  àCapsules€inclined€to€horizontal.€ò òB.€collinumó óÐ"è(#(# ÐÌ9a.à0  àLeaves€1.5€mm€long,€broadly€ovate,€acuminate,€decurrent,€1.5€mm€long;€seta€rough€(useÐ ì#¶! Ðmicroscope).€ò òB.€oedipodiumó óÐÒ$œ"(#(# Ð9b.à0  àLeaves€over€1.5€mm€long;€seta€(smooth€or€rough)à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.||G(#(##à(10)ˆÐ º%„# ÐÌ10a.à0  àStem€leaves€triangular„ovate,€slenderly€long„acuminate;€alar€cells€inflated,€forming€auricles;Ð †'P!% Ðseta€rough;€weak€plants€of€subalpine€willow€fens.€ò òB.€nelsoniió óÐl(6"&(#(# Ð10b.à0  àStem€ovate,€but€not€triangular;€leaves€more€or€less€abruptly€acute€or€shortly€acuminate.€.€.à‚#’"’"x(#.ì"ì"t(#(##àà‚#@’"’"x(#.""o(#(##àà‚#@’"’"x(#.""o(#(##à€€€ˆÐ T)#' Ðà  àà‚Ü!Ü!w(#.à(11)ˆÐ :*$( ÐÌ11a.à0  àLeaves€entire€or€minutely€denticulate;€alar€cells€inflated,€numerous€across€the€leaf€base;€wiryÐ ,Ð%* Ðplants€tending€to€have€the€branches€erect€or€arching€on€seeping€forest€slopes€and€edges€ofÐ 6 Ðswiftly€flowing€streams.€ò òB.€rivulareó óÐæ(#(# Ð11b.à0  àLeaves€distinctly€serrate,€especially€near€the€apex;€alar€cells€small,€not€inflated€norÐ Î Ðconspicuous€;€plants€soft€in€texture;€on€rocks€in€ravines,€but€not€in€really€wet€sites.€ò òB.Ð ê´ Ðacuminatumó óÐÒ œ(#(# ÐÌà  àò òB.€acuminatum€ó ó(Hedwig)€Austin.€A€mid„western€species,€recently€discovered€in€BoulderÐ   j ÐCounty,€in€the€Boulder€Mountain€Parks,€in€the€saddle€between€Green€Mountain€and€FlagstaffÐ ˆ R ÐMountain,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€112049,óó€and€in€El€Paso€Co.:€Williams€Canyon,òò€Weber€&€WittmannÐ n 8 Ð113146.€óóWe€do€not€believe€it€to€be€distributed€widely€over€Colorado,€for€it€evidently€belongs€to€aÐ T  Ðgroup€of€plants€that€are€relictual€on€the€east€side€of€the€mountains.€The€leaves€are€appressed€whenÐ :  Ðdry,€the€branch€tips€not€curved,€leaves€spreading€at€a€narrow€angle€when€moist;€leaves€biplicate,Ð  ê  Ðshortly€acuminate,€recurved€in€the€lower€half,€the€margins€serrulate€distally;€costa€vanishing€belowÐ Ð  Ðthe€acumen;€alar€cells€numerous,€quadrate,€the€cells€across€the€base€of€the€leaf€similar.Ð ì¶  ÐÌà  àò òB.€collinumó ó€(Mller€Hal.)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€Our€most€abundant€species€on€slopes€in€theÐ ¸‚  Ðouter€foothills€where€it€inhabits€sites€that€are€dry€except€in€springtime.€It€also€occurs€in€optimumÐ  j Ðmoss€tundra€and€probably€throughout€the€middle€altitudes.€Along€with€òòB.€fendlerióó,€it€is€our€smallestÐ †P Ðspecies.€The€plants€are€yellow„green,€with€short€and€commonly€julaceous€branches;€the€leaves€areÐ l6 Ðclosely€spaced€along€the€stem,€non„plicate,€convex,€appressed,€and€are€sharply€serrate€from€apex€toÐ R Ðnear€the€base.€The€alar€cells€are€numerous€and€quadrate.€Fortunately,€it€fruits€in€the€lower€foothills,Ð 8 Ðwhere€it€occurs€with€òòB.€fendlerióó€and€is€distinguished€by€the€inclined€rather€than€erect€capsules.€òòB.Ð è Ðcollinum,€B.€fendleri,€B.€curtum,€óó€òòB.€leibergiióó,€and€òòB.€velutinumóó€form€a€group€of€species€that€haveÐ Î Ðmuch€smaller€leaves€(1„1.5€mm€long)€than€the€group€that€includes€òòB.€erythrorrhizon,€B.€nelsonii,€óóandòòÐ ê´ ÐB.€rivulareóó.РК ÐÌà  àò òB.€erythrorrhizon€ó óBruch€&€Schimper.€Our€most€abundant€species€in€the€forested€regions.Ð œf ÐOur€records€are€scattered€through€the€middle€altitudes€and€upper€subalpine,€where€it€occurs€on€theÐ „N Ðforest€floor€and€over€rotting€wood.€In€suburban€areas€it€commonly€occurs€mixed€with€òòCeratodonÐ j4 Ðpurpureusóó€and€òòHypnum€cupressiformeóó€in€poorly€drained€areas€of€lawns.€The€plant€forms€loose,Ð P  Ðspreading€patches,€with€light€green€or€straw„colored€foliage,€long„acuminate,€slightly€falcate,€plicateÐ 6! Ðleaves,€so€that€the€branches€are€somewhat€curved.€At€intervals€along€the€stem,€there€are€clusters€ofÐ "æ Ðlong,€reddish€brown€rhizoids,€hence€the€specific€epithet€òòerythrorrhizonóó.òòóóÐ #Ì  ÐÌà  àLawton€identified€a€specimen€(òòHermann€23257aóó)€from€Box€Canyon,€Ouray,€as€òòB.Ð Î$˜" ÐÔ_ÔasperrimumÔ_Ôóó.€The€branches€are€distinctly€falcate,€the€leaf€margin€is€faintly,€not€strongly€serrulate,€andÐ ´%~# Ðthere€are€no€capsules.€In€òòB.€Ô_ÔasperrimumÔ_Ôóó€the€seta€is€very€strongly€papillose.€In€the€absence€of€moreÐ š&d $ Ðand€better€material€I€would€hesitate€to€add€òòB.€Ô_ÔasperrimumÔ_Ôóó€to€the€list.Ð €'J!% ÐÌà  àò òB.€fendlerió ó€(Sullivant)€Ô_ÔJgerÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔSauerbeckÔ_Ô.€Frequent€in€rocky€Ô_ÔcanyonsidesÔ_Ô€in€the€outerÐ L)#' Ðfoothills,€especially€in€the€southern€counties.€The€erect€capsule€serves€to€distinguish€this€from€theÐ 4*þ#( Ðvery€closely€related€òòB.€collinumóó.€Evidently€òòB.€fendlerióó€is€a€plant€of€the€southern€counties€or€in€lowÐ +ä$) Ðelevations€elsewhere.€There€should€be€some€vegetative€distinction,€but€thus€far€we€have€not€foundÐ ,Ê%* Ðany€significant€one.Ð 6 ÐÌà  àò òB.€leibergiió ó€Grout.€A€species€of€the€Pacific€Northwest,€known€in€Colorado€only€by€a€singleÐ Ì Ðexcellent€collection€from€dry€spruce€forests€in€the€Park€range€in€Routt€County€and€in€BoulderÐ ê´ ÐCounty.€With€its€small,€strongly€falcate„secund€leaves,€this€is€like€no€other€òòBrachytheciumóó,€andÐ Ð š Ðexcept€for€the€costa,€it€might€be€mistaken€for€a€tiny€òòHypnumóó.€It€is€a€very€much€smaller€plant€than€Ð ¶ € ÐòòSanionia€uncinataóó,€which€also€combines€a€costa€with€falcate€leaves,€and€its€habitat€separates€it€fromÐ œ f ÐòòDrepanocladusóó.€The€seta€is€rough.Ð ‚ L ÐÌà  àò òB.€nelsoniió ó€Grout.€A€beautiful€species€of€wet€ground€in€willow€fens€and€wet€tundra.€It€doesÐ N  Ðnot€occur€along€flowing€streamlets€and€is€a€plant€of€high€altitudes.€It€usually€does€not€form€denseÐ 6  Ðclumps.€The€branching€is€pinnate,€with€the€lateral€branches€more€or€less€at€right€angles€with€the€stem.Ð æ  ÐThe€stem€leaves€are€very€translucent,€rather€remotely€spaced,€and€are€broadly€triangular€ovate,€withÐ Ì  Ðdistinctly€auriculate€alar€cell€groups.€The€branch€leaves€are€distinctly€smaller€(òòB.€latifoliumóóÐ è²  ÐKindberg.€Based€on€òòHypnum€latifolium€óóLindberg,€1879,€not€Taylor€1848).РΘ  ÐÌà  àò òB.€oedipodiumó ó€(Mitten)€Ô_ÔJgerÔ_Ô.€This€relatively€small€species€is€fairly€common€in€dry€forestsÐ šd Ðin€the€montane€and€subalpine.€The€leaves€are€small,€and€serrulate€or€serrate,€so€one€might€think€itÐ ‚L Ðto€be€a€very€loosely€branched€form€of€òòB.€collinum.óó€However,€the€branches€are€not€julaceous,€theÐ h2 Ðleaves€are€weakly€serrate,€the€quadrate€alar€cells€are€larger€(about€20€ððm)€and€there€are€some€oblongÐ N Ðcells€along€the€basal€margin.€The€seta€is€rough.€Crum€and€Anderson€state€that€this€is€the€plant€thatÐ 4þ Ðhas€been€called€òòB.€starkei€óóandòò€B.€curtumóó€in€American€floras.Ð ä ÐÌà  àò òB.€plumosumó ó€(Hedwig)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€A€very€uncommon€species,€of€which€we€haveÐ æ° Ðonly€a€one€collection:€òòHermann€23652€(B„38552)óó,€Larimer€Co.:€Moist€face€of€granite€boulder€alongРΘ Ðtrail€near€summit€of€Ô_ÔGreyrockÔ_Ô€Mt.,€7,400€ft.,€10.5€mi€WNW€of€Ô_ÔLaPorteÔ_Ô.€Some€specimens€ofÐ ´~ ÐòòEurhynchium€pulchellum€óóhave€been€called€this€by€Lawton,€but€in€that€species€the€leaves€are€stronglyÐ šd Ðserrate€and€with€a€blunt€or€even€rounded€apex.€Flowers€does€not€appear€to€have€understood€thisÐ €J Ðspecies€either.€His€Colorado€collections€belong€to€òòB.€oedipodiumóó.€òòB.€plumosumóó€does€not€appear€toÐ f0 Ðhave€very€slender€points€except€under€the€microscope.€Ô_ÔIfindÔ_Ô€the€rather€short,€not€filiform,€andÐ L  Ðabruptly€narrowed€apex,€combined€with€the€concave€leaves,€good€for€recognition.€The€leaves€areÐ 2!ü Ðconcave,€somewhat€spreading€and€often€turned€to€one€side.€Very€few€treatments€do€a€good€job€ofÐ "â Ðfinding€distinctiveness,€but€it€is€one€of€a€few€species€that€have€small€bright€green€leaves.Ð þ"È  ÐÌà  àò òB.€rivulareó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€An€abundant€species€wherever€there€are€springs€and€moss„Ð Ê$”" Ðlined€forest€seeps€and€brooks.€This€is€really€an€easy€species€to€recognize.€Most€other€forest€speciesÐ ²%|# Ðof€òòBrachytheciumóó€are€soft,€forming€flat€mats€on€the€ground.€Unlike€them,€òòB.€rivulare€óóis€stiff€andÐ ˜&b $ Ðsomewhat€wiry,€with€somewhat€arching€stems€with€erect,€not€overlapping,€branches€(some€call€theseÐ ~'H!% Ðsomewhat€dendroid!).€The€stem€leaves€are€strongly€decurrent,€and€are€difficult€to€remove€with€aÐ d(."& Ðtweezers.€The€stem€leaves€are€larger€than€the€branch€leaves.€The€leaves€are€broadly€ovate,€the€apexÐ J)#' Ðacute€but€not€drawn€out,€with€the€costa€not€entering€the€acumen.€Very€large€patches€of€inflated€alarÐ 0*ú#( Ðcells€continue€down€the€decurrent€margin€of€the€leaf.€The€leaves€are€entire€or€very€faintly€denticulateÐ +à$) Ðin€the€uppermost€part.Ð ü+Æ%* Їà  àò òB.€salebrosumó ó€(Weber€&€Mohr)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€Evidently€very€infrequent.€Often€òòB.Ð 6 Ðerythrorrhizonóó€has€been€mistaken€for€this.€But€the€leaves€in€òòB.€salebrosumóó€are€not€appressed€to€theÐ è Ðstem,€nor€do€they€have€a€combed€appearance,€and€they€are€deep€green.€The€bases€of€the€leaves€bowÐ Î Ðout€so€that€the€stem€is€subjulaceous.€The€leaf€arrangement€is€somewhat€loose€and€has€a€shaggyÐ ê´ Ðappearance.€The€stem€tips€are€usually€somewhat€falcate.€The€alar€cells€are€quadrate€and€generallyÐ Ð š Ðnot€very€clear€in€contents.€We€have€collected€a€fine€set€of€specimens€from€the€vicinity€of€CaribouÐ ¶ € Ðmountain€peat€ð ðbog,ðð€at€10,000€feet,€in€peaty€soil€on€a€spring€bank€under€willows,€òòWeber€&Ð œ f ÐWittmann€B„11742óó.€However,€it€is€very€infrequent€in€our€experience.Ð ‚ L ÐÌà  àò òB.€turgidumó ó€(Hartman)€€Kindberg.€A€robust€species,€generally€growing€in€almost€erectÐ N  Ðclumps,€and€is€the€only€large€òòBrachytheciumóó€occurring€in€moist€tundra.€The€stems€are€more€or€lessÐ 6  Ðerect,€very€sparsely€branched,€and€subjulaceous.€The€leaves€are€densely€packed,€plicate,€2.5„3.0€mmÐ æ  Ðlong,€abruptly€narrowed€to€an€acuminate€tip,€€and€strongly€appressed€to€the€stem.€It€is€said€to€be€aÐ Ì  Ðcalciphile,€but€it€does€not€seem€to€be€thus€in€Colorado.€We€have€specimens€from€BL,€CC,€EA,€GA,Ð è²  ÐLK,€PA,€ST.РΘ  ÐÌà  àò òB.€velutinumó ó€(Hedwig)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€This€species€has€been€found€in€the€outer€foothillsÐ šd Ðin€the€òòPseudotsugaóó€zone€near€Boulder.€It€is€not€common,€and€occurs€in€extensive€mats€on€verticalÐ ‚L Ðfaces€of€shaded€boulders€near€small€streams.€The€leaves€are€small,€as€in€òòB.€collinumóó,€but€they€areÐ h2 Ðwidely€spreading,€falcate,€and€not€at€all€julaceous,€and€the€foliage€is€dark€green,€not€straw„coloredÐ N Ðas€in€òòB.€oedipodiumóó.Ð 4þ ÐÌà@³³9ìàò òCirriphyllumó ó€Grout,€1898ˆÐ Ê ÐÌà  àò òC.€cirrosumó ó€(Schwgrichen)€Grout.€This€occurs€in€the€upper€subalpine€and€alpine€zones€onРΘ Ðwet€tussocks€in€tundra.€Often€it€occurs€as€scattered€solitary€stems€mixed€with€other€mosses,€butÐ ¶€ Ðoccasionally€pure€stands€occur€as€loose€mats.€òòC.€brandegeióó€(Austin)€Grout€does€not€appear€to€beÐ œf Ðmore€than€an€ecological€modification,€said€to€differ€by€a€more€caespitose€habit,€looser€leaf€cellÐ ‚L Ðareolation,€and€an€entire€rather€than€denticulate€acumen.Ð h2 ÐÌà@II8ìàò òConardiaó ó€H.€Robinson,€1976ˆÐ 4!þ ÐÌà  àò òC.ó ó€ò òcompactaó ó€(Mller€Hal.)€H.€Robinson€This€very€much€resembles€òòAmblystegium€serpensóó,Ð #Ì  Ðbut€the€leaves€are€distinctly€serrulate€from€base€to€apex,€the€median€cells€are€longer€and€narrowerÐ ê#´! Ð(sometimes€up€to€10:1),€the€costa€going€well€into€the€apex,€often€expanding€there,€and€stouter€thanÐ Ð$š" Ðin€òòA.€serpensóó.€A€very€good€separating€characteristic€is€the€conspicuous€serrations,€often€recurved,Ð ¶%€# Ðalong€the€basal€margin.€Also,€the€long€,€narrow€median€leaf€cells€separates€it€from€òòAmblystegiumÐ œ&f $ Ðserpensóó,€and€the€well„developed€costa€from€òòIsopterygiopsisóó.€€Fertile€specimens€may€be€distinguishedÐ ‚'L!% Ðfrom€òòAmblystegiumóó€because€the€operculum€has€a€narrowed€beak€in€òòC.€compactaóó€but€is€conical€inÐ h(2"& ÐòòAmblystegiumóó.€When€the€characteristic€gemmae€are€present€there€is€no€problem.€òòC.€compacta€óóÐ N)#' Ðappeared€to€be€restricted€to€calcareous€sandstone€cliffs€and€ledges€at€low€altitudes,€but€we€find€itÐ 4*þ#( Ðespecially€abundant€at€High€Creek€Fen!€We€also€have€collections€from€Boulder,€Gunnison,€andÐ +ä$) ÐMontezuma€counties.€The€plant€is€light€green,€often€rather€densely€matted€and€mixed€with€calcareousÐ ,Ê%* Ðdeposits,€which€the€moss€evidently€is€instrumental€in€accumulating€into€a€travertine€depositÐ 6 Ð(òòRhynchostegiella€compactaóó).Ð æ ÐÌà@¯¯7ìàò òHomalotheciumó ó€Schimper,€1851ˆÐ è² ÐÌà0  àà ° àRef:€Ô_ÔHofmannÔ_Ô€(1998)ж €(#(# ÐÌà  àò òH.€nevadenseó ó€(Lesquereux)€Ô_ÔRenauldÔ_Ô€&€Cardot.€One€of€the€most€beautiful€mosses€of€our€area.Ð ‚ L ÐWhen€moist,€its€large€size,€more€or€less€regularly€pinnate€branching€and€burnished€golden€color€isÐ j 4 Ðvery€attractive€on€cliff„sides.€When€dry€the€species€has€a€totally€different€aspect,€with€the€short€lateralÐ P  Ðbranches€having€their€leaves€strongly€appressed€and€the€axes€curved€upwards,€of€a€distinctly€goldenÐ 6  Ðcolor€with€little€green.€It€is€always€sterile€here.€Our€collections€are€mostly€from€the€outer€foothillsÐ æ  Ðof€the€Front€Range,€but€we€have€one€collection€from€Moffat€County:€Yampa€River€Canyon,€€òòLehrÐ Ì  Ð2020€(B„113301).€óóThe€species€is€probably€restricted€to€relatively€low€altitudes.Ð è²  ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔHofmannÔ_Ô€(1998)€recognizes€subsp.€òònevadenseóó€and€subsp.€òòÔ_ÔaeneumÔ_Ôóó€(Mitten)€Ô_ÔHofmannÔ_Ô,€andÐ ´~  Ðcited€specimens€of€each€subspecies€from€Boulder€Canyon,€which€seems€unlikely.€In€subsp.€òòÔ_ÔaeneumÔ_ÔóóÐ šd Ðthe€alar€cells€are€2„7€along€the€margin€of€detached€leaves,€more€clearly€visible,€and€mainly€quadrate,Ð €J Ðand€in€subsp.€òònevadenseóó€the€alar€cells€are€1„4€along€the€leaf€margin,€less€clearly€visible,€and€mainlyÐ f0 Ðirregular€in€shape.€The€capsule€is€curved€to€rarely€nearly€straight€in€subsp.€òòÔ_ÔaeneumÔ_Ôóó,€and€straight€orÐ L Ðrarely€somewhat€curved€in€subsp.€òònevadenseóó.€Our€plants€have€never€been€found€in€fruit.€Furthermore,Ð 2ü Ðthere€seems€to€be€no€clear€geographic€separation.Ð â ÐÌò òó óà@  3ìàò òRhyn‚chostegiumó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper,€1853ˆÐ ä® ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€complanate,€ovate,€weakly€serrulate,€narrowed€to€a€fine,€twisted€point.€ò òR.€serrulatumó óв|(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€not€complanate,€strongly€serrulate,€the€apex€broadly€acute€or€obtuse.€ò òR.€pulchellumó óКd(#(# ÐÌà  àò òR.€pulchellumó ó€(Hedwig)€H.€Robinson.€This€is€very€characteristic€of€mesic€òòPseudotsugaóóÐ h2 Ðstands€on€moderate€to€steep€slopes€on€north„facing€slopes€in€the€foothill€canyons.€Once€recognized,Ð P  Ðit€is€easy€to€know.€The€leaves€are€short,€broad,€triangular„ovate,€and€serrulate€from€base€to€apex.Ð 6! ÐEven€under€a€hand„lens€the€neatly€rounded,€serrate€apices€on€the€glossy€leaves€spreading€at€a€45Ð "æ Ðdegree€angle€€have€a€very€characteristic€appearance€shared€by€no€other€species.€òòóóMacroscopically€itÐ #Ì  Ðmight€be€mistaken€for€a€species€of€òòBrachythecium.óóÐ è#²! ÐÌà  àMost€of€the€Colorado€collections€from€the€relatively€dry€forested€slopes€belong€to€var.Ð ´%~# Ðòòpulchellumóó€forma€òòpraecox€óó(Hedwig)€Crum,€Steere,€&€Anderson,€in€which€the€main€stems€are€veryÐ š&d $ Ðshort,€the€branchlets€short€and€very€numerous,€and€the€leaves€generally€appressed€to€the€stem€whenÐ €'J!% Ðdry€(suggesting€òòBrachythecium€collinumóó€in€size).€Rarely,€a€very€large€form€occurs€in€more€mesicÐ f(0"& Ðforests,€resembling€a€large€òòBrachytheciumóó,€with€elongate€main€stems€and€strongly€pinnate€branching,Ð L)#' Ðwith€the€individual€leaves€standing€out€from€the€stem.€This€is€var.€òòÔ_ÔbarnesiiÔ_Ôóó€(Ô_ÔRenauldÔ_Ô€&€Cardot)Ð 2*ü#( ÐCrum,€Steere€&€Anderson.€Superficially€they€are€so€different€that€its€is€difficult€to€reconcile€the€twoÐ +â$) Ðtypes€under€one€species,€but€there€is€nothing€qualitative€we€can€find€to€separate€them€taxonomically.€Ð þ+È%* Їà  àò òR.€serrulatumó ó€(Hedwig)€Ô_ÔJgerÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔSauerbeckÔ_Ô.€We€have€only€one€collection:€MontezumaÐ 6 ÐCo.:Mesa€Verde€National€Park:€Ô_ÔWetherillÔ_Ô€mesa,€under€ledge€of€west€pour„off€of€Bobcat€Canyon,Ð è Ð6900€ft.€alt.,€8€Aug,.€1959,€òòErdman€(COLO€B„3688)óó,€where€it€was€growing€under€the€lip€of€a€cliffÐ Î Ðover€which€water€seeps€intermittently€(a€fragmentary€specimen!).Ð ê´ ÐÌà@EE=ìàRejected€SpeciesˆÐ ¶ € ÐÌà  àòòIsotheciumò òóó€ó ó:€Reported€by€Grout,€MFNA,€from€a€collection€by€Ô_ÔShockleyÔ_Ô.€Likely€An€error€inÐ ‚ L Ðtranscription€of€the€label.€(Cal,€for€California€read€as€Col,€for€Colorado).€A€plant€of€the€Pacific€coast.Ð j 4 ÐÔ_ÔShockleyÔ_Ô€did€not€collect€in€Colorado.€Such€transcription€errors€have€occurred€frequently€in€theÐ P  Ðvascular€plant€collections.Ð 6  ÐÌà  àòòScleropodium€obtusifolium€óó(Mitten)€Kindberg.€This€was€once€reported€from€a€fish€stomachÐ Ì  Ðbut€has€not€been€collected€since.€It€might€be€expected€in€the€north„central€tier€of€counties.Ð  è²  ÐÖ€ƒ}¾ÖÖ€„~¾ ÖNovember€9,€2004à@»»Aìàò òBRYACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà  àThe€Bryaceae€are€roughly€characterized€as€being€acrocarpous€mosses,€a€complete€peristomeÐ Î Ðwith€both€an€exostome€and€endostome,€and€rhombic€distal€laminal€cells€without€ornamentation.€MostÐ ê´ Ðcommonly€the€sporophyte,€when€present,€is€pendent,€with€a€dome„like€operculum.€Sterile€plants€haveÐ Ð š Ðbeen€a€real€problem,€causing€even€specialists€to€throw€up€their€hands€and€give€up€on€them,€assigningÐ ¶ € Ðthem€to€such€trash„heaps€as€ð ðòòBryum€caespitosum.óóðð€The€principal€genus€in€this€family€has€been€aÐ œ f Ðbugaboo,€at€least€to€American€bryologists,€for€over€a€century.€Keys€to€the€species€of€òòBryumóó€haveÐ ‚ L Ðproved€to€be€frustrating,€since€they€have€relied€so€much€on€having€mature€sporophytes.€Ð h 2 ÐÌà  àUnfortunately,€in€Colorado€most€species€of€òòð ðBryumóóðð€in€the€broad€sense€are€almost€alwaysÐ 4þ  Ðsterile.€A€great€number€of€the€collections€have€been€misidentified€or€left€without€names.€However,Ð ä  Ðduring€the€past€few€years€John€Spence€has€examined€the€group€and€discovered€that€vegetativeÐ Ê  Ðcharacters€of€the€leaves,€stems,€and€rhizoids€are€equally€useful€in€classification.€He€has€divided€thisÐ æ°  Ðmonster€genus€up€into€a€number€of€smaller€ones€based€largely€on€their€vegetative€features.€This€hasÐ Ì–  Ðbeen€a€blessing€for€Colorado,€for€now€with€his€insight€we€can€feel€confident€in€our€identificationsÐ ²|  Ðand,€with€a€little€practice,€we€can€recognize€most€of€them€in€the€field.Ð ˜b ÐÌà@¼¼<ìàò òVegetative€featuresó óˆÐ d. ÐÌà  àHere€are€some€characters€that€need€to€be€recognized.€Rather€than€use€the€generic€names,€aÐ 2ü Ðspecific€epithet€should€be€enough€for€an€example.Ð â ÐÌò òThe€leaf€itself.€ó óÐ ä® ÐÌà  àa.€The€leaf€shape€is€usually€oblong„ovate€or€obovate.€It€may€be€narrowest€at€the€baseÐ ²| Ð(òòangustifoliumóó)€or€contracted€to€a€narrower€base€(òòlaevifilumóó).€Many€species,€especially€ofÐ ˜b ÐPtychostomum,€have€ovate„lanceolate€leaves.€The€only€linear„leaved€species€is€òòLeptobryumÐ ~H Ðpyriformeóó,€which€probably€does€not€belong€to€this€family.Ð d. ÐÌà  àb.€The€leaf€margin€may€have€a€border€of€narrower€cells;€this€may€be€inconspicuous€(hardlyÐ 0!ú Ðdifferentiated€in€length€and€width€from€the€laminal€cells),€conspicuous,€or€even€bistratose.€ThisÐ "à Ðborder€is€called€a€òòlimbidiumóó.€It€might€be€compared€to€the€frame€of€a€tennis€racket.Ð ü"Æ  ÐÌà  àc.€The€basal€margin€of€the€leaf€sometimes€is€decurrent€(òòpseudotriquetrumóó).Ð È$’" ÐÌà  àd.€The€leaf€will€have€a€distinctive€form€when€dry.€It€may€be€essentially€flat,€appressed€to€theÐ ”&^ $ Ðstem€(òòpallescensóó),€or€convex€and€curving€toward€the€stem€distally€(òòcalobryoidesóó).€Or€it€may€beÐ z'D!% Ðvariously€contorted,€sometimes€distinctly€spirally€arranged€around€the€stem.€The€leaf€form€when€wetÐ `(*"& Ðor€dry€must€somehow€be€governed€by€the€presence€and€thickness€of€the€limbidium.Ð F)#' ÐÌà  àe.€Some€species,€especially€those€occurring€in€fens,€such€as€òòP.€pseudotriquetrumóó,€may€resistÐ +Ü$) Ðwetting.€This€is€a€common€adaptation€occurring€in€wetland€mosses.€Dry„land€mosses€commonlyÐ ø+Â%* Ðimbibe€water€immediately.Ð 6 ÐÌà  àf.€The€costa€may€be€red€(òòangustifolium,€pseudotriquetrumóó)€at€the€base€or€not.€It€may€not€reachÐ Ì Ðthe€leaf€apex€or€may€be€excurrent€to€form€a€slender€or€stout€awn.€Very€few€species€have€theÐ è² Ðexcurrent€costa€so€slender€and€colorless€to€be€called€a€hair„point.€An€excurrent€costa€is€usually€stoutÐ Î ˜ Ðand€best€referred€to€as€an€arista.Ð ´ ~ ÐÌà  àg.€The€leaf€color€may€be€bleached,€as€in€òòB.€argenteumóó€and€òòB.€lanatum€óóthat€have€almost€noÐ € J Ðchlorophyll€distally.€The€color€may€be€deep€pink€or€red€in€òòB.€pallensóó€and€òòB.€cryophilumóó.€WithÐ f 0 Ðpractice,€different€constant€shades€of€green,€turquoise,€or€brown€may€help€in€recognition€of€species.Ð L  ÐÌò òThe€stem€and€its€leaf€arrangements.ó óÐ â  ÐÌà  àa.€The€stem€may€be€red€or€green.€It€may€be€simple€or€branched;€the€stem€and€branches€areÐ æ°  Ðerect€and€tend€to€make€for€a€dense€tuft.€Stem€color€is€often€an€important€feature.Ð Ì–  ÐÌà  àb.€The€leaves€may€be€distributed€uniformly€the€length€of€the€stem€(most€species).€They€mayÐ ˜b Ðalso€be€clustered€at€the€end€of€the€stem,€forming€a€bud„like€tip€or€a€rosette€of€leaves.Ð ~H ÐÌà  àc.€Stem€length€may€be€characteristic€of€the€species.€Stems€may€be€very€short,€not€more€thanÐ J Ða€few€millimeters€.€Medium€length€stems€range€from€5€mm€to€30€mm.€Long€stems€will€run€more€thanÐ 0ú Ð30€mm.Ð à ÐÌò òRhizoids.€Ð ⬠ÐÌà  àó óThe€stem€may€or€may€not€be€clothed€with€brown€rhizoids.€Rhizoids€have€no€chlorophyll,€andÐ ²| Ðthe€end€walls€of€the€cells€are€slanting.€Rhizoids€may€be€completely€smooth€or€densely€papillose.€ThisÐ ˜b Ðfeature€is€doubtless€of€taxonomic€importance,€but€descriptions€commonly€omit€mention€of€thisÐ ~H Ðcharacter.€A€thorough€survey€is€yet€to€be€undertaken.ò ò€Ð d. Ðó óÌò òCell€detail€(areolation€types).ó óÐ 2!ü ÐÌà  àSpence€(2004)€describes€four€areolation€types.€These€are€basic€to€his€reclassification.€Ð #Ê  ÐÌà0  àà ° à1.€òòBryumóó€type:€Cells€heterogeneous,€the€distal€and€median€lamina€cells€elongate,€mostly€4:1€orÐ Ì$–" Ðgreater,€long„rhomboidal€or€linear,€the€proximal€cells€wider€and€shorter€than€the€medianÐ ²%|# Ðcells,€quadrate€or€short„rectangular,€the€transition€often€abrupt,€giving€the€areolation€aÐ ˜&b $ Ðheterogeneous€appearance.Ð~'H!%(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° à2.€òòPlagiobryumóó€type:€homogeneous,€all€cells€except€in€the€alar€region€elongate,€mostly€4„8:1.€noÐ J)#' Ðstrong€distinction€between€the€upper€2/3€and€lower€1/3€of€leaf.Ð0*ú#((#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° à3.€òòRhodobryumóó€type:€Heterogeneous,€the€distal€and€median€lamina€cells€short€rhomboidal€toÐ ü+Æ%* Ðhexagonal,€2„4:1;€proximal€cells€the€same€width€or€narrower,€and€the€same€length€or€longer,Ð 6 Ðmore€regularly€rectangular€with€squared„off€ends,€the€transition€rather€gradual€but€still€givingÐ æ Ðthe€areolation€a€heterogeneous€appearance.ÐÌ(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° à4.€òòPohliaóó€type:€Homogeneous,€all€lamina€cells€except€those€at€the€leaf€base€long€and€narrow,€mostlyÐ Î ˜ Ðlinear€to€hexagonal,€often€thick„walled.д ~(#(# ÐÌò òÌAsexual€reproductive€structures.ó ó€Ð h 2 ÐÌà  àMosses€commonly€reproduce€by€simple€fragmentation€when€they€are€dry€and€brittle.€ButÐ 6  Ðseveral€species€have€specialized€reproductive€structures€that€are€usually€present.€Ð æ  ÐÌà  àa.€Bulbils€are€short,€plump€structures€that€have€a€narrow€opaque€base€and€usually€a€few€green,Ð è²  Ðshort,€leaf€primordia€appressed€to€the€sides.€They€fall€out€of€the€leaf€cluster€when€manipulated.РΘ  ÐÌà  àb.€Filiform€axillary€gemmae.€These€are€found€in€the€axils€of€the€leaves,€sometimes€veryÐ šd Ðabundant,€looking€rather€like€fat€rhizoids€that€are€filled€with€chlorophyll€and€with€perpendicularÐ €J Ðcross„walls€rather€than€the€diagonal€ones€of€rhizoids.€They€also€fall€free€when€the€leaves€areÐ f0 Ðdissected€out.Ð L ÐÌà  àc.€Rhizoidal€gemmae.€These€are€spherical€multicellular€bodies€ranging€from€120€microns€toÐ â Ð250€microns.€They€are€loosely€attached€to€the€slender€rhizoids,€and€in€our€species€are€orange€or€redÐ þÈ Єbrown.€These€are€inconspicuous,€weak€and€short„lived,€weedy€mosses.€In€order€to€detect€rhizoidalÐ ä® Ðgemmae,€the€specimen€should€be€soaked€in€water,€then€gently€teased€away€from€the€surroundingÐ Ê” Ðsand€grains€(sometimes€these€are€very€tenacious).€The€remaining€rhizoids€should€be€carefullyÐ °z Ðscanned€on€a€slide.€Ð –` ÐÌà@qq;ìàò òSporophytic€featuresó óˆÐ b, ÐÌò òThe€seta€and€capsule.Ð 0!ú Ðó óÌà  àa.€The€seta€may€be€long€and€slender€or€short€and€thick.€While€the€nature€of€the€seta€mayÐ þ"È  Ðsometimes€be€diagnostic,€for€the€most€part€it€is€not.Ð ä#®! ÐÌà  àb.€The€operculum.€Some€species€have€an€operculum€that€equals€the€mouth€in€circumference;Ð °%z# Ðsome€have€small€opercula.€We€have€not€explored€this€in€the€Colorado€species.Ð –&` $ ÐÌà  àc.€The€capsule€may€be€cylindric€and€slightly€wide€at€the€mouth.€It€may€or€may€not€have€aÐ b(,"& Ðdistinguishable€neck€that€becomes€shriveled.€The€mouth€of€the€capsule€may€have€a€prominent€ringÐ H)#' Ðof€red€cells.€The€cells€of€the€capsule€wall€may€by€thick€or€thin,€long€or€short.€We€have€not€exploredÐ .*ø#( Ðthis.Ð +Þ$) ÐÐ ú+Ä%* Ðà  àd.€Most€capsules€are€pendent.€A€few€are€ð ðÔ_ÔleanersÔ_Ô.ððÐ 6 ÐÌà  àe.€The€outer€peristome.€The€exostome€is€usually€stout,€yellow€or€brownish.€In€only€oneÐ Ì Ðspecies€òò(Ptychostomum€pendulumóó)€does€the€exostome€exhibit€any€especially€remarkable€feature.Ð è² ÐInstead€of€the€ladder„like€sequence€of€cells€from€top€to€bottom,€the€adaxial€side€of€these€teeth€haveÐ Î ˜ Ðan€additional€layer€that€resembles€circular€or€variously€shaped€chambers€(this€is€the€endostome€thatÐ ´ ~ Ðis€adherent€to€the€exostome).€I€believe€that€fertile€specimens€are€needed,€and€they€are€usually€present.Ð š d ÐI€do€not€know€how€to€recognize€sterile€specimens.Ð € J ÐÌà  àf.€The€inner€peristome€(endostome)€has€a€hyaline€basal€half€that€consists€of€united€segments,Ð L  Ðwhich€separate€upward€to€form€teeth.€Between€two€teeth€there€is€usually€a€one„cell€wide€filamentÐ 2ü  Ðcalled€a€cilium,€which€may€have€one€or€more€short€lateral€perpendicular€branches,€which€makes€theÐ â  Ðcilium€ð ðappendiculate.ðð€A€peristome€may€be€examined€by€softening€the€capsule€by€boilingÐ þÈ  Ðmomentarily,€and€cutting€the€upper€part€of€the€capsule€free€with€a€piece€of€a€razor„blade€andÐ ä®  Ðseparating€the€resulting€ring€with€fine€needles.Ð Ê”  ÐÌà@¢¢9ìàò òGeneral€key€to€the€generaó óˆÐ –` ÐÌ1a.à0  àCapsule€horizontal,€the€seta€€stout,€the€urn€curved,€bloated€distally€with€the€operculumÐ d. Ðpushed€to€the€side.€ò òPlagiobryum€demissumó ó€(this€tundra€species€is€not€easily€recognizableÐ J Ðexcept€with€capsules,€but€Ô_ÔthesewhichÔ_Ô€are€almost€always€present.Ð2ü(#(# Ð1b.à0  àCapsules€not€as€above,€or€plants€without€capsulesà‚#@"@"x(#.xxI(#(##à(2)ˆÐ â ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€narrowly€linear„setaceous;€plants€usually€fruiting€abundantly,€the€capsule€pendent€orÐ ä® Ðhorizontal,€pyriform€with€a€narrow€neck;€common€on€burned€ground,€burned€peat€etc.,€inÐ Ê” Ðmiddle€and€higher€altitudes.€ò òLeptobryumó óаz(#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€broader€than€linear;€capsules€present€or€lacking,€of€various€formsà‚#@"@"x(#.²²a(#(##à(3)ˆÐ ˜b ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€silvery„white€(at€least€most€of€them),€giving€this€color€to€the€tuftà‚#@"@"x(#.„„c(#(##à(4)ˆÐ d. Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€some€shade€of€green,€yellowish„brown,€golden€or€reddishà‚#@"@"x(#.XXV(#(##à(5)ˆÐ J  ÐÌ4a.à0  àForming€dense,€extensive€tufts,€tightly€packed;€leaves€minute€(0.3€mm),€broadly€ovate,Ð "à Ðacuminate,€the€costa€not€conspicuous,€often€disappearing€in€mid„leaf.€ò òBryumó ó,€òòsens.€lat.óó,€but€Ðü"Æ (#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àOccurring€as€scattered€stems€in€tufts€of€other€alpine€mosses;€leaves€0.5€mm€(the€older€stemÐ ä#®! Ðleaves€up€to€2€mm),€broadly€ovate,€suddenly€recurved„apiculate;€costa€conspicuous€to€theÐ Ê$”" Ðapex;€all€cells€of€leaf€pale€and€often€the€basal€more€or€less€collapsed.€ò òPlagiobryum€zierió óа%z#(#(# ÐÌ5a.à0  àInflorescences€appearing€lateral;€leaves€soft,€with€costa€not€reaching€apex€or€percurrent,Ð ~'H!% Ðrarely€weakly€excurrent;€laminal€areolation€òòPlagiobryumóó„like;€alar€cells€somewhatÐ d(."& Ðdifferentiated€€from€juxtacostal€cells,€quadrate;€capsule€shortly€pyriform,€lacking€a€peristome.Ð J)#' Ðò òHaplodontiumó óÐ0*ú#((#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àNot€as€above.€(The€likelihood€of€finding€òòHaplodontiumóó€is€extremely€slight.€It€is€only€foundÐ +â$) Ðon€limestone€cliffs€in€the€San€Ô_ÔJuansÔ_Ô.)à‚#@"@"x(#.ŒŒ>(#(##à(6)ˆÐ þ+È%* Ї6a.à0  àLeaves€very€large€and€translucent,€5ð!ð6€x€2ð!ð3€mm,€in€a€rosette€at€the€stem€apex,€not€muchÐ 6 Ðchanged€or€scarcely€contorted€in€drying,€papery€in€texture;€leaf€cells€thin„walled€and€veryÐ æ Ðlarge€(150€x€50€ððm).€ò òRoelliaó óÐÌ(#(# Ð6b.à0  àLeaves€smaller,€usually€somewhat€altered€in€drying;€leaf€cells€never€so€largeà‚#@"@"x(#.ÚÚe(#(##à(7)ˆÐ ê´ ÐÌ7a.à0  àPlants€very€short,€forming€extensive€tight€mats,€strikingly€turquoise„colored,€very€rarelyÐ ¶ € Ðfruiting;€mostly€restricted€to€mine€tailings€in€mineralized€areas€of€the€San€Ô_ÔJuansÔ_Ô,€and€onÐ œ f Ðlimestone€cliffs€in€the€Elk€Mountains.€ò òMielichhoferiaЂ L(#(# Ðó ó7b.à0  àNot€as€aboveà‚#@"@"x(#.  $(#(##à(8)ˆÐ j 4 ÐÌ8a.à0  àMedian€leaf€cells€5:1€or€longer;€leaves€rarely€bordered,€often€serrulate€distally;€costa€endingÐ 6  Ðbelow€the€apex€or€percurrent,€never€excurrent.€ò òPohliaó óÐæ (#(# Ð8b.à0  àMedian€leaf€cells€4:1€or€often€shorter€and€broader,€entire;€if€longer,€then€with€at€least€one€ofÐ Î  Ðthe€following€characters:€leaves€broadly€ovate,€oblong,€or€oblong„ovate;€apex€obtuse€toÐ ê´  Ðrounded;€costa€excurrent;€leaf€margins€bordered€(sometimes€weakly)€by€longer€cells.€ò òBryumó óРК  ÐòòÔ_ÔsensuÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔlatoÔ_Ôóó.Ð ¸‚ (#(# Ðà@ŠŠ=ìàò òBryumó ó€Hedwig,1801ˆÐ 6 ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves,€at€least€the€upper€parts,€white€and€lacking€chlorophyll€(if€on€tundra,€see€òòPlagiobryumÐ Î Ðzierióó);€plants€forming€low,€dense€patches,€mostly€at€low€to€medium€altitudesà‚#@"@"x(#.ÊÊd(#(##à(2)à@ @ àˆÐ ê´ Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€green,€brown,€or€variable€in€colorà‚#@"@"x(#.ââA(#(##à(3)ˆÐ Ð š ÐÌ2a.à0  àCosta€weak,€percurrent€or€not€reaching€leaf€apex;€leaf€tips€short,€not€noticeably€spreading;Ð œ f Ðcommon€weed€moss€of€sidewalk€cracks€and€other€disturbed€sites.€ò òB.€argenteumó óЂ L(#(# Ð2b.à0  àCosta€strong,€excurrent;€leaf€apices€strongly€spreading;€plants€of€undisturbed€sites,€havingÐ j 4 Ða€shaggy€appearance€because€of€the€long€white€leaf€tips.€ò òB.€lanatumó óÐP (#(# ÐÌ3a.à0  àStems€very€slender,€ropy,€tightly€julaceous,€the€leaves€appressed,€narrow;€leaf€cells€narrowerÐ è  Ðthan€in€most€species;€often€growing€solitary€or€a€few€stems€mixed€with€other€mosses.€ò òB.Ð Î  Ðjulaceumó óÐì¶ (#(# Ð3b.à0  àNot€as€aboveà‚#@"@"x(#.  $(#(##à(4)ˆÐ Ôž  ÐÌ4a.à0  àPlants€forming€dense€tufts,€the€stems€sometimes€elongate,€the€terminal€leaves€crowded€intoÐ  j Ðcabbage„like€heads,€very€broad€and€short,€circular,€obtuse€or€rounded,€cucullate€and€with€aÐ †P Ðshort€apiculus,€the€leaves€not€shrunken€when€dry;€common€from€foothills€to€alpine,€neverÐ l6 Ðfruiting€here.€ò òB.€calobryoidesó óÐR(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àPlants€not€forming€tufts,€the€stems€very€short,€gemmiform,€in€a€terminal€cluster;€sporophytesÐ : Ðalways€present,€with€very€short€seta€and€broad€ovoid€purple€capsule;€very€rare€subalpineÐ  ê Ðspecies.€ò òB.€blindiió óÐÐ(#(# ÐÌà  àò òB.€argenteumó ó€Hedwig.€One€of€the€easiest€of€mosses€to€learn€to€recognize,€and€found€in€allÐ Ôž Ðof€the€continents€including€Antarctica.€It€is€a€weed€in€sidewalk€cracks,€lawns€and€gardens,€but€alsoÐ ¼† Ðoccurs€widely€in€naturally€disturbed€areas.€It€rarely€fruits€in€our€region.€The€capsules€are€on€relativelyÐ ¢l Ðshort€setae,€and€ovoid,€not€cylindrical,€and€are€bright€red.€A€fruiting€colony€was€found€around€theÐ ˆR Ðfountain€area€in€the€garden€of€the€Hamill€House,€in€Georgetown,€but€the€colony€was€destroyed€byÐ n8 Ðthe€remodeling€of€the€fountain.€An€old€collection€from€Ô_ÔPingreeÔ_Ô€Park,€collected€by€Ô_ÔPammelÔ_Ô€in€1896,Ð T  Ðis€the€only€other€fruiting€collection€we€have€seen.€òòB.€argenteumóó€is€the€type€species€of€the€genusÐ :! ÐòòBryumóó.Ð  "ê ÐÌà  àò òB.€blindiió ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€òòB.€blindiióó€is€a€unique€species,€easily€recognized€with€only€aÐ ì#¶! Ðhand€lens.€The€€stems€are€minute,€only€a€few€millimeters€long,€julaceous,€with€pale€green€or€straw„Ð Ô$ž" Ðcolored€leaves.€€It€has€very€small,€rounded€leaves€and€a€very€short€and€broad€ovoid€purple€capsuleÐ º%„# Ðon€a€short€red€seta.€We€have€two€collections,€from€Grand€Co.:€Fraser€River€Valley€at€north€base€ofÐ  &j $ ÐÔ_ÔBerthoudÔ_Ô€Pass,€Ô_ÔArapahoeÔ_Ô€National€Forest,€T2S€R75W€S34,€3,100€msm.€On€steep€gravelly€slope€just€Ð †'P!% Ðabove€roadside€on€east€side€of€lowest€hairpin€turn,€14€Sept.€1986,€òòWeber€&€Ô_ÔDahnkeÔ_Ô€B„91852.óó€TheÐ l(6"& Ðmoss€was€discovered€by€a€group€of€us€who€sat€down€there€to€eat€our€lunch!€The€site€has€recentlyÐ R)#' Ðbeen€scoured€by€bulldozers€and€is€now€barren,€but€probably€more€populations€might€be€found€aboveÐ 8*$( Ðthis€area,€which€was€obviously€disturbed.€The€second€collection€is€from€Summit€Co.:€Blue€LakeÐ +è$) ÐDam€area,€Monte€Cristo€Creek€Valley€between€Mount€Quandary€and€North€Star€Mt.,€3,000€msm.Ð ,Î%* ÐLimestone€substrates.€Rare,€on€gravels€at€the€base€of€the€dam.,€26€Aug.€2,000,€òòWeber,€Wittmann,€&Ð 6 ÐSpribille€B„111126óó.€Evidently€these€are€the€only€records€in€the€contiguous€United€States.Ð æ ÐÌà  àEvidently€òòBryum€blindiióó€favors€disturbed€gravel€habitats€at€high€altitudes.€The€Blue€LakeÐ è² ÐDam€site€should€be€more€carefully€studied€for€other€rarities.€We€already€have€found€òòAloina€rigidaóóÐ Î ˜ Ðand€òòIsopterygiopsis€alpicolaóó€there.€The€gravels€were€deposited€below€the€dam€during€itsÐ ´ ~ Ðconstruction,€and€the€gravelly€flat€may€have€improved€the€habitat€for€these€mosses.Ð š d ÐÌà  àò òB.€calobryoides€ó óSpence.€This€is€a€unique€species,€not€to€be€confused€with€any€other,Ð f 0 Ðalthough€it€has€been€misidentified€as€òòB.€gemmiparumóó!€In€Colorado,€it€is€possibly€restricted€to€theÐ N  ÐFront€Range,€where€it€occurs€from€6,500€ft.€to€9,000€ft.€on€cliffs,€boulders,€and€in€gravelly€trail„sides.Ð 4þ  ÐThe€€populations€form€very€compact,€low,€bright€green€tufts,€with€cabbage„like€terminal€stems,Ð ä  Ðwhich€may€sprout€slender€microphyllous€stems.€The€rhizoids€are€densely€papillose.€The€terminalÐ Ê  Ðleaves€are€only€up€to€1€mm€long€and€broadly€obovate€or€circular,€cucullate,€often€with€a€smallÐ æ°  Ðslender€recurved€apiculus.€The€costa€is€strong,€brown€or€reddish.€The€median€leaf€cells€areÐ Ì–  Ðhexagonal,€almost€isodiametric,€nearly€uniform€on€the€apical€leaves.€The€lower€leaves€are€narrowerÐ ²|  Ðand€up€to€1.5€mm€long,€less€cucullate€and€lacking€an€apiculus.€In€the€lower€leaves€the€median€cellsÐ ˜b Ðare€similar,€but€more€of€the€laminal€cells€are€rectangular,€especially€near€the€margin.€A€leaf€borderÐ ~H Ðis€indistinct€in€the€short€leaves€and€well„developed€on€the€longer€leaves.€Our€collections€are€fromÐ d. ÐBoulder,€Fremont,€Grand,€and€Larimer€Counties.Ð J ÐÌà  àò òB.€julaceum€ó óSchrader€ex€Ô_ÔGrtnerÔ_Ô,€Meyer,€&€Ô_ÔScherbiusÔ_Ô.€Very€easily€distinguished€by€the€veryÐ à Ðslender€ropy,€julaceous€stemsòò€(Anomobryum€filiforme,€A.€julaceum,€óóor€òòPohlia€filiformisóó).€Our€earlyÐ þÈ Ðcollections€were€made€at€Summit€Lake,€Mount€Evans,€but€recently€we€have€found€it€at€low€altitudesÐ ä® Ð(6,000€ft.)€in€lower€Boulder€Canyon,€on€stream€boulders,€mixed€with€òòBryum€pseudotriquetrum.Ð Ê” ÐóóJamieson€has€collected€it€often€in€the€San€Juan€Mts.€It€probably€is€not€a€rare€moss,€but€it€occurs€inÐ °z Ðvery€small€patches€mixed€with€other€mosses€of€seasonally€wet€places.€The€stems€are€bright€green€orÐ –` Ðreddish,€and€according€to€Crum€&€Anderson,€they€often€produce€red,€ovoid€gemmae€in€the€leaf€axils.Ð |F ÐShaw€(1982)€discusses€the€reasons€which€Ô_ÔOchiÔ_Ô€(1981)€used€to€place€this€in€òòBryumóó€rather€than€òòPohlia.Ð b, Ðóóð ðIt€is€the€long€[leaf]€cells€that€might€indicate€a€relationship€to€òòPohliaóó,€but€this€trait€is€to€be€foundÐ H  Ðrather€frequently€elsewhere€in€òòBryumóó.€In€addition,€the€costa€is€shortly€excurrent,€and€the€leaf€marginsÐ .!ø Ðare€entire€(or€vaguely€serrulate),€features€uncommon€in€òòPohliaóó.ðð€In€our€collections,€the€median€leafÐ "Þ Ðcells€are€about€5€x€30„40€ððm,€not€vermiform.€Spence€(in€litt.)€suggests€that€we€might€possibly€haveÐ ú"Ä  ÐòòB.€concinnatumóó€(Spruce)€Lindb.€in€Colorado,€which€differs€from€òòB.€julaceumóó€in€having€shorter€leafÐ à#ª! ÐcellsÐ Æ$" ÐÌà  àò òB.€lanatumó ó€P.€Beauvois.€A€ð ðwhiteðð€moss,€resembling€òòB.€argenteumóó€but€with€long€slenderÐ ’&\ $ Ðleaf€tips.€It€is€a€plant€of€arid€sites€and€definitely€a€native€species,€while€òòB.€argenteumóó€appears€to€beÐ z'D!% Ða€weed,€probably€mostly€introduced€and€€commonly€found€in€cracks€in€sidewalks.€It€is€very€abundantÐ `(*"& Ðon€the€Western€Slope€and€also€known€from€the€eastern€foothills.Ð F)#' ÐÌÌÐ ø+Â%* Ðà@II9ìàò òGemmabryum€ó óSpence,€ined.ˆÐ 6 ÐÌ1a.à0  àMedium€to€large€plants;€leaves€imbricate,€not€twisted€when€dry;€rhizoidal€tubers€or€bulbils€Ð Î Ѐsometimes€present€à‚#@"@"x(#.6 6 +(#(##àà€@€"€"y(#(#(#à(2)ˆÐ ê´ Ð1a.à0  àSmall€plants;€stems€evenly€foliate;€leaves€strongly€imbricate€when€dry,€slightly€twisted€whenÐ Ð š Ðdry;€Ô_ÔatwmÔ_Ô€very€slender,€with€bulbils€in€the€upper€leaf„axils€or€rhizoidal€tubers€at€the€stemÐ ¶ € Ðbase€or€on€long€rhizoids€in€the€substrate;€weedy.€Weak,€usually€weedy€plants€occurring€onÐ œ f Ðdisturbed€soil;€very€rarely€found€in€Coloradoà‚#@"@"x(#.þþE(#(##à(4)ˆÐ ‚ L ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€stiff,€rigid,€strongly€imbricate,€dark€green€or€golden„brown;€distal€laminal€cells€long,Ð N  Ðincrassate€and€vermicular,€>6:1.€Very€common€on€irrigated€granite€sloping€rocks€in€the€outerÐ 4þ  ÐFront€Range.€ò òG.€alpinumó óÐä (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€less€stiff,€loosely€imbricate,€light€green;€distal€laminal€cells€shorter,€not€vermicular,Ð Ì  Ðmostly€3„6:1.Ðè² (#(# ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€distinctly€concave,€somewhat€distant€when€wet,€the€apex€broadly€acute€to€obtuse;Ð ´~  Ðcosta€not€reaching€leaf€apex€or€only€percurrent;€arista€lacking;€common€on€floodplains€of€theÐ šd Ðcanyon€country.€ò òG.€gemmiparumó óЀJ(#(# Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€flat€or€weakly€concave;€crowded,€the€apex€acute€to€acuminate;€costa€short€butÐ h2 Ðdistinctly€excurrent;€plants€uncommon,€subalpine€to€alpine.€ò òG.€mildeanumó óÐN(#(# ÐÌ4a.à0  àShort„stemmed€Ô_ÔstoutishÔ_Ô€plants€with€axillary€bulbils€that€fall€away€easily€when€dissected.ò ò€G.€Ð æ Ðbicoloró óÐÎ(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àVery€slender€plants€with€red€or€brown€rhizoidal€tubersà‚#@"@"x(#.øøN(#(##à(5)ˆÐ ì¶ ÐÌ5a.à0  àRhizoidal€tubers€50„100€ððm€diam.€ò òG.€klinggraeffiió óи‚(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àRhizoidal€tubers€over€120€ððm€long.€ò òG.€subapiculatumó óРj(#(# ÐÌà  àò òG.€alpinum€ó ó(Withering)€Spence,€ined.€A€beautiful€species,€forming€large€soft€deep€turfsÐ n8 Ðtrending€downslope€on€smooth,€sloping€surfaces€of€irrigated€granite€outcrops,€from€the€base€of€theÐ V  Ðmountains€to€the€alpine.€Only€one€collection€was€made€on€sandstone:€Boulder€Co.:€On€sandy€thinÐ  (#(# ÐÌà@ÐÐ;ìàKey€to€fertile€plantsˆÐ  Ö  ÐÌ1a.à0  àEndostome€segments€narrowly€or€not€at€all€split€along€the€keel;€cilia€rudimentary€or€absent,Рآ  Ðrarely€longà‚#@"@"x(#.n n #(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ¾ˆ  Ð1b.à0  àEndostome€segments€broadly€split€along€the€keel;€cilia€longà‚#@"@"x(#.°°S(#(##à(5)ˆÐ ¤n ÐÌ2a.à0  àPlants€dull;€leaf€cells€thick„walledà‚#@"@"x(#.¨¨<(#(##à(3)ˆÐ p: Ð2b.à0  àPlants€ðð€glossy;€cells€thin„walledà‚#@"@"x(#.^^:(#(##à(4)ˆÐ V  ÐÌ3a.à0  àCapsule€4„7€mm€long;€basal€membrane€ðð„1/2€the€exostome€length;€segments€keeled;€ciliaÐ "ì Ðpresent.€Alpine€plants.€ò òP.€greeniió óÐÒ(#(# Ð3b.à0  àCapsule€2„4€mm€long;€basal€membrane€to€1.3€the€exostome€length;€segments€scarcely€keeled,Ð ðº Ðoften€irregular;€cilia€lacking;€forest€plants.€òòP.€elongataóó€(not€yet€found€here€but€expected)ÐÖ (#(# ÐÌ4a.à0  àPlants€dioicous;€leaves€serrulate€to€serrate€at€the€apex.€ò òP.€bolanderió óТl(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àPlants€paroicous;€leaves€coarsely€serrate€at€the€apex.€ò òP.€longicollisЊT(#(# Ðó óÌ5a.à0  àBasal€membrane€low;€segments€narrow,€scarcely€keeled€though€broadly€perforate;€cells€laxÐ X " Ðand€thin„walled,€10„20€ððm€wide.€ò òP.€obtusifoliaó óÐ>!(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àBasal€membrane€ðð€the€exostome€length;€segments€broad€and€keeled;€cells€linear,€6„10€ððmÐ &"ð Ðwideà‚#@"@"x(#.ŒŒ(#(##à(6)ˆÐ  #Ö  ÐÌ6a.à0  àLeaves€dull;€cells€with€thickened€walls.€ò òP.€nutansó óÐØ$¢"(#(# Ð6b.à0  àLeaves€slightly€to€strongly€glossy;€cells€with€thin€walls.€ò òP.€crudaó óÐÀ%Š#(#(# ÐÌà  àò òP.€andalusicaó ó€(Ô_ÔHhnelÔ_Ô)€Brotherus.€A€gemmiparous€species€occurring€on€disturbed€sites€inÐ Ž'X!% Ðthe€subalpineò ò.€ó óIt€has€a€slender,€glossy€appearance€and€very€large€green€gemmae€(200€ððm€or€more)Ð v(@"& Ðò òó óarising€in€clusters€from€its€upper€leaf€axils,€tapering€to€the€base,€with€3„6€laminate€primordiaò òó ó.€WeÐ ^)(#' Ðhave€collections€from€Clear€Creek€Co.:€7€mi€SW€of€Georgetown,€13,000€ft.,€Dry,€rocky€tundra€belowÐ D*$( ÐArgentine€Pass,€òòHermann€29065€(B„80209)€óó(distributed€as€òòP.€Ô_ÔannotinaÔ_Ôóó),€and€Gilpin€Co.:€òòWeber€&Ð *+ô$) ÐWittmann€110942.óóÐ ,Ú%* Їà  àò ò€P.€bolanderi€ó ó(Sullivant)€Brotherus€var.€ò òseriataó ó€Shaw.€An€alpine€species€found€in€snow„meltÐ 6 Ðareas.€The€type€locality€is€on€the€road€to€Corona€(Rollins)€Pass.€It€is€a€dull,€whitish€species€in€denseÐ è Ðtufts.€The€leaves€are€ðð€distinctly€arranged€in€4„5€vertical€rows.€òòP.€bolanderióó€has€recently€beenÐ Î Ðdiscovered€relictual€in€Europe€for€the€first€time,€in€southern€Spain€at€2„3,000€meters,€on€Ô_ÔMulhacnÔ_Ô,,Ð ê´ Ðthe€highest€peak€in€the€Iberian€Peninsula€(Shaw€et€al.€2004).ò òÐ Ð š ÐÌà  àP.€bulbiferaó ó€(Warnstorf)€Warnstorf.€A€gemmiparous€species€of€disturbed€places€where€theÐ ž h Ðsoil€is€compacted€and€hard.€€The€gemmae€in€the€leaf€axils€are€spherical,€with€the€laminate€leafÐ † P Ðprimordia€closing€over€the€top€as€a€dome.€It€is€not€necessarily€an€alpine€species€but€found€alongÐ l 6 Ðslumping€forested€slopes.€However,€we€have€a€fine€collection€from€Summit€Co.:€Ô_ÔMcCulloughÔ_Ô€Gulch,Ð R  Ð12,450€ft.;€below€a€saddle,€on€a€rocky,€steep€slope€near€a€snow€bank,€16€July€2002,€òòÔ_ÔRednerÔ_Ô€B„Ð 8  Ð112718.óóÐ è  Ðò òÌà  àP.€camptotrachelaó ó€(Ô_ÔRenauldÔ_Ô€&€Cardot)€Brotherus.€A€gemmiparous€species€characterizedÐ ì¶  Ðby€its€dull€rather€than€glossy€appearanceò ò,€ó óand€gemmae€that€are€roughly€spheroidal€and€less€than€150Ð Ôž  Ðððm€diameter€with€1„4€peg„like€leaf€primordia€at€the€apex€that€are€incurved€over€the€apex.ò ò€ó óIt€occursÐ ¼†  Ðin€the€forested€areas€along€unstable€soils.Ð ¤n Ðò òÌà  àP.€crudaó ó€(Hedwig)€Lindberg.€Not€as€common€as€òòP.€nutans€óóand€found€in€more€moist€sites.Ð r< ÐThe€pale€green€leaves€with€an€iridescent€sheen€are€easily€recognizable.€It€has€long„cylindric€capsulesÐ Z$ Ðand€well„developed€endostome€with€broadly€perforate€segments€and€long€cilia.ò òÐ @  ÐÌà  àP.€drummondiió ó€(Mller€Hal.)€Andrews.€Evidently€a€frequent€species€on€tundra,€but€ratherÐ Ø Ðdifficult€to€recognize€unless€the€large€red€gemmae€with€3„6€laminate€green€leaf€primordia€are€present,Ð öÀ Ðscattered€mostly€at€the€apex.Рܦ ÐÌà  àò òP.€greeniió ó€Bridel.€A€very€small€species€of€peat€hummocks€at€the€edges€of€subalpine€fens.€TheÐ ¨r Ðcapsules€are€very€small€and€not€strongly€inclined.€Probably€this€is€common€in€subalpine€and€alpineÐ Z Ðfens.€We€have€it€abundantly€at€Guanella€Pass€(òòWeber€&€Wittmann€112510óó).€Shaw€considers€this€toÐ v@ Ðbe€a€variety€of€òòP.€elongataóó.€However,€from€his€discussion€(below),€we€feel€that€it€is€probablyÐ \ & Ðjustifiable€to€recognize€var.€òògreeniióó€(Bridel)€Shaw€at€the€species€level€until€more€is€known€about€theÐ B!  Ðvariability€of€both.€Shaw€wrote:€ð ðRock€crevices€in€tundra€areas,€less€frequently€on€exposed€soil,Ð ("ò ÐAlaska,€Washington,€California,€Colorado,€Utah,€Newfoundland;€Greenland.€Reported€from€northernÐ #Ø  ÐEurope.€.€.€.€Although€no€single€character€is€diagnostic,€several€morphological€attributes€distinguishÐ ô#¾! Ðthe€var.€òògreeniióó€from€so„called€typical€expressions:€smaller€overall€size,€shorter,€broader€leaves,€moreÐ Ú$¤" Ðstrongly€inclined,€broader,€shorter€capsules,€low€basal€membrane,€irregular€segments,€and€completeÐ À%Š# Ðlack€of€cilia.€.€.€.€Sporophytic€and€Ô_ÔgametophyticÔ_Ô€differences€between€the€varieties,€coupled€withÐ ¦&p $ Ðgeographic€differences,€warrant€separation,€at€least€on€the€basis€of€North€American€plants.€UnlikeÐ Œ'V!% ÐòòP.€spectabilisóó,€the€var.€òògreeniióó€differs€from€the€var.€òòelongataóó€in€more€than€just€capsule€shape,€andÐ r(<"& Ðnotably€so€in€endostome€morphology.€òòP.€Ô_ÔcarneoidesÔ_Ôóó€Dixon€&€Ô_ÔBadwÔ_Ô.***€of€the€Himalayas€representsÐ X)"#' Ðthe€var.€òògreeniióó€at€its€extreme.€The€plants€are€minute,€with€capsules€hardly€longer€than€wide.ðð€ShawððsÐ >*$( Ðfigure€5,€p.€136,€shows€these€features€very€clearly.€Ð $+î$) ÐÐ  ,Ô%* Ðà  àò òP.€longicollisó ó€(Hedwig)€Lindberg.€A€robust,€shiny€green€plant€occurring€on€soil€of€road€banksÐ 6 Ðand€streamsides€at€high€altitudes.€It€fruits€frequently.€The€capsules€are€elongate„cylindrical,€oftenÐ è Ðwith€a€narrower€neck.€We€have€found€it€in€peatlands€in€Boulder€County.Ð Î ÐÌà  àò òP.€nutansó ó€(Hedwig)€Lindberg.€Copper€Wire€Moss.€A€very€common€moss€in€shaded€areasÐ Ð š Ðthroughout€the€mountains,€except€for€alpine€tundra.€It€usually€fruits€abundantly,€with€hanging,Ð ¸ ‚ Ðoblong€capsules.€The€thick„walled€cells€give€the€plant€a€dull€appearance.€When€sterile,€it€is€difficultÐ ž h Ðto€distinguish€from€òòP.€elongataóó,€which,€fortunately,€is€rare€or€very€infrequent€and€confined€to€theÐ „ N ÐfoothillsÐ j 4 ÐÌà  àò òP.€obtusifoliaó ó€(Bridel)€L.€Koch.€When€sterile€(the€usual€case),€this€is€often€a€very€large€plantÐ 6  Ðup€to€4€cm€tall.€The€leaves€are€somewhat€cucullate,€with€broad€cells€(12„13€ððm€or€more€wide,Ð è  Ðsuggesting€a€òòBryumóó).€In€these€tall€forms€the€plants€are€black€except€for€the€short€apex€of€fresh,€paleÐ Î  Ðgreen€leaves.€We€have€found€it€along€ditches€along€roads€in€the€subalpine€where€it€receives€snow„Ð ê´  Ðmelt€water€in€the€early€spring.€In€an€iron€fen€in€upper€Geneva€Park€this€moss€forms€extremely€tight,РК  Ðdense,€black€mats€on€the€edges€of€limonite€sheets.Ð ¶€  Ðò òÌà  àP.€proligeraó ó€(Lindberg€ex€Breidler)€Lindberg€ex€H.€Arnell.€A€gemmiparous€species€ofÐ „N Ðroadsides€and€paths€in€the€forested€regions.€The€gemmae€are€found€in€dense€clusters€in€the€upper€leafÐ l6 Ðaxils.€They€are€linear„vermicular€to€narrowly€oblong,€with€1„2€peg„like€leaf€primordia€often€bent€atÐ R Ðan€angle.Ð 8 Ðò òÌà  àP.€tundraeó ó€Shaw.€A€gemmiparous€species€of€the€alpine€tundra€that€has€narrowly€cylindricalÐ Ð Ðgemmae€with€laminate€leaf€primordia.€Collections€verified€by€Shaw€are€from€Boulder,€Chaffee,Ð î¸ ÐClear€Creek,€Grand,€Gilpin,€Pitkin,€and€San€Juan€counties.€They€were€originally€identified€as€òòP.Ð Ôž Ðbulbifera,€P.€proligera,óó€and€òòP.€Ô_ÔannotinaÔ_Ô€óóvar.€òòÔ_ÔloeskeiÔ_Ô.€óóA€Gilpin€County€collection€òò(Weber€3471)óóÐ º„ Ðcontains€òòP.€andalusica,€P.€crudaóó,€and€òòP.€tundraeóó€mixed€in€the€same€tuft!€€Ð  j ÐÌà  àÔ_Ôò òP.Ô_Ô€wahlenbergiió ó€(Weber€&€Mohr)€Andrews.€Characterized€by€whitish€or€dull€green€erect„Ð l6 Ðspreading€leaves€on€long,€slender€stems.€It€resembles€òòBryum€weigeliióó€but€is€never€reddish€nor€withÐ T  Ðdecurrent€leaves.€It€is€a€beautiful€moss€when€fresh€and€grows€in€dense,€tall€tufts€in€seeps€at€highÐ :! Ðaltitudes.€It€has€also€gone€under€the€name€of€òòPohlia€albicansóó.€Ð  "ê ÐÌà@yy7ìàò òPtychostomumó ó€Hornschuch,€1822ˆÐ ì#¶! ÐÌà  àòòPtychostomumóó€is€the€most€diverse€genus,€with€a€number€of€fairly„well„defined€subgenera;Ð º%„# Ðthese€are€indicated€in€parentheses)Ð  &j $ ÐÌ1a.à0  àStems€mostly€evenly€foliate,€not€comose;€leaf€base€same€color€as€rest€of€leaf,€usually€green;Ð l(6"& Ðlimbidium€indistinct,€bistratose;€distal€laminal€cells€lax,€wide€and€short,€2„4:1,€rhomboidal;Ð R)#' Ðproximal€laminal€cells€longer€and€narrower,€rectangular€€€€€€€à‚#@"@"x(#.ÈÈV(#(##à(2)ˆÐ 8*$( Ð1b.à0  àStems€evenly€foliate€to€comose€with€upper€leaves€distinctly€enlarged;€leaf€base€mostlyÐ +è$) Ðreddish;€limbidium€distinct€to€indistinct,€unistratose;€distal€laminal€cells€not€lax,€3„5:1,Ð ,Î%* Ðrhomboid€to€hexagonal;€proximal€laminal€cells€similar€in€width€and€length€but€rectangular,Ð 6 Ðoccasionally€quadrate€€€€€€à‚#@"@"x(#.úú3(#(##à(8)ˆÐ æ ÐÌ2a.à0  àPlants€medium€to€large,€dioicous;€peristome€mostly€perfect;€spores€small€(<22€microns)Ð è² Ð(Ô_ÔPallentiaÔ_Ô€group)à‚#@"@"x(#.L L )(#(##à(3)ˆÐ Î ˜ Ð2b.à0  àPlants€small€to€medium,€monoicous;€capsule€elongate,€with€a€long€neck,€curved,€peristomeÐ ´ ~ Ðreduced;€cilia€short€to€absent;€spores€generally€large€(>25€microns)€(Ô_ÔAmblyophyllumÔ_Ô€group).€Ð š d Ðò òP.€cernuumó óЀ J(#(# ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€strongly€and€broadly€decurrent;€costa€percurrent;€leaves€generally€pink€in€livingÐ N  Ðplants,€but€this€color€does€not€persist€in€herbarium,€specimens;€never€with€capsules.€ò òP.Ð 4þ  Ðweigelii.ó óÐæ (#(# Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€not€or€weakly€decurrent,€obtuse,€acute,€or€acuminate;€costa€not€reaching€apex€toÐ Î  Ðexcurrent€à‚#@"@"x(#.* * "(#(##à(4)ˆÐ ê´  ÐÌ4a.à0  àLeaves€broadly€ovate€to€suborbicular;€leaf€apex€rounded€to€obtuse;€costa€not€reaching€apexÐ ¶€  Ðto€percurrentà‚#@"@"x(#.  %(#(##à(5)ˆÐ œf ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€ovate€to€ovate„lanceolate;€leaf€apex€acute;€costa€typically€percurrent€to€short„Ð ‚L Ðexcurrentà‚#@"@"x(#.ø ø !(#(##à(6)ˆÐ h2 ÐÌ5a.à0  àPlants€often€red;€leaves€strongly€concave,€not€strongly€contorted€when€dry;€costa€oftenÐ 4þ Ðpercurrent;€very€rare€alpine.€ò òP.€cryophilum€ó óÐä(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àPlant€dull€green,€lacking€red€tints;€leaves€weakly€concave€or€flat,€very€strongly€contortedÐ Ì Ðwhen€dry;€costa€not€reaching€apex;€rare,€mostly€in€subalpine€peat€fens.€ò òP.€cyclophyllumó óÐè²(#(# ÐÌ6a.à0  àCapsules€present,€short„pyriform,€constricted€under€the€mouth;€alpine.€ò òP.€turbinatumó óж€(#(# Ð6b.à0  àCapsules€not€present€in€Colorado€material,€longer;€subalpineà‚#""w(#.ððT(#(##à(7)€ˆÐ žh ÐÌ7a.à0  àYoung€leaves€pink€or€red„tinged;€leaf€margins€recurved.€ò òP.€pallensó óÐj4(#(# Ð7b.à0  àYoung€leaves€yellow,€green€to€brown„green;€leaf€margin€plane.€ò òP.€schleicherió óÐR (#(# ÐÌ8a.à0  àPlants€small,€densely€caespitose;€leaves€ovate„lanceolate,€limbidium€indistinct€or€absent;Ð  "ê Ðproximal€laminal€cells€shorter€than€median€and€distal€cells;€dioicous.€(Ô_ÔCaespitibryumÔ_Ô€group)Ð #Ð  Ðà‚#@"@"x(#.(#(##à(9)ˆÐ ì#¶! Ð8b.à0  àPlants€medium€to€large,€caespitose;€leaves€broadly€ovate,€ovate„lanceolate€to€lanceolate,€flatÐ Ò$œ" Ðor€concave;€proximal€laminal€cells€same€length€as€distal€ones€or€somewhat€longer;€sexualityÐ ¸%‚# Ðvarious€(Ô_ÔPseudotriquetraÔ_Ô€group)à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ôô7(#(##à(10)ˆÐ ž&h $ ÐÌ9a.à0  àPlants€very€small,€<1.5€mm;€distal€lamina€in€older€leaves€becoming€hyaline,€the€proximalÐ j(4"& Ðlaminal€cells€short„rectangular€to€quadrate;€costa€variable,€from€not€reaching€apex€toÐ P)#' Ðexcurrent€in€a€slender€hyaline€hair„point.€ò òP.€kunzeió óÐ6*$((#(# Ð9b.à0  àPlant€medium,€most€leaves€1.0„2.5€mm€long;€distal€lamina€green;€proximal€laminal€cells€longÐ +è$) Ðrectangular;€costa€strong,€excurrent€in€brown€or€yellow€hair„point.€ò òP.€angustifoliumó óÐ,Î%*(#(# Ї10a.à0  àPlants€comose€to€caespitose,€monoicous;€peristome€reduced,€the€cilia€short€or€absent;€basalÐ 6 Ðmembrane€low,€mostly€ðð€the€height€of€the€exostome;€spores€large,€18„50€micronsÐ æ Ð(Ô_ÔPenduliformiaÔ_Ô€group)à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.-(#(##à(11)ˆÐ Ì Ð10b.à0  àPlants€evenly€foliate€to€loosely€comose;€sexuality€various;€peristome€perfect;€basalÐ è² Ðmembrane€>half€the€height€of€the€exostome;€spores€small€(10„22€microns)à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#..._(#(##à(13)ˆÐ Î ˜ ÐÌ11a.à0  àEndostome€strongly€adherent€to€exostome,€giving€exostome€teeth€a€chambered€look;€leavesÐ š d Ðacuminate,€costa€excurrent€in€a€short€arista;€capsule€short„pyriform€only€1€mm€long,€notÐ € J Ðconstricted€at€the€mouth;€operculum€sharply€conic;€spores€large€(22„35€microns);€alpine.€ò òP.Ð f 0 Ðpendulumó óÐN (#(# Ð11b.à0  àEndostome€not€fused€to€the€exostome;€leaves€acute€to€acuminate;€costa€not€reaching€apex€orÐ 6  Ðlong€excurrent;€capsule€various;€spores€25„50€micronsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.îîM(#(##à(12)ˆÐ æ  ÐÌ12a.à0  àLeaves€lanceolate,€not€concave€or€keeled;€arista€long€excurrent,€denticulate;€mouth€of€matureÐ è²  Ðcapsule€red;€spores€small,€18„28€microns;€endostome€membrane€about€half€the€height€of€theРΘ  Ðexostome;€cilia€rudimentary.€ò òP.€amblyodonó óд~ (#(# Ð12b.à0  àLeaves€ovate,€strongly€concave,€keeled,€acute;€costa€percurrent€to€very€short€excurrent;Ð œf Ðmouth€of€mature€capsule€yellow€or€pale€orange;€endostome€membrane€low,€less€than€half€theÐ ‚L Ðheight€of€the€exostome;€spores€25„50€microns;€cilia€absent.€ò òP.€knowltoniió óÐh2(#(# ÐÌ13a.à0  àStem€elongate;€leaves€distinctly€decurrent;€limbidium€strong;€costa€prominent€but€not€withÐ 6 Ða€long€aristaà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.Ø Ø %(#(##à(14)ˆÐ æ Ð13b.à0  àStem€short,€or€if€elongated,€the€stems€tightly€packed;€leaves€not€decurrentò òó ó;€limbidium€weak,€Ð Ì Ðarista€well„developedà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.¸ ¸ -(#(##à(15)ˆÐ è² ÐÌ14a.à0  àLeaves€long„decurrent€and€usually€remotely€spaced€on€the€stem;€dioicous;€long„stemmedÐ ´~ Ðplants€of€fens.€ò òP.€pseudotriquetrumКd(#(# Ðó ó14b.à0  àLeaves€inconspicuously€decurrent€and€closely€spaced,€overlapping€on€the€stem;€synoicous;Ð ‚L Ðrelatively€short„stemmed€plants€of€wet€streamsides.ò ò€P.€bimumó óÐh2(#(# ÐÌò òó ó15a.à0  àStems€elongate,€branched€(the€branches€ascending€with€the€main€stem)€forming€deep€sodsÐ 6! Ðbound€by€rhizoids,€with€the€annual€growth€often€very€clear€by€the€difference€of€color€of€theÐ "æ Ðold€leaves€of€succeeding€years;€leaves€of€the€season€turquoise€green,€the€arista€weak€and€notÐ #Ì  Ðdarkened;€spores€about€20„22€microns.€ò òP.€pallescensó óÐè#²!(#(# Ð15b.à0  àStems€short,€unbranched,€not€forming€sods;€leaves€of€the€year€darker€green,€often€brownish,Ð Ð$š" Ðthe€arista€strong,€brown;€spores€12„15€micronsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ˆˆF(#(##à(16)ˆÐ ¶%€# ÐÌ16a.à0  àLimbidium€narrow,€yellowish,€2„3€cells€wide;€plant€synoicous.€ò òP.€creberrimumó óЂ'L!%(#(# Ð16b.à0  àLimbidium€wide,€3€or€more€cells€wide,€the€same€color€as€the€lamina;€plants€Ô_ÔpolyoicousÔ_Ô.€ò òP.Ð j(4"& Ðlonchocaulonó óÐR)#'(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  àò òP.€amblyodonó ó€(Mller„Hal.)€Spence.€This€species€occurs€commonly€in€the€subalpineÐ  +ê$) Ðwetlands€and€alpine€tundra,€where€it€may€replace€òòB.€pallescensóó€on€drier€sites.€This€has€been€knownÐ ,Ò%* Ðas€òòBryum€stenotrichum.óó€Although€the€species€is€characterized€technically€by€having€no€cilia€and€aÐ 6 Ðlow€endostome€membrane.€I€believe€it€can€be€recognized€on€sight.€The€leaves€are€very€long€andÐ æ Ðnarrow,€loosely€spreading€and€twisted,€with€a€long€pale€excurrent€costa,€which€on€close€examinationÐ Ì Ðis€denticulate.€The€innovations€are€weakly€julaceous€and€their€leaves€imbricate€(one€synonym€isÐ è² ÐòòBryum€imbricatumóó).€The€limbidium€is€prominent€and€revolute€from€leaf€base€to€apex.€The€capsuleÐ Î ˜ Ðis€straight€and€elongate.Ð ´ ~ ÐÌà  àò òP.€angustifolium€ó ó(Bridel)€Spence€&€Ramsay.€A€weedy€moss,€usually€sterile,€and€commonÐ € J Ðin€sandy€soil€on€the€eastern€plains€and€outer€foothills.€It€probably€does€not€occur€in€the€highÐ h 2 Ðmountains.€It€is€a€plant€with€very€low€stems,€only€a€few€millimeters€tall,€forming€dense€turfs.€TheÐ N  Ðyellowish€leaves€are€broadly€ovate,€with€intensely€red€broadly€rectangular€basal€cells€(often€withÐ 4þ  Ðconspicuous€oil€droplets).The€costa€is€long€excurrent€into€a€hair„point.€The€species€is€dioecious,€andÐ ä  Ðthe€male€plants€occur€mixed€in€with€the€female€sporophyte„bearing€ones.€The€(smaller)€male€plantsÐ Ê  Ðterminate€with€a€bulbous€cluster€of€leaves€with€flaring€points.€It€has€long€been€called,€incorrectly,Ð æ°  ÐòòBryum€caespiticium.óóÐ Ì–  ÐÌà  àò òP.€bimumó ó€(Schreber)€Spence.€This€has€usually€been€considered€a€variety€of€òòP.Ð ˜b Ðpseudotriquetrumóó,€but€the€leaves€are€very€shortly€and€faintly€decurrent,€and€not€very€widely€spacedÐ €J Ðalong€the€stem€The€habitat€is€quite€different€from€òòP.€pseudotriquetrumóó.€Instead€of€being€a€fen„plant,Ð f0 Ðit€forms€clumps€on€stones€along€running€streams€and€is€never€a€tall€plant.€It€is€not€a€rare€plant€andÐ L Ðranges€from€the€alpine€tundra€down€into€the€lowest€foothills.€Spence€has€verified€one€collection€fromÐ 2ü ÐColorado:€Boulder€Co.:€2€mi€NW€of€Lyon;€Spring€Gulch,€5,600€ft.€alt.,€N40ð$ð24ð-ð58ð.ð€W105ð$ð17ð-ð42ð.ð;Ð â Ðon€rock€along€granite„lined€stream„bed;€plant€bright€green€when€moist,€7€April€2002,€òòWeber€&Ð þÈ ÐWittmann€B„112397.óó€Actually,€most€of€our€Colorado€collections€seem€to€fit€this€species€or€variety,Ð ä® Ðwhile€the€elongate„stemmed€òòP.€pseudotriquetrum€óóappears€to€be€found€only€in€fens.Ð Ê” Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌà  àò òP.€cernuumó ó€òòóóHornschuch.€We€have€a€few€collections,€from€Clear€Creek€Co.:€Clear€CreekÐ –` Ðcanyon,€òòWeber€&€LaFarge€B„43499óó,€verified€by€Jon€Shaw;€Gunnison€Co.:€Cement€Creek€canyon,Ð ~H Ðwet€cliffs€in€the€Narrows,€9,400€ft.,€N38ð$ð52ð-ð29ð.ð,W106ð$ð47ð-ð50ð.ð,€14€Aug.€2000,€òòWeber,€Wittmann,Ð d. Ð&€Lehr€B„111062;€óóMontezuma€Co.:òò€óóPine€Canyon,€S€end€of€Moccasin€Mesa,€Mesa€Verde,òò€Welsh€&Ð J  ÐMoore€2129.€óóThis€species€grows€in€places€subject€of€light€flooding€or€dripping€rocks.€It€may€beÐ 0!ú Ðassociated€with€òòDistichium€capillaceum.€óóIt€is€very€easily€recognized€by€its€very€narrow€elongateÐ "à Ðcapsule.€The€leaves€are€very€unusual,€being€well„separated€on€the€stems,€erect„spreading€when€wetÐ ü"Æ  Ðand€shriveled€and€incurved€when€dry.€The€cells€are€quite€short€and€broad,€and€the€margin€is€stronglyÐ â#¬! Ðbordered€and€narrowly€revolute.€There€is€a€superficial€resemblance€of€the€capsule€to€that€of€òòPohliaÐ È$’" Ðelongata€óóand€our€specimens€have€been€misidentified€as€such€(òòBryum€uliginosumóó).Ð ®%x# ÐÌà  àò òP.€creberrimumó ó€(Taylor)€Spence€&€Ramsay.€This€is€evidently€a€very€common€species,Ð z'D!% Ðgoing€under€various€names€in€the€herbarium€(òòB.€cuspidatum,€B.€lisaeóó).€It€is€most€closely€related€toÐ b(,"& ÐòòP.€pallescensóó,€but€can€be€distinguished€by€the€special€key.€Well„developed€plants€have€very€short,Ð H)#' Ðunbranched€stems,€and€the€leaves€are€less€appressed,€with€stouter€excurrent€costae,€and€the€leavesÐ .*ø#( Ðare€more€brown,€whereas€in€òòP.€pallescensóó€the€leaves€of€the€season€are€almost€turquoise.Ð +Þ$) ÐÐ ú+Ä%* Ðà  àSpence€suggests€a€related€species,€òòP.€lonchocaulon,óó€probably€occurs€in€Colorado.€It€differsÐ 6 Ðfrom€òòP.€creberrimum€óóby€its€sexuality€and€in€having€a€broad€margin€of€more€than€3€rows€of€cells.Ð æ ÐÌà  àò òP.€cryophilumó ó€(Mrtensson)€Spence.€A€very€distinct€alpine€species,€disjunct€from€the€Arctic.Ð è² ÐThe€plants€are€delicate,€often€strongly€reddish,€the€leaves€are€rounded„oval,€concave,€not€stronglyÐ Ð š Ðcontorted€in€drying.€Collections:€Boulder,€Clear€Creek,€Larimer€Co.:€On€edges€of€pools€and€springs,Ð ¶ € ÐNiwot€Ridge,€Summit€Lake,€Trail€Ridge.Ð œ f ÐÌà  àò òP.€cyclophyllumó ó€(Schwgrichen)€Spence.€A€very€rare€species€occurring€in€peatlands.€WeÐ h 2 Ðhave€one€verified€collection:€Boulder€Co.:€Peat€bog€source€of€Left€Hand€Creek,€10,600€ft.,€3€mi€WÐ P  Ðof€Ward,€9€Sept.€1961,€òòWeber€&€Dahl€B„6983óó,€!Spence,€2002.€The€site€has€since€been€destroyed€byÐ 6  Ðpeat€mining.€The€very€slender€stems,€dull,€bluish„green,€oval€leaves,€rounded„obtuse€at€the€apex,Ð æ  Ðwith€the€costa€not€quite€reaching€the€leaf€apex,€remotely€scattered€on€the€stem€and€greatly€contortedÐ Ì  Ðwhen€dry,€and€the€occasional€presence€of€cylindrical,€filamentous„branched,€gemmae€in€the€upperÐ è²  Ðleaf€axils,€characterize€this€species.РΘ  ÐÌà  àò òP.€knowltonii€ó ó(Barnes)€Spence.€An€infrequent€species€of€the€moist€tundra.€Collections:Ð šd ÐJackson€Co.:€A€little€west€of€the€Roxy€Ann€Lake€turnoff€from€the€Rainbow€Lake€Trail€approachingÐ ‚L Ðthe€Continental€Divide,€1€mi€N€of€Mt.€Ethel,€3400€msm.,€N40ð$ð40ð-ð00ð.ð€W106ð$ð40ð-ð35ð.ð;€on€boggy€flats,Ð h2 Ðalpine€tundra,€8€Aug.€1981,€òòRolston€81106€(B„80243)óó€!Crundwell,€Lawton;€Clear€Creek€Co.:Ð N ÐSeepage€in€granite€bluff€beside€St.€Maryððs€Glacier,€11,000€ft.,€6€mi€NNE€of€Empire,€31€July€1977,Ð 4þ ÐòòHermann€28028.€óóAn€especially€fine€collection,€sterile€but€consisting€of€deep€sods,€is€Summit€Co.:Ð ä ÐBlue€Lake€Dam€area,€Monte€Cristo€Creek€Valley€between€Mt.€Quandary€and€North€Star€Mt.,€3,000Ð Ê Ðmsm,€Ten€Mile€Range;€on€limestone€terraces€irrigated€with€snow€melt,€16€Sept,.€2000,€òòWeber€&Ð æ° ÐWittmann€B„111211óó.Ð Ì– ÐÌà  àThis€is€a€very€distinctive€moss€because€of€the€extremely€low€basal€membrane€and€theÐ ˜b Ðextremely€slender€endostome€segments€and€totally€lacking€cilia,€but€it€is€easily€recognized€evenÐ ~H Ðwhen€sterile.€The€stem€and€leaves€are€not€minute€and€resemble€those€of€òòB.€pallensóó€but€the€leaves€areÐ d. Ðconcave€and€cucullate,€bowed€at€top€and€bottom,€standing€close€to€the€red€stem.€The€leaves€areÐ J  Ðbroadly€oval,€rounded€or€obtuse€at€the€apex,€not€decurrent,€with€a€very€stout,€percurrent€costa,€veryÐ 0!ú Ðindistinctly€bordered€and€strongly€recurved€in€the€lower€half.€The€median€cells€are€3„5:1.€TheÐ "à Ðrhizoids€are€densely€papillose.Ð ü"Æ  ÐÌà  àò òP.€kunzeió ó€(Hornschuch)€Spence.€This€species€is€a€miniature€version€of€òòP.€angustifolium.€óóTheÐ È$’" Ðplants€have€very€slender€stems€and€form€dense,€often€deep€sods,€and€the€leaves€are€very€small,€onlyÐ °%z# Ð0.5„1.5€mm,€smaller€than€the€closest€relative,€òòP.€angustifoliumóó.€òòóó€They€may€or€may€not€have€anÐ –&` $ Ðexcurrent€costa.€It€appears€to€be€restricted€to€the€canyon€lands€of€the€western€tier€of€counties.€In€UtahÐ |'F!% Ðis€Ô_ÔisÔ_Ô€common€on€the€flats€around€Great€Salt€Lake.€In€Colorado€its€habitat€is€on€cliffs€and€rocks,Ð b(,"& Ðwhereas€òòP.€angustifoliumóó€is€a€very€common€weed€moss€on€soil.€Collections:€Mesa€Co.:€ColoradoÐ H)#' ÐNational€Monument:€Ô_ÔKodelÔ_Ô€Canyon,€just€west€of€Fruita€entrance;€on€sandstone€rocks€along€lowerÐ .*ø#( Ðpart,€up€to€the€exposed€Pre„Cambrian€cliffs,€12€May€1981,€òòWeber,€Rector,€&€Ô_ÔSiplivinskyÔ_Ô€B„81042óó.€Ð +Þ$) ÐMontezuma€Co.:€just€west€of€bridge€crossing€the€San€Juan€River€along€Hwy€north€of€Four€CornersÐ ú+Ä%* ÐMonument;€on€dry€soil€and€soil€over€rock€on€south€side€of€river,€about€30€meters€west€of€bridge,€26Ð 6 ÐDec.€2003,€òòSpence€5629.óóÐ æ ÐÌà  àòòP.€lonchocaulonóó€(Mller€Hal.)€Spence.€This€has€not€yet€been€found€in€Colorado,€but€it€is€toÐ è² Ðbe€expected,€according€to€Spence.€It€is€so€similar€to€òòP.€creberrimumóó€that€it€can€easily€be€overlooked.Ð Î ˜ ÐIt€should€be€sought€at€low€elevations€in€the€western€counties.Ð ´ ~ ÐÌà  àò òP.€pallensó ó€(Swartz)€Spence.€A€species€of€wet€ground€in€subalpine€willow€carrs€and€pondÐ € J Ðshores.€In€this€the€leaves€are€broad€up€to€the€apex,€and€either€obtuse€or€with€a€slight€one„celledÐ h 2 Ðapiculus.€Immature€sterile€plants€may€have€very€small€pink,€concave€leaves,€0.5„1.0€mm,€appressedÐ N  Ðto€the€stem,€unchanged€in€drying,€while€fertile€plants€have€longer€leaves€(up€to€2€mm).€TheÐ 4þ  Ðareolation€is€very€transparent,€the€leaf€margin€narrow.€The€leaves€are€not€at€all€decurrent.€The€capsuleÐ ä  Ðis€about€2€mm€long,€plump€pyriform.€The€peristome€is€pale€yellow,€the€endostome€segmentsÐ Ê  Ðnarrowly€perforate,€cilia€are€short,€not€appendiculate.€Sterile€plants€are€not€hard€to€recognize.€TheÐ æ°  Ðdistantly€spaced€leaves€that€are€not€much€changed€on€drying,€the€abruptly€short„acuminate€ovateÐ Ì–  Ðleaves€that€are€not€at€all€decurrent,€the€short€and€broad,€clear€leaf€cells€an€the€red€stem€are€goodÐ ²|  Ðcharacters.Ð ˜b ÐÌà  àò òP.€pallescensó ó€(Schleicher€ex€Schwgrichen)€Spence.€One€of€the€most€common€Brya€of€wetÐ d. Ðground,€especially€at€lower€altitudes.€The€tufts€are€often€very€deep,€and€the€stems€tightly€packed€soÐ L Ðas€to€obscure€the€branching,€which€is€erect.€The€current€yearððs€shoots€have€pale€green€leaves€thatÐ 2ü Ðhave€long€excurrent€tips€but€they€are€not€stout€or€reddish.€The€colonies€often€form€distinct€tiers€ofÐ â Ðannual€growth,€and€the€lower€stems€densely€clothed€with€brown€rhizoids.€Commonly€the€leaves€ofÐ þÈ Ðprevious€years€are€bleached,€and€the€seta€of€previous€yearsðð€sporophytes€persist.€The€median€leafÐ ä® Ðcells€are€short,€about€3:1,€and€the€limbidium€is€prominent.€The€costa€is€strong€and€excurrent,€and€redÐ Ê” Ðat€the€base€(but€the€leaf€base€itself€is€not€red).€Sporophytes€are€usually€abundant.€The€capsule€isÐ °z Ðcylindric,€with€a€distinct€narrow€and€shrunken€neck€about€as€long€as€the€urn.€The€exostome€is€yellow,Ð –` Ðand€the€endostome€segments€have€very€large€and€broad€gaps€in€the€middle;€cilia€are€very€wellÐ |F Ðdeveloped€and€appendiculate.€This€species€is€similar€to€òòP.€creberrimumóó€but€has€larger€spores€(18„22Ð b, Ðmicrons).Ð H  ÐÌà  àò òP.€pendulumó óòò€óóHornschuch.€Locally€abundant€on€moister€parts€of€tundra.€It€is€usuallyÐ "Þ Ðabundantly€fertile€and,€except€for€this,€might€be€overlooked€because€of€its€small€size.€The€leaves€areÐ ü"Æ  Ðonly€1€mm€long,€in€a€densely€crowded€rosette,€broadly€ovate,€abruptly€Ô_ÔaristateÔ_Ô,€red„based,€widest€atÐ â#¬! Ðthe€middle,€the€median€cells€about€40€x€15€microns.€The€capsules€are€short,€fusiform„ovoid,€(ifÐ È$’" Ðopercula€are€present€the€capsules€are€pointed€at€each€end).€The€seta€is€curved€just€below€the€urn,€andÐ ®%x# Ðthe€peristome€teeth€are€unique.€The€endostome€is€adherent€to€the€exostome.€The€lamellae€(divisionsÐ ”&^ $ Ðseparated€by€horizontal€walls)€have€several€cross„walls€that€are€irregularly€widened€and€notÐ z'D!% Ðtransverse€(showing€diagonal€and€circular€lines);€this€is€most€easily€seen€from€the€ventral€side.€In€ageÐ `(*"& Ðthe€capsules€are€white.€It€can€hardly€be€confused€with€any€other€alpine€species,€being€recognizableÐ F)#' Ðon€sight€without€having€to€examine€the€peristome.Ð ,*ö#( ÐÌà  àThe€habitus€depends€a€good€deal€on€the€substrate€and€growing€conditions.€On€gravellyÐ ø+Â%* Ðpolygonal€ground€the€plants€are€extremely€short€with€the€stems€crowded€at€the€summit€of€theÐ 6 Ðextremely€short€stem€(òòB„16824óó€from€Summit€Lake,€Mount€Evans),€On€well„developed€moss€tundraÐ æ Ðthe€plants€form€a€relatively€deep€mat€with€several€growth€periods€apparent€as€in€òòP.€pallescensóó€(òòB„Ð Ì Ð16827óó€from€Niwot€Ridge).Ð è² ÐÌà  àò òP.€pseudotriquetrumó ó€(Hedwig)€Spence€&€Ramsay.€A€common€species€of€wet€places€fromÐ ´ ~ Ðthe€foothills€to€the€alpine,€not€usually€occurring€in€large€pure€stands€but€consisting€of€few€scatteredÐ œ f Ðstems€in€amongst€other€wetland€mosses.€It€is€handsome,€with€quite€large€leaves€distinctly€decurrentÐ ‚ L Ðon€the€stem.€It€does€not€seem€to€fruit€regularly€here.€See€discussion€under€òòP.€bimumóó.Ð h 2 ÐÌà  àò òP.€schleicherió ó€(Schwgrichen)€Spence.€This€is€a€large€species€of€subalpine€fens;€it€has€theÐ 4þ  Ðgeneral€aspect€of€òòP.€pseudotriquetrumóó,€but€the€leaves€are€little€changed€(not€contorted)€drying,€theÐ æ  Ðbases€are€not€decurrent,€and€they€are€more€opaque€and€have€a€lovely€golden€sheen.€Collections:€ClearÐ Ì  ÐCreek€Co.:€Guanella€Pass,€trail„head€to€Mount€Ô_ÔBierstadtÔ_Ô,òò€1€June€2002,€Weber,€Wittmann€&€TidballÐ è²  ÐB„112503.óóРΘ  ÐÌà  àò òP.€turbinatumó ó€(Hedwig)€Spence.€An€uncommon€species€thus€far€found€only€in€the€highÐ šd Ðalpine€area.€This€species€is€distinguished€by€the€short„pyriform€(turbinate)€capsule€with€a€smallÐ ‚L Ðdiameter€mouth,€the€urn€constricted€under€the€mouth,€somewhat€resembling€that€of€òòP.€pendulumóó,€butÐ h2 Ðthe€peristome€is€not€unusual€for€the€genus.€Collections:€Boulder€Co.:€Green€Lakes€Valley,€10,500„Ð N Ð11,500ft.,€on€rocks€in€snow€melt€drainage,€10„12€Sept.€1972,€òòWeber€B„41730,€42005.óóÐ 4þ ÐÌà  àò òP.€weigeliió ó€(Sprengel)€Spence.€A€very€unusual€species€with€very€distant€leaves,€growing€inÐ Ê Ðsprings€and€half„submerged€in€willow€fens€of€the€subalpine.€It€is€always€sterile,€and€may€be€mistakenÐ è² Ðfor€òòPohlia€wahlenbergiióó,€but€the€leaves€of€òòB.€weigeliióó€are€greatly€shrunken€and€contorted€when€dry,РΘ Ðand€much€more€strongly€decurrent.Ð ´~ ÐÌà@CC=ìàPossible€NoveltyˆÐ €J ÐÌà  àòòPtychostomum€óósp.€Ô_ÔindetÔ_Ô.,€€from€seeping€granite€cliffs€on€Flagstaff€Mountain,€Boulder,€òòWeberÐ L  Ð&€Wittmann€B„113917óó,€which€we€had€tentatively€suggested€might€be€ð ðòòB.€nano„argenteumóóðð,€sp.€nov.Ð 2!ü Ðined.€Spence€comments€(13€Nov.€2004)€as€follows:€ð ðWhat€you€have€is€a€mystery,€although€I€haveÐ "â Ðseveral€other€collections€of€it€from€various€places.€It€is€somewhat€reminiscent€of€òòP.€kunzeióó,€but€theÐ þ"È  Ðhair€point€is€shorter€and€not€so€obviously€hyaline.€The€leaves€are€more€like€òòG.€bicoloróó.€MostÐ ä#®! Ðspecimens€have€medium„sized€red€rhizoidal€tubers,€ca.€100„200€ððm€across.€This€puts€it€in€amongÐ Ê$”" Ðthe€ð ðMicroerythrocarpumðð€group,€near€but€not€òòG.€subapiculatumóó.€I€think€that€it€is€undescribed.€€IÐ °%z# Ðhave€material€from€CA,€NV,€AZ,€and€UT€as€well€as€your€collection.€One€characteristic€of€allÐ –&` $ Ðcollections:€they€occur€in€areas€that€are€at€least€seasonally€wet€or€seepy,€on€soil€or€rock.ððÐ |'F!% ÐÌà@44:ìàò òRoelliaó ó€Kindberg,€1897ò òˆÐ H)#' Ðó óÌRef.:€Vitt€(1993).€Note:€Spence€(in€litt.)€feels€that€this€is€a€monotypic€family,€the€Ô_ÔRoelliaceaeÔ_Ô.Ð +à$) ÐÐ ü+Æ%* Ðà  àò òR.€roelliió ó€(Brotherus€ex€Ô_ÔRoellÔ_Ô)€Andrews€ex€Crum.€This€handsome€moss€occurs€on€the€forestÐ 6 Ðfloor€under€spruces€in€the€subalpine€of€Rocky€Mountain€Park€and€in€Middle€Park.€It€can€be€mistakenÐ è Ðfor€nothing€else€but€the€large€species€of€òòRhizomniumóó.€However,€those€species€grow€in€wet€places€inÐ Î Ðthe€forest€and€have€strongly€bordered€leaves€without€marginal€teeth,€contorted€when€dry,€and€theÐ ê´ Ðstems€are€clothed€with€rhizoids.€The€old€report€of€òòRhodobryum€roseumóó€(Porter,€1876)€probablyÐ Ð š Ðrepresents€a€misidentification€of€òòRoelliaóó.€òòRhodobryumóó€has€erect€stems€arising€from€horizontalÐ ¶ € Ðunderground€stems,€while€òòRoelliaóó€lacks€rhizomes.Ð œ f ÐÌà@¤¤@ìàò òRosulabryumó óˆÐ h 2 Ð1a.à0  àInnovations€rosulate,€most€leaves€clustered€at€the€stem€apex;€leaves€obovate,€flat€when€moist€Ð P  Ðà‚#@"@"x(#.(#(##à(2)ˆÐ 6  Ð1b.à0  àInnovations€evenly€foliate;€leaves€ovate,€concave€when€moist.€ò òR.€flaccidumó óÐæ (#(# ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€in€a€tight€spiral,€leaves€appearing€very€narrow€an€dark€green€when€dry,€with€a€Ô_ÔstrogÔ_ÔÐ ê´  Ðexcurrent€costa;€gemmae€lacking;€stems€Ô_ÔlakingÔ_Ô€brown€micronemata;€fertile,€capsule€with€aРК  Ðdistinct€neck€ò òR.€capillareж€ (#(# Ðó ó2b.à0  àLeaves€in€a€loose,€irregular€spiral,€leaves€not€appearing€very€narrow€when€dry;€filamentousÐ žh Ðred„brown€gemmae€in€the€leaf€axils,€sometimes€very€copious;€stems€with€numerousÐ „N Ðmicronemata.€ò òR.€laevifilumó óÐj4(#(# Ðò òó óà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà  àò òR.€capillareó ó€(Hedwig)€Spence.€The€tightly€massed€strongly€curved€and€spirally€arranged€(asÐ 8 Ðif€brushed)€rosulate€leaves€with€stout€aristae€are€very€clearly€different€from€those€of€òòR.€Ô_ÔlaevifolumÔ_Ô.óóÐ  ê ÐOur€specimens€are€fruiting,€while€òòR.€laevifilumóó€is€usually€sterile.€The€rhizoids€are€papillose,€and€theÐ Ð Ðsmall€rhizoidal€gemmae€are€concolorous.€Thus€far€we€have€only€three€collection:€Boulder€Co.:€8€miÐ ì¶ ÐNW€of€Ô_ÔNederlandÔ_Ô,€North€Fork€of€Middle€Fork€of€Boulder€Creek,€10,300€ft.,€òòFlowers€9833€(B„Ð Òœ Ð55251)óó;€Douglas€Co.:€Ô_ÔCastlewoodÔ_Ô€Canyon€State€Park,€6,400€ft.€alt.,€òòÔ_ÔLedererÔ_Ô€B„102658óó;€Larimer€Co.:Ð ¸‚ ÐBig€South€Trail,€under€òòAlnusóó,€bank€of€Cache€La€Ô_ÔPoudreÔ_Ô€River,€8,700€ft.,€2€mi.€ENE€of€ChambersÐ žh ÐLake,€19€Sept.€1977,€òòHermann€28159óó.€This€probably€has€been€overlooked€but€likely€restricted€to€theÐ „N ÐEastern€Slope€foothills.Ð j4 ÐÌà  àò òR.€flaccidum€ó óBridel.€This€appears€to€be€a€rather€tiny€relative€of€the€next.€It€was€firstÐ 6! Ðdiscovered€in€Colorado€by€Carl€Ô_ÔDarigoÔ_Ô,€who€found€it€ð ðin€the€developed€area€of€a€hotel€in€Boulderðð€Ð "è Ðwhere€he€assumed€it€to€have€been€an€introduction.€We€now€know€it€is€an€indigenous€species:€BoulderÐ #Î  ÐCounty:€Marshall€Mesa€Open€Space,€on€slopes€of€northwest„facing€friable€sandstone€outcrops€ofÐ ê#´! ÐLaramie€Formation,€in€partial€shade€of€òòPinus€ponderosaóó,€6,000€ft.€alt.,€28€Feb.€2004,€òòWeber€&Ð Ð$š" ÐWittmann€B„113853óó.€It€is€also€abundant€on€granite€outcrops€in€the€outer€foothills.€Also€in€LarimerÐ ¶%€# Ðand€Jefferson€Counties.Ð œ&f $ ÐÌà  àò òR.€laevifilumó ó€Ô_ÔSyedÔ_Ô.€A€common€moss€in€the€outer€foothills,€characterized€by€the€leaves€withÐ h(2"& Ðexcurrent€costae,€distinctly€twisted€spirally€around€the€stem€when€dry,€the€capsule€that€leans€but€doesÐ P)#' Ðnot€usually€become€really€pendent,€and€the€characteristic€green€or€brown€filamentous€and€papilloseÐ 6*$( Ðgemmae€that€are€usually€found€in€clusters€in€the€axils€of€the€upper€leaves.€This€species€seems€toÐ +æ$) Ðprefer€growing€on€thin€soil€over€rock€rather€than€on€deep€soils.Ð ,Ì%* Їà@,,=ìàRejected€Species.ˆÐ 6 ÐÌà  àòòBryum€gemmilucens.óó€There€is€a€dot€on€the€distribution€map€in€Ô_ÔVanderpoortenÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔZartmanÔ_ÔÐ Ì Ð(2002)€on€the€òòB.€bicoloróó€group,€but€we€do€not€know€the€source€of€the€report.€A€specimen€from€WeldÐ è² ÐCo.:€Pawnee€Ô_ÔButtesÔ_Ô,€20€May€1971,€òòWeber,€Hermann€&€Ô_ÔArpÔ_Ô€B„37484bóó,€belongs€definitely€to€thisÐ Î ˜ Ðgroup,€but€we€have€been€unable€to€find€the€characteristic€axillary€gemmae.Ð ´ ~ ÐÌà  àòòPohlia€elongataóó.€Our€specimens€have€been€re„examined€and€we€find€that€they€areÐ € J ÐòòPtychostomum€cernuumóó.€However,€there€is€no€reason€to€believe€that€the€species€will€not€be€foundÐ f 0 Ðhere,€so€we€have€left€it€in€the€key.€The€species€differs€from€òòP.€nutansóó€in€having€a€very€narrow,Ð L  Ðelongate,€not€nodding€capsule;€the€endostome€segments€are€narrowly,€rather€than€widely€perforate.Ð  2ü  ÐÖ€‰ƒ¾ ÖրЄ¾ ÖMay€8,€2003à@LL>ìàò òBRYOXIPHIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà  àA€monotypic€family€consisting€of€the€single€genus,€òòBryoxiphiumóó,€with€one€or€possibly€two,Ð Î Ðspe‚cies,€depending€on€the€taxonomic€interpretation.€Probably€one€of€the€rarest€and€most€sought„afterÐ ê´ Ðmosses€in€the€world,€each€new€discovery€justifies€a€publication.Ð Ð š ÐÌà  àThe€moss€is€unique€in€its€morphology.€Arising€from€a€small€bulb„like€base,€the€single€stemÐ œ f Ðhas€two€rows€of€leaves.€ð ðUsually€they€are€closely€im‚bricated,€erect,€and€rather€folded,€but€at€the€sameÐ ‚ L Ðtime€they€are€so€small€that€in€a€superficial€obser‚vation€they€might€be€taken€for€appressed€hairs.€TheÐ h 2 Ðlower€leaves...€are€usually€characterized€by€a€blunt€apex,€and€the€longest€leaves€are€clearly€apiculateÐ N  Ðand€taperingðð€(Lve€&€Lve€1953).€The€sporo‚phyte€is€extremely€rare,€undoubtedly€because€male€andÐ 4þ  Ðfemale€plants€do€not€occur€anywhere€near€each€other.€The€shiny,€light€green€or€golden€little€stemsÐ ä  Ðwith€their€unusual€leaves€are€impossible€to€mistake€for€any€other€moss.Ð Ê  ÐÌà  àòòBryoxiphiumóó€is€undoubtedly€a€Tertiary€relict,€occurring€as€it€does€in€highly€disjunct€areas€ofÐ Ì–  Ðthe€world,€including€Iceland,€Greenland,€Japan,€Kamtchatka,€the€American€Ô_ÔmidwestÔ_Ô,€Mount€RainierÐ ²|  Ðin€Washington,€and€Mexico,€and€now,€most€recently,€in€Colorado.Ð ˜b ÐÌà@––9ìàò òBryoxiphiumó ó€Mitten,€1869ˆÐ d. ÐÌà  àò òB.€norvegicumó ó€(Bridel)€Mitten.€Sword€Moss.€Until€recently,€only€one€collection€was€known:Ð 2ü ÐMontezuma€Co.:€on€overhang€of€cliff,€ca.€6€mi€NNW€of€Dolores€along€Beaver€Creek,€ca.€7,500€ft.Ð ä Ðalt.,€0.5€mi€NW€of€junction€of€Dolor‚es€River€and€Beaver€Creek,€12€June€1958,€òòÔ_ÔPursellÔ_Ô€3246a€(COLOÐ Ê ÐB„65336)óó.€This€evidently€has€been€destroyed€by€high€water€level€in€the€Ô_ÔMcPheeÔ_Ô€Reservoir.€JamiesonÐ æ° Ðhas€found€a€second€colony€in€Conejos€Co.:€upper€tributary€of€Navajo€River,€11,500€ft.€alt.,€òòJamiesonÐ Ì– Ðs.n.€(COLO€B„113241)óó.€Botanists€desiring€to€find€this€species€might€well€be€guided€by€the€Lve'sÐ ²| Ðobservation:€ð ðòòBryo‚xiphiumóó€seems€to€prefer€a€sub‚stratum€porous€enough€to€hold€water€and€at€theÐ ˜b Ðsame€time€might€seem€to€avoid€calcareous€soils.€Sand‚stone€or€volcanic€material€might€seem€to€beÐ ~H Ðpre‚ferred€in€most€areas.ðð€The€leaves€are€so€closely€appressed€that€the€stem€looks€like€an€undividedÐ d. Ðflat€ribbon!Ð  J  ÐÖ€‰¾ Öրо ÖMay€12,€2004à@cc?ìàò òBUXBAUMIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@­­:ìàò òBuxbaumiaó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ Î ÐÌla.à0  àCapsule€dark€chestnut„brown,€glossy,€broadly€ovoid,€the€face€broad€and€flat,€nearlyÐ Ò œ Ðperpendicular€to€the€seta.€ò òB.€aphyllaó óи ‚(#(# Ðlb.à0  àCapsule€green€or€becoming€pale€brown,€not€highly€glossy,€narrow,€Ô_ÔsubtereteÔ_Ô€and€elongate,Ð   j Ðerect€or€merely€oblique€to€the€seta.€ò òB.€piperió óà p àà È àà  àІ P(#(# ÐÌà  àò òB.€aphyllaó ó€Hedwig.€Both€of€our€species€are€very€rare,€and€are€found€only€in€virgin€spruceÐ T  Ðforests€with€a€moist€to€wet€and€boggy€floor.€Both€species€have€been€found€in€the€Gothic€NaturalÐ <  ÐArea,€in€a€part€of€Colorado€with€a€very€high€annual€precipitation.€The€forest€floor€is€laced€with€manyÐ "ì  Ðseasonal€run„off€streamlets€and€with€a€tangle€of€down€timber.€òòB.€aphyllaóó€occurs€on€mounds€of€clayÐ Ò  Ðsoil€probably€raised€by€the€falling€of€a€tree€and€stabilized€by€algae€and€moss€protonema,€a€veryÐ î¸  Ðprecise€habitat€and€very€locally€developed.€òòBuxbaumiaóó€species€are€usually€associated€with€smallÐ Ôž  Ðliverworts€such€as€òòLophoziaóó€and€are€most€likely€to€be€found€by€one€with€eyes€focused€on€them..Ð º„  ÐÌà  àò òB.€piperió ó€Best.€This€species€occurs€on€soggy,€rotting€wood€and€seems€to€be€somewhat€moreÐ †P Ðplentiful€than€òòB.€aphyllaóó.€Grand€Co.:€Middle€Park;€West€St.€Louis€Creek,€6€mi€W€of€Fraser,€òòWeberÐ n8 Ð&€Vaarama€B„11086óó;€Gunnison€Co.:Gothic€Natural€Area,€10,000€ft.€alt.,€on€rotting€logs,€òòWeber€B„Ð T Ð17070,€Ô_ÔKhannaÔ_Ô€15328óó;€San€Juan€Co.:€San€Juan€Mts.,€Ô_ÔWeminucheÔ_Ô€Wilderness,€mesic€spruce€forestÐ : Ðnear€confluence€of€Ô_ÔVallecitoÔ_Ô€and€Trinity€Creeks,€T39N€R6W€NE1/4€Sec,€4,€10,600€ft.,€òòJamiesonÐ  ê Ð11441,€11490óó€(herb.€Jamieson).€One€specimen€was€associated€with€a€few€stems€of€òòPohlia€crudaóó,€theÐ Ð Ðother€with€minute€plants€of€òòLeiocolea€badensisóó.€Ð  ì¶ ÐÖ€•¾ÖÖ€–¾Öà@˜˜?ìàò òCAMPYLIACEAE€ó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@998ìàò òCampylium€and€its€relativesó óˆÐ Î ÐÌà  àDespite€what€may€be€a€very€sophisticated€realignment€of€the€genera,€it€is€very€difficult€orÐ Ò œ Ðimpossible€to€write€a€key€to€them€that€the€amateur€might€understand.€Therefore,€for€convenience,Ð ¸ ‚ Ðthe€group€is€keyed€to€species.Ð ž h ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€straight,€strongly€plicate;€stem€densely€tomentose.€ò òTomentypnumÐj 4(#(# Ðó ó1b.à0  àÔ_ÔLesvesÔ_Ô€falcate,€not€plicate;€stems€Ô_ÔnbotÔ_Ô€tomentoseà‚#@"@"x(#.PPI(#(##à(2)ˆÐ R  ÐÌ2a.à0  àCosta€lacking€or€very€short€and€doubleà‚#@"@"x(#.  >(#(##à(3)ˆÐ è  Ð2b.à0  àCosta€single,€ending€at€or€somewhat€above€the€leaf€middleà‚#@"@"x(#.HHQ(#(##à(6)ˆÐ Î  ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€squarrose„recurved;€margins€revolute€below;€yellow„green;€leaf€bases€closelyРК  Ðoverlapping.€ò òCampylophyllum€halleriж€ (#(# Ðó ó3b.à0  àLeaves€wide„spreading€to€more€or€less€squarrose;€margins€not€revoluteà‚#@"@"x(#.](#(##à(4)ˆÐ žh ÐÌ4a.à0  àPlants€slender,€green,€with€creeping€stems;€leaves€smooth,€minute€(0.5€mm),€finely€serrulateÐ j4 Ðall€around€especially€at€the€base;€alar€cells€small€and€quadrate.€ò òCampylophyllumÐ P Ðsommerfeltiió óÐ8(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àPlants€robust,€with€erect„ascending€stems;€leaves€larger€(2€mm),€striolate€when€dry,€entire;Ð  ê Ðalar€cells€somewhat€inflated,€Ô_ÔsubrectangularÔ_Ôà‚#@"@"x(#.¼¼D(#(##à(5)ˆÐ Ð ÐÌ5a.à0  àPlants€usually€erect;€stem€leaves€1.7„2.8€mm€long,€the€acumen€constituting€40„65%€of€leafÐ Òœ Ðlength.€ò òCampylium€stellatum€ó óи‚(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àPlants€usually€creeping;€stem€leaves€1.0„2.3€mm€long,€the€acumen€constituting€55„77%€ofÐ  j Ðleaf€length.€ò òCampylium€protensumó óІP(#(# ÐÌ6a.à0  àLeaves€erect„spreading,€gradually€acuminate;€alar€cells€enlarged€and€inflated,€becomingÐ T  Ðthick„walled€in€age.€ò òDrepanocladus€òòó ó(Campyliadelphus)ò òóó€polygamusó óÐ:!(#(# Ð6b.à0  àLeaves€1.0„1.2€mm€long,€wide„spreading€to€squarrose,€abruptly€acuminate;€alar€cells€not€orÐ ""ì Ðonly€slightly€inflated.€ò òCampyliadelphus€chrysophyllusó óÐ#Ò (#(# ÐÌà@ï ï 2ìàò òCampyliadelphusó ó€(Kindberg)€Ô_ÔChopraÔ_Ô,€1975ˆÐ Ö$ " ÐÌà  àò òCampyliadelphus€chrysophyllusó ó€(Bridel)€Kanda.€Forming€dense€golden„green€patches€onÐ ¤&n $ Ðrocks€along€streams€in€the€foothills€canyons,€but€also€in€the€upper€subalpine,€nowhere€very€commonÐ Œ'V!% Ð(òòCampylium€chrysophyllumóó).€Dioicous,€never€fruiting€here.€Archuleta€Co.:€T36N€R1E€S5,€òòLyon€B„Ð r(<"& Ð114201óó.Boulder€Co.:€Boulder€Canyon,€7,000€ft.,€òòWeber€B„10559óó;€Eldorado€Springs,€òòWeber,Ð X)"#' ÐWittmann€&€Ô_ÔMazurekÔ_Ô€B„111741óó;€Gregory€Canyon,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€B„112134óó.Ð >*$( ÐÌÐ  ,Ô%* Ðà@N N /ìàò òCampyliumó ó€(Sullivant€in€A.€Gray)€Mitten,€1869ˆÐ 6 Ðà0  àà ° àÐ (#(# Ðà  àHedens€(1990)€wrote:€ð ðThe€new€taxonomic€treatment€of€òòCampylium€Ô_Ôs.l.Ô_Ôóó€species€is€suggestedÐ Î Ðby€features€of€the€vegetative€leaf€costa,€alar€group€structure,€laminal€cells€(prorate€or€not),Ð ê´ Ðpseudoparaphyllia,€exostome€and€endostome€structure,€as€well€as€by€the€overall€size€of€the€plantsÐ Ð š Ðand€the€habitat€preferences€of€the€species.€The€spreading,€channeled€leaf€acumina€cannot€outweighÐ ¶ € Ðthis€set€of€characters€and€must€thus€have€evolved€several€times€among€these€taxa.ððÐ œ f ÐÌà  àò òC.€protensum€ó ó(Bridel)€Kindberg.€Similar€to€òòC.€stellatum.óó€Hedens€has€seen€two€collectionsÐ h 2 Ðof€this:€òòFlowers€9820óó€and€òò9777óó,€from€Boulder€Co.:€8€mi€NW€of€Ô_ÔNederlandÔ_Ô,€North€Fork€of€MiddleÐ P  ÐFork€of€Boulder€Creek,€10,260€ft.,€submerged€in€small€brooklet,€and€on€wet€soil€among€herbage,€21Ð 6  ÐAug.€1964.€Grand€Co.:€Head€of€Willow€Creek,€trail€to€Lost€lake,€8,500€ft.,€òòWeber,€Wittmann,€&Ð æ  ÐTidball€B„112466.óóÐ Ì  ÐÌà  àThis€is€ecologically€quite€distinct€from€òòC.€stellatumóó.€It€grows€on€moist€ground€on€the€forestРΘ  Ðedge€where€water€percolates€from€snow€patches€under€the€trees,€and€it€also€grows€as€this€did,€on€aÐ ´~  Ðlog,€intermittently€sprayed.€The€leaves€are€very€small€(less€than€2€mm€long)€compared€to€the€wetlandÐ šd ÐòòC.€stellatumóó€and€the€leaf€base€more€suddenly€narrows€to€the€very€long€acumen€(B„112440).€Ð €J ÐÌà  àò òC.€stellatumó ó€(Hedwig)€C.€Jensen.€Very€common€in€wet€ground€of€subalpine€and€alpineÐ L Ðwillow€and€peat€fens.€Easily€recognized€by€the€large€(2€mm),€stiffly„spreading€leaves€with€a€richÐ 4þ Ðrusset„gold€tint.€See€Flowers,€Plate€119:1„7€(According€to€Hedens,€this€is€the€type€species€ofÐ ä ÐòòCampyliumóó€and€cannot€be€called€òòCampyliadelphusóó).€He€distinguishes€this€from€the€next€as€follows:Ð Ê ÐWhen€seen€from€above€in€the€field,€shoots€of€òòC.€stellatumóó€often€look€like€small€stars.€It€is€closelyÐ æ° Ðrelated€to€òòC.€protensum,€óófrom€which€it€differs€in€its€more€erect€growth,€its€slightly€larger€size,€andÐ Ì– Ðits€relatively€shorter€leaf€acumen.€Paraphyllia€have€never€been€seen€in€òòC.€stellatum,óó€whereasÐ ²| Ðscattered€plants€of€òòC.€protensum€óóhave€a€few€paraphyllia.Ð ˜b ÐÌà@§ § 1ìàò òCampylophyllumó ó€(Schimper)€Fleischer,€1914ˆÐ d. ÐÌà  àò òC.€hallerió ó€(Hedwig)€Kanda.€A€subalpine€species€growing€on€rocks.€It€has€very€minute€leavesÐ 2!ü Ðof€a€bronze€color,€is€autoicous€and€usually€fertile,€and€differs€from€òòC.€sommerfeltiióó€by€having€the€leafÐ "ä Ðbases€overlapping€and€not€exposing€the€stem,€and€the€very€short€or€absent€costa.€Our€only€record€ofÐ #Ê  Ðthis€is€from€San€Juan€County:€Deadwood€Gulch,€Hwy€550,€2.2€mi€SSW€of€Silverton,€2850€msm.,Ð æ#°! ÐòòWeber€&€Wittmann€B„111922.óó€However,€the€species€is€evidently€very€common€in€the€an€JuanÐ Ì$–" ÐMountains€(Jamieson€collections).Ð ²%|# ÐÌà  àò òC.€sommerfeltii€ó ó(Myrin)€Hedens.€An€infrequent€or€easily€overlooked€species€on€rocks,Ð ~'H!% Ðrotting€wood,€or€duff.€near€stream€sides€in€the€Front€Range€from€the€outermost€base€of€the€foothillsÐ f(0"& Ðto€the€montane€(6,000„8,900€ft.)òòóó€(òòCampylium€hispidulum€óóof€Colorado€reports).The€plants€are€deepÐ L)#' Ðgreen€to€yellow„green,€with€minute€strongly€squarrose€leaves,€inserted€with€their€bases€notÐ 2*ü#( Ðoverlapping,€The€plants€are€autoicous€and€are€usually€richly€fruiting.€Our€specimens€are€mostly€€fromÐ +â$) ÐBoulder€County:€Bluebell€Canyon,€on€trail€to€Royal€Arch,€òòÔ_ÔRoehrickÔ_Ô€B„6111óó;€bottom€of€SkunkÐ þ+È%* ÐCanyon,€òòWeber,€Nelson€&€Ô_ÔLitvakÔ_Ô€B„35450óó;€2€mi€S€of€Ward,€1€mi€E€of€Peak„to€Peak€Hwy€close€toÐ 6 ÐFour„mile€Creek,€8,900€ft.,€òòShultz€B„46217.€óóWe€have€one€collection€from€Montezuma€Co.€(òòColyerÐ æ ÐB„113281óó).Ð Ì ÐÌà@??9ìàò òTomentypnumó ó€Loeske,€1911ˆÐ Î ˜ Ðò òÌó óRef.:€Hedens€1987),€Ô_ÔFaubertÔ_Ô€(2004€in€Ô_ÔBFNAÔ_Ô€tentative€treatment)ò òÐ ž h ÐÌà  àT.€nitensó ó€(Hedwig)€Loeske.€A€handsome€moss€with€very€evenly€pinnate€branching€in€oneÐ l 6 Ðplane.€The€branches€are€slender,€with€smaller€leaves€about€a€fourth€as€long€as€those€on€the€singleÐ T  Ðmain€stem.€The€ovate€leaves€are€loosely€appressed€to€the€stem,€lack€a€costa,€and€the€elongate€€cellsÐ :  Ðhave€high€papillae€arising€from€their€side€or€end€walls.€Paraphyllia€of€a€few€filaments€of€elongateÐ  ê  Ðclear€cells,€either€simple€or€once„branched,€arise€from€the€leaf€bases€rather€than€from€the€stem.Ð Ð  ÐMasses€of€branched€brown€rhizoids€clothe€the€stems.Ð ì¶  ÐÌà  àOne€of€the€most€common€and€constant€components€of€subalpine€peatlands€and€willow€fens,Ð ¸‚  Ðcommonly€occurring€with€òòSphagnumóó€and€òòHelodium€blandowiióó.€In€unusually€cool,€moist€sites,€theÐ žh Ðspecies€may€occur€in€ravines€along€streams€in€the€foothills,€down€to€7,000€feet,€but€this€is€a€rareÐ „N Ðsituation.€Hedens€(1987)€proposed€putting€this€in€the€Amblystegiaceae.Ð j4 ÐÌò òó óÐ  6 ÐÖ€›•¾ÖÖ€œ–¾Öà@;;>ìàò òCATOSCOPIACEAEˆÐ 6 ÐÌó óà  àThis€is€a€monotypic€family,€with€only€one€genus€and€species.ò òÐ Ð ÐÌà@®®9ìàCatoscopiumó ó€Bridel,€1826ˆÐ Ô ž ÐÌà  àò òC.€nigritumó ó€(Hedwig)€Bridel.€This€is€a€turf„forming€plant€of€the€boreal€regions€of€NorthÐ ¢ l ÐAmerica€and€Eurasia€occurring€in€Park€Ô_ÔCo.:Ô_Ô€South€Park:€High€Creek€Fen€(a€Nature€ConservancyÐ Š T Ðreserve),€10€mi€S€of€Ô_ÔFairplayÔ_Ô,€9,700€ft.€alt.,€29€June,€2000,€Weber€&€Wittmann€112549.€Clear€CreekÐ p : ÐCo.:€Mount€Evans,€Summit€Lake,€12800€ft€alt.,€7€August,€2004,€Weber,€Wittmann,€Lehr,€&€TidballÐ V   ÐB„114276.€In€the€West€it€is€also€known€from€Montana.€The€plant€forms€dense€turf€on€the€verticalÐ <  Ðsides€of€shallow€channels€in€the€center€of€the€fen€where€the€obvious€associates€are€smallòò€Piceaóó€trees,Ð "ì  ÐòòBetula€glandulosa,€Salix€candida,€S.€myrtillifolia,€óóandòò€S.€serissimaóó€dotting€the€sedge€carpet.€TheÐ Ò  Ðleafy€shoots€are€undistinguished,€with€leaves€resembling€those€of€òòCeratodonóó,€but€the€sporophyte€isÐ î¸  Ðunique€in€the€mosses.€The€capsule€is€minute,€orbicular,€and€bent€to€the€side,€resembling€a€miniatureÐ Ôž  Ðgolf€club.Ð º„  ÐÐ   j ÐÖ€¡›¾ÖÖ€¢œ¾Öà@ÇÇ?ìàò òCLIMACIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@šš7ìàò òClimaciumó ó€Weber€&€Mohr,€1804ˆÐ Î ÐÌà  àò òC.€dendroidesó ó€(Hedwig)€Weber€&€Mohr.€An€easily€recognized€species,€being€our€only€mossÐ Ò œ Ðwith€a€dendroid€habit.€The€primary€stems€are€creeping€and€embedded€in€the€soil.€Erect€secondaryÐ º „ Ðstems€are€dark€and€clothed€with€appressed,€often€brownish€or€pale€leaves,€and€branch€at€the€top,€theÐ   j Ðradiating€branches€suggesting€the€fronds€of€miniature€palm€trees.€òòClimaciumóó€is€a€common€moss€ofÐ † P Ðwet€streamsides€from€the€lower€foothills€on€up€to€the€subalpine.€The€plants€are€sterile€in€our€area,Ð l 6 Ðsince€they€are€dioicous€and€only€the€female€plants€occur.€The€branch€leaves€are€ovate,€stronglyÐ R  Ðirregularly€plicate,€with€a€prominent€costa€disappearing€just€below€the€tip.€The€margin€is€coarselyÐ 8  Ðserrate€at€the€apex,€the€median€cells€are€narrowly€rhomboid€to€linear,€and€the€basal€cells€nearest€theÐ è  Ðcosta€are€thick„walled,€pitted,€and€orange.€Toward€the€basal€margin€the€cells€become€thinner„walled,Ð Î  Ðhyaline,€and€form€a€distinct€area€in€the€cordate„auriculate€leaf€base.Ð  ê´  Ðà@ÿÿ@ìàò òÖ€§¡¾ÖDICRANACEAEó óˆÐ 6 Ðò òÌà@??ìàó ó(Key€includes€some€genera€of€the€closely€related€Ditrichaceae,€Seligeriaceae,€andˆÐ Ð ÐOrthotrichaceae)Ð ì¶ ÐÌò òó ó1a.à0  àPlants€extremely€small,€less€than€0.5€mm,€difficult€to€see€without€a€lens!€Capsules€erect,Ð ¸ ‚ Ðgoblet„shaped.€On€sandstone€cliffs,€often€on€shaded€under„hangs.€ò òSeligeriaó ó€(Seligeriaceae)О h(#(# Ð1b.à0  àPlants€largerà‚#@"@"x(#.ô ô %(#(##à(2)ˆÐ † P ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€distichous,€lying€in€one€plane€when€wet,€with€a€broad,€sheathing€base€suddenlyÐ R  Ðnarrowed€into€a€divergent,€filiform€lamina€consisting€mostly€of€the€costa.€ò òDistichiumó óÐ 8  Ð(Ditrichaceae.)Ð ê (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€spirally€arranged€around€the€stem,€not€lying€in€one€planeà‚#@"@"x(#.X(#(##à(3)ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌ3a.à0  àCells€of€the€distal€half€of€the€leaf€papillose€or€mammilloseà‚#@"@"x(#.44T(#(##à(4)ˆÐ Òœ  Ð3b.à0  àCells€of€the€distal€half€of€the€leaf€smooth€or€only€slightly€mammilloseà‚#@"@"x(#.ÒÒ_(#(##à(8)ˆÐ ¸‚  ÐÌ4a.à0  àPapillae€or€mammillae€low€and€rounded,€never€projecting€saliently€as€teeth;€plants€formingÐ „N Ðdense€mats€on€shaded€cliffs;€capsules€with€very€short€seta,€the€urn€strongly€ridged€andÐ j4 Ðconstricted€below€the€mouth€(suggesting€òòOrthotrichumóó).€ò òAmphidiumó ó€(Orthotrichaceae)ÐP(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àPapillae€or€mammillae€high,€sharp„pointed,€directed€forward€and€projecting€from€the€leafÐ 8 Ðmargins€and€backà‚#@"@"x(#.ˆ ˆ ((#(##à(5)ˆÐ è ÐÌ5a.à0  àLeaf€margin€bistratoseà‚#@"@"x(#.  .(#(##à(6)ˆÐ ê´ ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaf€margin€unistratoseà‚#@"@"x(#.pp/(#(##à(7)ˆÐ К ÐÌ6a.à0  àDistal€leaf€cells€coarsely€and€broadly€conical„papillose;€gametangia€in€a€lateral€Ô_ÔperigoniumÔ_Ô,Ð œf Ða€bud€on€a€short€stalk;€extremely€rare,€on€granite€outcrops,€outer€foothills.€ò òCnestrumó ó€ò òschistió ó€Ð ‚L Ð(Dicranaceae)Ðj4(#(# Ð6b.à0  àDistal€leaf€cells€inconspicuously€low„papillose;€gametangia€enclosed€in€a€sessile€Ô_ÔperigoniumÔ_Ô,Ð P  Ðnot€a€stalked€bud;€on€rocks€in€subalpine€forests.€ò òCynodontiumó ó€(Dicranaceae)Ð6!(#(# ÐÌ7a.à0  àLeaves€broadly€lanceolate;€on€wet€rocks€on€cliffs€and€along€snow„melt€streamlets;€capsuleÐ #Î  Ðnot€striate.€ò òDichodontiumó ó€(Dicranaceae)Ðê#´!(#(# Ð7b.à0  àLeaves€narrowly€lanceolate;€capsule€distinctly€striate„ribbed;€on€vertical€faces€of€graniteÐ Ò$œ" Ðrocks,€€subalpine.€ò òCynodontiumó ó€(Dicranaceae)и%‚#(#(# ÐÌ8a.à0  àAlar€and€basal€cells€sharply€delimited,€thick„walled,€orangeà‚#@"@"x(#.˜˜T(#(##à(9)ˆÐ †'P!% Ð8b.à0  àAlar€and€basal€cells€not€sharply€delimited€or,€if€so,€not€thick„walled€or€orangeà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.<<h(#(##à(10)ˆÐ l(6"& ÐÌ9a.à0  àLeaves€coppery„brown€or€dark€green,€leaf€tip€blunt,€rounded€(microscopically);€costa€broad,Ð 8*$( Ðoccupying€most€of€the€distal€half€of€the€leaf;€plants€of€overflowed€rock€slopes.€ò òBlindiaó óÐ +è$) Ð(Seligeriaceae)Ð,Ð%*(#(# Ð9b.à0  àLeaves€lively€green;€leaf€tip€sharp;€costa€narrow;€plants€of€dry€rock€surfaces€or€on€peaty€soil,Ð 6 Ðat€least€not€directly€on€flow€lines.€ò òKiaeriaó ó€(Dicranaceae)Ðæ(#(# ÐÌ10a.à0  àAlar€cells€not€or€only€slightly€differentiated;€leaf€margin€recurved,€plane,€or€incurvedà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.Š!Š!p(#(##à(11)ˆÐ ê´ Ð10b.à0  àAlar€cells€differentiated€(enlarged„quadrate,€thin„walled);€leaf€margins€not€recurvedà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.!!m(#(##à(17)ˆÐ Ð š ÐÌ11a.à0  àLeaves€pale€bluish„green,€always€partly€inter„tangled€with€a€weft€of€fine€white€flexuousÐ œ f Ðorganic€crystals€(resembling€ð ðmoldðð€or€ð ðcotton€candyðð);€rare€plants€of€the€subalpine€andÐ ‚ L Ðalpine€slopes.€ò òSaelaniaó ó€(Ditrichaceae)Ðh 2(#(# Ð11b.à0  àLeaves€never€intertwined€with€white€weftsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.NNA(#(##à(12)ˆÐ P  ÐÌ12a.à0  àCells€of€the€distal€part€of€the€leaf€mostly€longer€than€broad,à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.€€V(#(##à(13)ˆÐ æ  Ð12b.à0  àCells€of€the€distal€part€of€the€leaf€mostly€quadrateà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.||L(#(##à(14)ˆÐ Ì  ÐÌ13a.à0  àCapsule€erect,€strongly€ribbed,€not€strumose;€peristome€teeth€16,€not€forked;€seta€yellow.РΘ  Ðò òRhabdoweisiaó óд~ (#(# Ð13b.à0  àCapsule€curved,€smooth€or€ribbed,€commonly€strumose;€peristome€teeth€forked;€seta€red.Ð œf Ðò òDicranellaó óЂL(#(# ÐÌl4a.à0  àCapsules€short,€strongly€ribbed,€on€a€short,€curved€seta€and€usually€hidden€among€the€leaves,Ð P Ðmostly€not€fruiting€at€all;€plants€forming€very€compact,€deep€golden„brown€sods€on€alpineÐ 6 Ðslopes.€ò òOreasó ó€(Dicranaceae)Ðæ(#(# Ðl4b.à0  àCapsule€cylindric,€on€an€elongate€seta,€well€exserted€above€the€leaves,€commonly€fruiting;Ð Î Ðplants€of€various€habitatsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ÜÜ2(#(##à(15)ˆÐ ê´ ÐÌ15a.à0  àLeaves€narrowly€lanceolate€or€linear;€capsule€erect,€cylindrical,€not€strumose.€ò òDitrichumó óÐ ¶€ Ð(Ditrichaceae)Оh(#(# Ð15b.à0  àLeaves€broadly€lanceolate;€capsule€strumoseà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.îîC(#(##à(16)ˆÐ „N ÐÌ16a.à0  àLeaves€lacking€a€sheathing€base;€capsule€straight€but€more€or€less€horizontal,€purple„brown,Ð P  Ðwith€a€few€prominent€longitudinal€grooves;€operculum€conic;€plants€of€dry,€disturbed€sitesÐ 6! Ð(probably€the€most€abundant€weed€moss€everywhere€in€our€area).€ò òCeratodonó ó€(Ditrichaceae)€Ð"æ(#(# Ð16b.à0  àLeaves€with€a€prominent€sheathing€base,€the€lamina€abruptly€spreading€above€it;€capsuleÐ #Î  Ðcurved€and€inclined,€furrowed€when€dry€and€empty;€operculum€prominently€beaked;€plantsÐ ê#´! Ðof€fens,€dripping€ledges,€or€wet€streamsides.€ò òOncophorusó ó€(Dicranaceae)ÐÐ$š"(#(# ÐÌ17a.à0  àPlants€very€short„stemmed,€forming€loose€tufts€on€decaying€wood€and€occasionally€on€rocksÐ ž&h $ Ðin€rather€dry€forested€sites;€leaves€strongly€crisped€when€dry;€capsule€symmetrical,€erect,€notÐ „'N!% Ðstrumose.€ò òDicranoweisiaó ó€(Dicranaceae)Ðj(4"&(#(# Ð17b.à0  àPlants€often€long„stemmed,€forming€compact€sods€on€the€groundà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.DDU(#(##à(18)ˆÐ R)#' ÐÌ18a.à0  àCosta€narrow,€thin€or€thick,€in€cross„section€convex,€without€thin„walled€hyaline€cells€on€theÐ +è$) Ðventral€surface;€laminal€cells€homogeneous€from€the€costa€to€the€margin.€ò òDicranumó óÐ ,Î%* Ð(Dicranaceae)Ð6(#(# Ð18b.à0  àCosta€broad€and€flat,€often€occupying€the€greater€part€of€the€leaf€width;€hyaline€cells€on€oneÐ æ Ðor€both€surfaces€of€the€costa;€laminal€cells€decreasing€in€size€from€the€costa€out€to€theÐ Ì Ðmarginsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.Œ Œ (#(##à(19)ˆÐ è² ÐÌ19a.à0  àPlants€small,€with€leaves€less€than€3€mm€long;€hyaline€cells€present€only€on€the€ventral€sideÐ ´ ~ Ðof€the€costa;€branch€tips€deciduous,€commonly€seen€lying€on€the€tuft.€ò òCampylopusó óÐ š d Ð(Dicranaceae)Ђ L(#(# Ð19b.à0  àPlants€robust,€with€leaves€commonly€over€5€mm€long;€hyaline€cells€on€both€sides€of€theÐ h 2 Ðcosta,€enclosing€central€chlorophyllose€cells.€ò òParaleucobryumó ó€(Dicranaceae)€ÐN (#(# ÐÌà@  6ìàò òCampylopusó ó€Bridel,€1819€[1818]ˆÐ æ  ÐÌà  àò òC.€schimperió ó€Milde.€A€common€but€easily€overlooked€species€of€the€subalpine€and€alpineÐ ê´  Ðsnow€melt€areas,€occurring€on€saturated€soil€around€lakes€and€solifluction€terraces€(òòC.€Ô_ÔsubulatusÔ_Ôóó).Ð Òœ  ÐIt€is€an€inconspicuous€and€nondescript€sod„former€without€any€obvious€field€characters€except€that,Ð ¸‚  Ðwith€its€very€broad€costa,€it€looks€like€a€very€small,€non„falcate€òòParaleucobryum€enerveò òó óóó.€However,Ð žh Ðsince€the€tips€of€the€shoots€break€away€from€the€stem€to€form€vegetative€propagula,€it€is€very€easyÐ „N Ðto€recognize€the€species€in€the€field€because€the€tufts€have€yellowish€shoot„apices€scattered€over€theÐ j4 Ðsurface.Ð P ÐÌà@**;ìàò òCnestrumó ó€Hagen,€1914ˆÐ æ ÐÌà  àò òC.€schistió ó€(Wahlenberg)€I.€Hagen.€An€extremely€rare€species,€known€in€Colorado€from€aÐ ê´ Ðsingle€collection€in€Boulder€County:€west€slope€of€Steamboat€Mt.,€foothills,€6,000€ft.€alt.,€ca.€2€miÐ Òœ ÐNW€of€Lyons;€in€crevices€of€shaded€granite€ledges,€up€the€main€draw€west€of€the€old€city€dump,€21Ð ¸‚ ÐFeb.€1963,€òòM.€Bowers€B„10567€óó(!€G.€Ô_ÔMogensenÔ_Ô).€It€resembles€a€very€small€òòCynodontium,€óóbut€theÐ žh Ðantheridia€are€born€in€a€bud€on€a€very€short€stalk,€not€sessile.€The€leaves€are€falcate€when€dry,€andÐ „N Ðthe€distal€ends€€are€very€coarsely€papillose.€We€have€not€seen€capsules€on€the€Colorado€specimen,Ð j4 Ðbut€they€are€ribbed.€Some€authors€retain€this€in€òòCynodontiumóó.€The€leaves€have€papillae€rather€likeÐ P  Ðthose€of€òòDichodontiumóó,€but€in€that€genus€the€margins€are€unistratose,€and€the€habitat€is€wet€cliffs.Ð 6! ÐÌà@˜ ˜ 4ìàò òCynodontium€ó óBruch€&€Schimper,€1856ˆÐ #Ì  ÐÌ1a.à0  àCapsule€straight,€erect,€deeply€furrowed,€indistinctly€or€not€strumose,€the€red,€erect€peristomeÐ Ð$š" Ðteeth€very€evident,€the€seta€twisted;€leaves€strongly€contorted.€ò òC.€alpestreó óж%€#(#(# Ð1b.à0  àCapsule€curved,€furrowed€but€not€as€strongly€so,€distinctly€strumose€at€the€base;€leaves€onlyÐ ž&h $ Ðslightly€and€erect.€ò òC.€strumiferumó óЄ'N!%(#(# ÐÌà  àò òC.€alpestreó ó€(Wahlenberg)€Milde.€This€is€a€fairly€common€species€on€moist€cliffs€in€the€Ð R)#' Ðmiddle€altitudes€(Rocky€Mountain€Park€westward.€The€leaves€are€crisped€when€dry,€the€capsule€isÐ :*$( Ðerect€and€strongly€furrowed,€not€strumose,€on€a€twisted€seta.€€The€red€peristome€teeth€are€erect€andÐ  +ê$) Ðsplit€down€the€middle€part€way.€The€leaves€are€very€coarsely€papillose„mammillose,€with€sharpÐ ,Ð%* Ðpoints€directed€forward.€This€was€called€variously€òòC.€tenellum,€C.€polycarpum,€óóoròò€C.€gracilescens.óóÐ 6 ÐSee€Crum€and€Anderson,€p.€183€for€a€discussion€of€the€complicated€nomenclatural€history.Ð æ ÐCollections€from€Eagle,€Gilpin,€Grand,€Larimer€counties.Ð Ì ÐÌà  àò òC.€strumiferum€ó ó(Hedwig)€Lindberg.€Here€the€capsule€is€curved,€asymmetric,€furrowed,€andÐ Î ˜ Ðstrongly€strumoseò ò€ó óat€the€base.€In€both€species€the€operculum€is€beaked€and€diverges€from€the€capsuleÐ ¶ € Ðurn€at€an€angle.€Habitat€is€similar€to€the€last€but€reported€also€from€sandy€river€banks,€perhaps€onÐ ž h Ðdrier€sites.€This€was€reported€earlier€as€òòC.€polycarponóó,€which€evidently€does€not€occur€in€America.Ð „ N ÐCollections€from€Grand€and€Larimer€counties.Ð j 4 ÐÌà@öö8ìàò òDichodontiumó ó€Schimper,€1856ˆÐ 6  ÐÌà  àò òD.€pellucidumó ó€(Hedwig)€Schimper.€Infrequent.€occurring€on€wet€stones€in€snow„meltÐ Î  Ðstreams€and€cliffs€from€the€foothills€to€the€upper€subalpine€or€alpine.€The€strongly€papillose€orÐ ì¶  Ðmammillose€cells€and€often€toothed€margins€of€the€leaves€of€this,€òòCnestrumóó,€and€òòCynodontiumóó€mayÐ Òœ  Ðlead€students€astray,€since€the€leaf€morphology€strongly€suggests€the€Pottiaceae.Ð ¸‚  ÐÌà@q q 2ìàò òDicranellaó ó€(Mller€Hal.)€Schimper,€1856ˆÐ „N ÐÌà  àThe€species€of€òòDicranellaóó€are€very€small,€forming€little€tufts€with€very€short€stems€andÐ R Ðnarrow€leaves.€They€are€€usually€fruiting.€The€seta€is€red€in€our€species,€and€the€capsules€very€small,Ð 8 Ðoblong,€either€straight€or€curved,€and€the€operculum€is€long„rostrate.€Unlike€the€fairly€similarÐ è ÐòòDicranoweisiaóó,€they€grow€on€soil€along€trails€rather€than€on€rock.Ð Î ÐÌ1a.à0  àPerichaetial€leaves€or€both€stem€and€perichaetial€leaves€with€obovate,€sheathing€bases€andРК Ðspreading€to€squarrose€leavesà‚#@"@"x(#.005(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ¶€ Ð1b.à0  àPerichaetial€leaves€scarcely€differentiated€from€stem€leaves;€leaves€wide„spreading€to€secund,Ð œf Ðnot€squarrose.€ò òD.€variaó óЂL(#(# ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaf€cells€rectangular,€7„15€ððm€wide,€2„3:1;€annulus€lacking.€ò òD.€schreberianaó óÐP (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaf€cells€elongate„rectangular,€4„5€ððm€wide,€6„8:1;€annulus€presentà‚#@"@"x(#.vv\(#(##à(3)ˆÐ 8! ÐÌ3a.à0  àCapsule€erect€and€symmetric;€leaves€squarrose€distally,€spreading„flexuous€proximallyÐ #Î  Ð(sterile€plants€can€be€distinguished€by€the€attitude€of€the€leaves).€ò òD.€crispaó óÐê#´!(#(# Ð3b.à0  àCapsule€inclined€or€nodding,€the€peristome€appearing€overly€large€for€the€urn;€leaves€erectÐ Ò$œ" Ðor€falcate„secund.€ò òD.€subulataó óи%‚#(#(# ÐÌà  àò òD.€crispa€ó ó(Hedwig)€Schimper.€When€fertile,€this€species€is€easily€identified€by€its€straightÐ †'P!% Ðcapsule€that€is€slightly€furrowed.€The€differentiated€perichaetial€leaves€are€not€so€easily€recognizedÐ n(8"& Ðas€they€are€in€òòD.€schreberianaóó€because€they€are€very€small,€and€form€a€tight€ð ðknotðð€that€needs€to€beÐ T)#' Ðdissected€out.€At€first€glance€they€seem€to€be€no€more€differentiated€than€those€of€òòD.€variaóó.€However,Ð :*$( Ðupon€dissection€they€are€suddenly€narrowed€from€an€ovate€base.€The€leaf€cells€are€very€definitelyÐ  +ê$) Ðvery€long€and€slender;€this,€in€combination€with€the€erect€and€straight,€furrowed€capsule,€make€theÐ ,Ð%* Ðidentification€sure.€One€collection,€from€Grand€Co.:€Rocky€Mt.€National€Park,€Adamððs€Falls,€òòVittÐ 6 Ð15318óó.Ð æ ÐÌà  àò òD.€schreberianaó ó€€(Hedwig)€€Crum€&€Anderson.€The€very€obviously€broadened€leaf€basesÐ è² Ðand€squarrose€leaves€form€a€ð ðflower„likeðð€perichaetium.€Uncommon;€known€from€a€few€collections:Ð Ð š ÐLarimer€Co.:€Jinks€Creek,€Chambers€Lake,€8,400€ft.,€Hermann€28064;€Rocky€Mt.€Nat.€Park,€onÐ ¶ € Ðgravelly,€peaty€creek€banks€in€spruce„lodgepole€forests€(òòHermann€1976,€26596óó);€San€Juan€Co.:Ð œ f ÐDeadwood€Gulch,€2.2€mi€S€of€Silverton,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€B„111930.óóÐ ‚ L ÐÌà  àò òD.€subulataó ó€(Hedwig)€Schimper.€Evidently€this€is€our€most€common€species.€It€is€alpine€andÐ N  Ðsubalpine.€Most€of€our€specimens€are€fertile;€the€red€seta,€curved€capsule,€and€very€conspicuous€andÐ 6  Ðsurprisingly€oversized€peristome€with€incurved€teeth€with€gaping€spaces€between€them,€areÐ æ  Ðdiagnostic.€The€perichaetial€leaves€are€small€and€inconspicuous€but€distinctly€broad€at€the€base€onÐ Ì  Ðdissection,€as€in€òòD.€crispaóó.€The€leaves€are€merely€somewhat€curved€or€secund,€not€spreading€in€allÐ è²  Ðdirections,€and€the€cells€are€long€and€narrow.€It€evidently€occurs€on€soil€in€open€spruce„fir€forests.òòóóРΘ  ÐLarimer€Co.:€Rocky€Mt.€Nat.€Park,€trail€to€Lake€of€Glass,€10„11,000€ft.,€òòWeber€&€Ô_ÔPontecorvoÔ_Ô€B„Ð ´~  Ð18193.óóÐ šd ÐÌà  àò òD.€variaó ó€(Hedwig)€Schimper.€This€seems€to€be€a€trail„side€species,€not€especially€restrictedÐ f0 Ðto€any€specialized€habitat.€The€plants€are€small,€but€usually€heavily€fruiting.€The€leaves€are€yellow„Ð N Ðgreen,€narrow,€and€merely€somewhat€wavy€rather€than€straight€but€not€at€all€curled.€The€capsule€isÐ 4þ Ðasymmetrical€and€not€strictly€erect,€and€the€operculum€is€rostrate.€It€is€fairly€common€mostly€in€theÐ ä Ðnorthern€counties€(Boulder,€Jackson,€Grand,€Larimer),€Archuleta€and€La€Plata,€but€is€not€oftenÐ Ê Ðcollected,€probably€because€the€plants€are€small€and€not€conspicuous:€Boulder€County,€from€a€òòSalix„Ð æ° ÐBetulaóó€thicket€beside€a€peat€fen€at€10,000€ft.€altitude,€òòVaarama€B„11082óó,€!Crundwell;€Grand€Co:Ð Ì– ÐWest€St.€Louis€Creek€trail,€òòWeber€&€Ô_ÔDahnkeÔ_Ô€B„91858óó,€and€another€from€La€Plata€County,€along€theÐ ²| ÐAnimas€River€(òòJamieson€10639óó).Ð ˜b ÐÌà@ 3ìàò òDicranoweisia€ó óLindberg€ex€Milde,€1869ˆÐ d. ÐÌà  àAlthough€we€have€records€of€only€one€species,€it€is€possible€that€in€the€moist€forests€ofÐ 2!ü Ðnorthern€Colorado€there€is€a€second,€òòD.€cirrataóó.€The€key€provided€by€Flowers€(1956)€whichÐ "â Ðdistinguished€them€is€given€below.€Ð þ"È  ÐÌ1a.à0  àMargins€strongly€and€widely€recurved€in€many€leaves;€lamina€smooth,€unistratose€except€forÐ Ê$”" Ðthe€margins;€inner€perichaetial€leaves€with€a€long,€more€or€less€clasping€base€but€scarcelyÐ °%z# Ðconvolute,€the€upper€portion€acuminate,€shorter€than€the€base.€ò òD.€cirrataó óЖ&` $(#(# Ð1b.à0  à€Margins€of€the€leaves€plane,€erect€to€incurved,€sometimes€narrowly€recurved;€lamina€usuallyÐ ~'H!% Ðlongitudinally€striate€with€narrow€cuticular€ridges,€these€appearing€in€cross„section€as€minuteÐ d(."& Ðpapillae;€lamina€unistratose€to€bistratose€in€the€distal€half.€ò òD.€crispula€ó óÐJ)#'(#(# ÐÌà  àò òD.€crispulaó ó€(Hedwig)€Lindberg€ex€Milde.€This€is€undoubtedly€one€of€the€most€commonÐ +â$) Ðmosses€in€the€forested€areas,€occurring€on€decaying€logs€and€on€boulders.€The€old€capsules€persistÐ ,Ê%* Ðon€the€tufts€for€a€long€time€but€lose€their€peristomes€and€become€quite€bleached€in€color.€It€is€aÐ 6 Ðrelatively€nondescript€moss€and€for€some€reason€has€been€often€mistaken€for€òòWeissia€controversaóó.Ð æ ÐÌà@ìì;ìàò òDicranum€ó óHedwig,€1801ˆÐ è² ÐÌÔ‡Xn XXXn5Ô1a.à0  àLeaves€small,€usually€less€than€5€mm€long€and€0.5€mm€wideà‚#@"@"x(#.ÖÖQ(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ¶ € Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€larger,€usually€5„10€mm€long€and€0.5„1.0€mm€wide;€otherwise€not€as€aboveà‚#@"@"x(#.Ú Ú g(#(##à(3)ˆÐ ¢ l ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaf€cells€papillose€from€apex€to€middle;€leaves€acute€and€strongly€curled€when€dry;€plantsÐ z D Ðusually€on€wood€or€rock.€€ò òD.€montanumó óÔ#†Xn5X XXn ¢–#ÔÔ‡Xn XXXn5ÔÐf0 (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€not€at€all€papillose;€leaves€spreading€widely€from€a€densely€tomentose€stem,€andÐ V  Ðbecoming€crisped;€slender,€stiff€branchlets€with€appressed,€short€leaves€(propagula).€In€theÐ B  Ðterminal€leaf€clusters.€On€rock.€ò òD.€flagellareó óÐ.ø (#(# ÐÌ3a.à0  àPlants€with€most€leaf€apices€broken€off;€leaves€straight€when€dry;€growing€on€wood.€ò òD.Ð  Ô  Ðtauricumó óÐúÄ (#(# Ð3b.à0  àPlants€with€most€leaf€apices€present,€rarely€with€a€few€broken;€leaves€curled€when€dry€orÐ æ° Ðsometimes€straightà‚#@"@"x(#.è è *(#(##à(4)ˆÐ Òœ ÐÌ4a.à0  àLeaves€slightly€undulate€or€rugose,€especially€near€the€apex;€setae€aggregate.€ò òD.€polysetumó óЪt(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€not€undulate€or€rugose;€setae€solitaryà‚#@"@"x(#.ääE(#(##à(5)ˆÐ šd ÐÌ5a.à0  àDistal€leaf€cells€usually€elongate,€sinuose,€pittedà‚#@"@"x(#.  K(#(##à(6)ˆÐ r< ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àDistal€leaf€cells€usually€short€(quadrate,€rectangular,€or€irregularly€angular),€neither€sinuoseÐ ^( Ðnor€pitted€(or€with€few€pits)à‚#‚"‚"y(#.®®5(#(##à(9ˆÐ J ÐÌ6a.à0  àLeaves€keeled€distally,€the€margins€strongly€serrate€in€distal€half;€costa€with€2„4€well„Ð "ì Ðdeveloped€dentate€ridges€on€abaxial€surface€in€distal€part€of€leaf.€ò òD.€scopariumó óÐØ(#(# Ð6b.à0  àLeaves€tubulose€to€somewhat€keeled€distally,€margins€entire€to€serrate€in€distal€half;€costaÐ þÈ Ðwithout€or€with€poorly€developed€dentate€ridges€distally€on€abaxial€surfaceà‚#‚"‚"y(#.XXc(#(##à(7ˆÐ ê ´ ÐÌ7a.à0  àAlar€cells€bistratose;€leaves€with€a€long,€narrow€subula,€the€apex€acute€to€somewhat€obtuse;Ð Â"Œ Ðcapsule€slightly€to€strongly€arcuate.€ò òD.€spadiceumó óÔ#†Xn5X XXn ­˜#ÔÔ‡Xn XXXn5ÔЮ#x (#(# Ð7b.à0  àAlar€cells€usually€unistratose,€rarely€bistratose€in€part;€capsule€slightly€arcuate€to€straight€andÐ ž$h! Ðerectà‚#@"@"x(#.ŠŠ(#(##à(8)ˆÐ Š%T" ÐÌ8a.à0  àLeaves€spreading€to€slightly€falcate„secund,€the€margins€serrate€near€apex;€capsule€2„4€mmÐ b',!$ Ðlong.€ò òD.€rhabdocarpumó óÐN("%(#(# Ð8b.à0  àLeaves€erect„spreading€to€erect„appressed,€the€margins€entire;€capsule€1.5„2€mm€long.€ò òD.Ð >)#& Ðgroenlandicumó óÐ.*ø#'(#(# ÐÌ9a.à0  àLeaves€narrowly€lanceolate,€straight€and€appressed€or€very€slightly€falcate;€plants€ofÐ ,Ð%) Ðsubalpine€fensà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.„ „ &(#(##à(10)ˆÐ 6 Ð9b.à0  àLeaves€broadly€lanceolate,€convex,€widely€spreading.€Common€dry€forest€plants€on€soilà‚#(#(#{(#.V"V"m(#(##àÔ#†Xn5X XXn ¡#ÔÔ‡Xn XXXn5ԈР"ì Ðà0  àà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.(#(##à(11)à @½ àˆÐ Ø ÐÌ10a.à0  àProximal€leaves€with€acute€apices;€proximal€leaf€cells€usually€less€than€40€ððm€long,€theÐ æ ° Ðmedian€cells€pitted€mainly€proximal€to€mid„leaf.€€ò òD.€elongatumó óÔ#†Xn5X XXn ò¤#ÔÐÒ œ(#(# Ð10b.à0  àProximal€leaves€often€with€blunt€apices;€proximal€leaf€cells€usually€more€than€40€ððm€long;Ð  Œ Ðcells€pitted€well€distal€to€the€middle€of€leaf.€ò òD.€groenlandicumó óШ r(#(# ÐÌ11a.à0  àLeaves€relatively€unchanged€when€dry,€only€lightly€crisped,€appressed,€not€standing€out€atÐ v@  Ðright€angles,€the€stem€slightly€tomentose€but€not€forming€a€dense€€covering,€only€lightlyÐ \&  Ðcrisped€when€dry;€common€plants€of€dry€forest€floors.€ò òD.€muehlenbeckiió óÐB (#(# Ð11b.à0  àLeaves€strongly€crisped€and€narrowly€tubulose€when€dry,€the€middle€stem€leaves€standingÐ *ô  Ðout€at€€right€angles€to€the€stem;€stem€tomentum€white€in€young€growth,€becoming€red„brownÐ Ú  Ðbelow;€rare€plants€of€very€wet€forests,€especially€streamsides.€ò òD.€brevifoliumó óÐöÀ (#(# ÐÌà  àò òD.€brevifolium€ó ó(Lindberg)€Lindberg.òò€óóUncommon€or€rare€in€the€eastern€foothills.€Collections:€Ð ÄŽ ÐClear€Creek€Co.:€E€of€Silver€Dollar€Lake,€11€mi€SSW€of€Georgetown,€29€July€1977€(det.€by€G.Ð ¬v ÐÔ_ÔTruccoÔ_Ô,€1978,€as€òòD.€acutifoliumóó);€Larimer€Co.:€spruce„fir€woods,€9,800€ft.,€trail€to€Comanche€Lake,Ð ’\ ÐMummy€Range,€10€mi€SW€of€Rustic,€9€June€1977,€òòHermann€27808€(B„60367,óó€!€Irelandòò)óó;€TwinÐ xB ÐCabin€Gulch,€òòWittmann€&€Weber€112844óó.Ð ^( ÐÌà  àThis€is€very€close€to€òòD.€muehlenbeckii;€óóin€fact€it€was€formerly€considered€to€be€a€variety€ofÐ *ô Ðthat€species.€In€òòD.€muehlenbeckiióó€the€leaves€are€very€tightly€tubulose€all€the€way€to€the€apex€and€theÐ Ú Ðcosta€is€not€prominent€abaxially€in€the€lower€half€of€the€leaf.€òòD.€brevifoliumóó€has€leaves€that€are€notÐ öÀ Ðas€tightly€tubulose€near€the€apex€because€in€cross„section€they€are€tong„shaped,€and€the€costa€isРܦ Ðprominently€bulging€and€shiny€on€he€abaxial€surface.Ð ÂŒ ÐÌà  àò òD.€elongatum€ó óSchleicher€ex€Schwgrichen.€Restricted€to€alpine€and€subalpine€fens€or€wetÐ ŽX Ðmoss€tundra.€Very€easily€recognized€by€its€straight€leaves€and€densely€packed€stems.€See€alsoÐ v @ Ðdiscussion€of€òòD.€groenlandicumóó.òòóóÐ \!& ÐÌà  àò òD.€flagellare€ó óHedwig.€A€species€unlike€any€other,€characterized€by€its€production€ofÐ (#ò  Ðmicrophyllose€stems€in€clusters€at€the€stem€apex.€It€is€very€small€(about€1„2€centimeters),€withÐ $Ú! Ðdensely€tomentose€stems€and€very€narrow,€tubulose€leaves€that€spread€at€right€angles€to€the€stemÐ ö$À" Ðbecoming€loosely€crisped.€The€cells€of€the€lamina€are€quadrate€and€thick„walled.€The€cells€of€theÐ Ü%¦# Ðbroader€somewhat€sheathing€base€are€rectangular,€and€the€basal€and€alar€cells€are€large€and€thin„Ð Â&Œ $ Ðwalled.€We€have€only€one€station:€Larimer€C.:€Ô_ÔBuckhornÔ_Ô€Canyon,€northwest€of€Ô_ÔMasonvilleÔ_Ô,€at€mouthÐ ¨'r!% Ðof€Twin€Cabin€Gulch,€about€100€yards€in,€2134€msm€(7,000€ft.),€N40ð$ð34ð-ð50ð.ð€W105ð$ð23ð-ð10ð.ð,€25Ð Ž(X"& ÐMay€1981,€òòRolston€81018€(B„93702),€Weber€&€Wittmann€114328óó.€This€is€an€eastern€species,Ð t)>#' Ðevidently€relictual€in€the€Front€Range.Ð Z*$$( ÐÌà  àò òD.€groenlandicumó ó€Bridel.€We€have€one€collection:€Jackson€Co.:€Upper€Slide€Lake,€RainbowÐ &,ð%* ÐLake€Trail,€0.5€mi€NE€of€Mt.€Ethel,€10,720€ft.,€òòRolston€82197€(COLO€B„93870)óó.€Nyholm€(p.€69)Ð 6 Ðwrites:€ð ðThe€tufts€of€subsp.€òògroenlandicumóó€are€somewhat€more€robust€than€[those]€of€òòD.€elongatumóó.Ð æ ÐThe€leaves€are€broader€below,€the€nerve€narrower.€The€best€character€for€distinction,€however,€isÐ Ì Ðafforded€by€the€elongate,€strongly€incrassate€and€porose€cells€in€the€upper€part€of€the€leaf.ðð€Ð è² ÐÔ_ÔHegewaldÔ_Ô€(1972)€has€beautiful€illustrations€of€the€cell€detail€of€this€and€its€close€relative€òòD.Ð Î ˜ Ðelongatumóó.€In€òòD.€groenlandicumóó,€not€only€are€the€stems€coarser€but€the€pitting€of€all€the€leaf€cellsÐ ´ ~ Ðis€very€clearly€defined.€In€òòD.€€elongatum€óóthe€pitting€is€hard€to€see€but€in€òòD.€groenlandicumóó€it€is€veryÐ š d Ðobvious€because€the€cell€walls€are€exceptionally€thick.Ð € J ÐÌà  àò òD.€montanumó ó€Hedwig.€Inconspicuous€and€infrequent,€thus€far€Ô_ÔnlyÔ_Ô€found€in€the€eastern€FrontÐ L  ÐRange€foothills.€Only€a€few€collections€are€known,€from€a€cliff€under„hang,€growing€with€òòNeckeraÐ 4þ  Ðpennataóó€òòóóin€South€St.€Vrain€Canyon,€and€in€the€Boulder€Mountain€Park,€Boulder€County.€The€plantsÐ ä  Ðare€very€small€rarely€forming€intact,€dense€tufts€but€usually€belonging€to€the€variety€òòpulvinatumóóÐ Ê  ÐÔ_ÔPfefferÔ_Ô.€Crum€and€Anderson€describe€this€modification€as€follows:€ð ðIt.€.€.produces€weak€branchletsÐ æ°  Ðwith€minute,€strongly€crisped,€spreading,€roughish€leaves.€Such€branches€are,€in€fact,€scarcelyÐ Ì–  Ðdifferent€from€the€ordinary€plants€except€in€size.€Whole€colonies€appear€to€consist€of€such€leafyÐ ²|  Ðbranchlets€of€plants€reduced€in€size€and€resembling€them.ðð€Our€specimens€are€little€balls€intermixedÐ ˜b Ðin€branches€of€òòNeckeraóó.Ð ~H ÐÌà  àò òD.€muehlenbeckiió ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€The€most€abundant€òòDicranumóó€throughout€the€forestedÐ J Ðregions€of€Colorado.€It€ranges€widely€in€forests€of€the€middle€altitudes.€Some€specimens€have€beenÐ 2ü Ðdetermined€by€Lawton€as€òòD.€fuscescensóó€Turner.€The€latter€species€is€very€common€in€Eastern€UnitedÐ â ÐStates€and€in€the€Pacific€Northwest€but€its€presence€in€Colorado€is€very€doubtful.€Ireland€(Ô_ÔBFNAÔ_ÔÐ þÈ Ðms.)€calls€òòB.€muehlenbeckiióó€a€ð ðsomewhat€rare€species€throughout€North€America.ðð€See€discussionÐ ä® Ðunder€òòD.€brevifolium.óóÐ Ê” ÐÌà  àò òD.€polysetumó ó€Swartz.€We€have€only€one€collection,€from€depressions€in€a€òòSphagnum€fuscum„Ð –` ÐCarex€aquatilis€óófen€in€the€Silver€Lake€Valley,€3000„3500€m,€in€the€Boulder€watershed,€òòWeber€B„Ð ~H Ð44158óó,€determined€by€Wilbur€Peterson.€Unfortunately€the€plants€are€without€sporophytes€but€theÐ d. Ðvegetative€characters€are€convincing.€The€leaves€are€rather€stiffly€spreading,€have€a€golden€sheen,Ð J  Ðand€are€strongly€wavy„margined.Ð 0!ú ÐÌà  àò òD.€rhabdocarpumó ó€Sullivant.€An€abundant€species€in€the€foothill€canyons€and€especially€onÐ ü"Æ  Ðshaded€north€slopes.€In€fruit€it€is€easily€known€by€its€erect€straight€capsules,€and€sterile€by€its€denseÐ ä#®! Ðtufts€with€non„falcate€leaves€held€together€by€a€rich€development€of€reddish€tomentum.€In€winterÐ Ê$”" Ðthese€tufts€fill€up€solidly€with€ice!Ð °%z# ÐÌà  àò òD.€scopariumó ó€Hedwig.€Common€in€forests€of€the€foothills,€easily€recognized€when€typicalÐ |'F!% Ðby€the€strongly€falcate„secund€leaves€as€if€combed€in€one€direction.€The€Rocky€Mountain€plants€areÐ d(."& Ðsmaller€and€less€strongly€falcate€than€plants€of€the€East€and€Far€West.€Our€specimens€were€verifiedÐ J)#' Ðby€Peterson€(1979).Ð 0*ú#( ÐÌà  àò òD.€spadiceumó ó€Zetterstedt.€We€have€two€collections:€Boulder€County;€Diamond€Lake,€11,000Ð ü+Æ%* Ðft.€Alt.,€11€Sept,.€1974,€òòHermann€25915óó,€!Ireland;€Gilpin€Co.:€Tolland,€July€1914,€Grout€(DUKE,Ð 6 Ð!Ireland).€It€is€very€close€to€òòD.€muehlenbeckii,€óóbut€inhabits€wet€habitats€(fens,€wet€meadows,€willowÐ æ Ðcarrs).€According€to€Ireland€(in€litt.),€the€very€best€criteria€are€the€cells€of€the€costa€cross„section.€InÐ Ì ÐòòD.€muehlenbeckiióó€the€cells€on€the€adaxial€surface€are€enlarged,€compared€to€the€smaller€stereid€cellsÐ è² Ðbelow.€Rarely€there€are€some€such€cells€in€òòD.€spadiceumóó€but€not€all€the€way€across€the€costa€as€inÐ Î ˜ ÐòòD.€muehlenbeckiióó.Ð ´ ~ ÐÌà  àò òD.€tauricumó ó€Sapehin.€Infrequent€in€the€outer€foothills€(òòPseudotsugaóó€forests),€usually€onÐ € J Ðdecaying€wood.€The€straight,€yellow„green€leaves,€many€of€them€broken€at€the€tip,€and€its€habitat,Ð h 2 Ðmake€this€an€easy€plant€to€recognize.€(òòOrthodicranum€strictumóó).Ð N  ÐÌà@@@:ìàò òKiaeriaó ó€I.€Hagen,€1915ˆÐ ä  ÐÌà  àThis€is€not€a€difficult€genus€to€recognize€in€the€field,€although€the€technical€features€thatÐ è²  Ðcharacterize€it€are€primarily€microscopic.€Its€aspect€is€that€of€a€very€small€òòDicranumóó,€about€aРΘ  Ðcentimeter€tall.€The€leaves€are€about€3€mm€long,€suddenly€narrowed€from€a€broader€base,€tubular„Ð ´~  Ðinvolute,€strongly€falcate€(curving€into€a€full€circle),€with€the€costa€excurrent.€Instead€of€having€aÐ šd Ðrelatively€long€shoot€with€leaves€evenly€spaced€along€it,€as€in€òòDicranum,€óóthere€are€rather€discreteÐ €J Ðclusters€of€leaves.€The€technical€features€of€the€leaves€include€rectangular„quadrate€basal€cells,€ofÐ f0 Ðwhich€the€lowest€tiers€are€orange.€The€cross„section€of€the€leaf€shows€a€narrow€costa€with€littleÐ L Ðdifferentiation,€only€a€median€row€of€large€guide€cells,€on€either€side€of€which€are€thick„walled€cellsÐ 2ü Ðnot€organized€in€stereid€bands€(unlike€òòDicranumóó,€which€always€has€stereids).€These€features€requireÐ â Ðskill€in€sectioning€the€leaves€by€hand€or€with€a€microtome.Ð þÈ ÐÌà  àThe€capsule€is€curved,€weakly€furrowed,€with€a€rostrate€operculum.€The€peristome€teeth€areÐ Ê” Ðwide„spreading€when€dry,€and€divided€about€half€way€to€the€base.€Crum€&€Anderson€rightly€pointÐ °z Ðout€that€the€best€way€to€be€sure€of€this€plant€is€to€see€that€there€is€a€short€cluster€of€leaves€(bud)€thatÐ –` Ðcontains€the€male€antheridia,€just€below€the€perichaetium€bearing€the€capsule.Ð |F ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€strongly€and€uniformly€falcate„secund,€almost€circinate,€with€extremely€long€slenderÐ H  Ðapex€(the€leaves€strongly€convolute,€tubulose,€lying€on€their€sides€on€a€microscope€slide);Ð .!ø Ðdistal€marginal€cells€rectangular,€smooth.€ò òK.€starkeiÐ"Þ(#(# Ðó ó1b.à0  àLeaves€flexuose€but€not€distinctly€nor€uniformly€falcate„secund,€(not€tubulose€and€lying€flatÐ ü"Æ  Ðon€the€slide);€distal€marginal€cells€irregularly€quadrate,€mammillose,€commonly€slightlyÐ â#¬! Ðprorulate.€ò òK.€blyttiiÐÈ$’"(#(# ÐÌà  àK.€blyttii€ó ó(Schimper)€Brotherus.€This€species€resembles€a€very€small€òòDicranumÐ ˜&b $ Ðmuehlenbeckiióó,€but€lacks€the€stereid€layer€in€the€costa,€and€the€slightly€mammillose„prorulate€distalÐ €'J!% Ðmarginal€cell€are€distinctive.€We€have€a€single€collection,€lacking€sporophytes,€from€Jackson€Co.:Ð f(0"& ÐPark€Range,€along€trail€to€Rainbow€Lakes,€9,900€ft.€alt.,€on€soil€encroaching€on€surface€of€boulderÐ L)#' Ðat€ground€level,€òòWeber€et€al.€B„113503.Ð 2*ü#( ÐóóÌà  àò òK.€starkeió ó€(Weber€&€Mohr)€I.€Hagen.€Most€of€our€collections€were€made€by€Fred€HermannÐ þ+È%* Ðand€Holmes€Rolston,€in€peaty€soil€along€subalpine€trails€and€on€the€borders€of€small€lakes.€It€is€nowÐ 6 Ðknown€from€Boulder,€Eagle,€Jackson,€Larimer,€and€Routt€counties.€The€regularly€circinate„falcateÐ æ Ðleaves€are€distinctive.€It€is€commonly€found€with€sporophytes.Ð Ì ÐÌà@yy5ìàò òOncophorusó ó€(Bridel)€Bridel,€1826ˆÐ Î ˜ ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaf€limb€not€sharply€differentiated€from€the€sheathing€base€and€not€diverging€sharply€awayÐ œ f Ðfrom€it€when€dry;€upper€portion€of€leaf€not€narrowly€Ô_ÔsubtubuloseÔ_Ô,€not€strongly€crisped;€alarÐ ‚ L Ðcells€somewhat€enlarged.€ò òO.€virensó óÐh 2(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaf€base€clearly€sheathing,€strongly€clasping€the€stem,€the€upper€portion€abruptly€narrowedÐ P  Ðinto€a€Ô_ÔsubtubuloseÔ_Ô€limb€which€diverges€sharply€90€degrees€away€from€the€sheath;€leaf€laminaÐ 6  Ðvery€strongly€circinate„crisped;€alar€cells€not€enlarged.€ò òO.€wahlenbergiió óÐæ (#(# ÐÌà  àò òO.€virensó ó€(Hedwig)€Bridel.€Very€common€in€subalpine€springs€and€fens.€Both€species€haveÐ ê´  Ðgoiters€at€the€base€of€the€capsule,€but€the€leaves€of€this€species€are€never€strongly€curled,€and€theÐ Òœ  Ðangle€at€which€the€lamina€comes€off€the€sheath€is€not€very€wide.€The€leaves€are€about€twice€as€longÐ ¸‚  Ðas€in€the€next.€The€leaves€are€revolute€in€the€basal€half,€the€distal€costa€and€leaf€margins€areÐ žh Ðbistratose€and€coarsely€toothed.€While€the€alar€cells€are€orange,€they€are€not€morphologicallyÐ „N Ðdifferentiated€from€the€basal€ones.Ð j4 ÐÌà  àò òO.€wahlenbergiió ó€Bridel.€A€very€common€moss€of€subalpine€and€alpine€€snow„melt€basins.Ð 6 ÐSometimes€the€two€species€grow€together,€but€they€are€very€easily€distinguished.€This€species€is€veryÐ è Ðvariable€in€the€height€and€density€of€the€tufts.€In€places€that€dry€out€in€summer,€the€growth€is€limited,Ð Î Ðthe€tufts€are€extremely€compact,€and€the€leaves€small€(forma€òòÔ_ÔcompactusÔ_Ôóó).Ð ê´ ÐÌà@ííCìàò òOreasó óˆÐ ¶€ ÐÌà  àÔ_Ôò òO.Ô_Ô€martiana€ó ó(Hoppe€&€Hornschuch)€Bridel.€This€must€be€one€of€the€rarest€mosses€in€NorthÐ „N ÐAmerica.€It€is€known€from€North€Greenland,€from€Lake€Peters€in€Alaska,€and€from€several€localitiesÐ l6 Ðin€the€Colorado€Front€Range,€including€Mount€Evans.€It€occurs€on€the€wet€shore€of€Summit€LakeÐ R  Ðat€12,800€ft.,€and€on€the€steep€slopes€above€the€north„facing€wall€of€the€lake.€Actually€it€is€anÐ 8! Ðabundant€moss€in€Colorado€in€wet€alpine€situations,€but€very€rarely€occurs€in€fruiting€condition.€ItÐ "è Ðis€easily€recognized€in€the€field€by€its€tight€mats€of€a€rich€golden€color,€once€one€has€identified€it€inÐ #Î  Ðthe€herbarium.€Ð ê#´! ÐÌà@% % ,ìàò òParaleucobryumó ó€Lindberg€ex€Limpricht)€Loeske,€1907ˆÐ ¶%€# ÐÌla.à0  àLeaf€margin€smooth€or€with€a€few€teeth€at€the€apex;€costa€smooth;€leaves€straight€orÐ „'N!% Ðsomewhat€curved.€ò òP.€enerveó óÐj(4"&(#(# Ðla.à0  àLeaf„margin€serrulate;€costa€rough€on€the€backà‚#@"@"x(#.žžF(#(##à(2)ˆÐ R)#' ÐÌ2a.à0  àCosta€ðð€or€more€the€width€of€the€leaf€base;€margins€distinctly€denticulate;€leaves€stronglyÐ +è$) Ðfalcate„circinate;€plants€usually€in€loose€clumps.€ò òP.€longifoliumÐ,Î%*(#(# Ðó ó2b.à0  àCosta€only€1/3€the€width€of€the€leaf€base;€margins€with€small,€scattered€teeth€or€nearly€entire;Ð 6 Ðleaves€less€curved,€sometimes€almost€straight,€usually€in€very€tight€clumps€ò òP.€sauterió óÐæ(#(# ÐÌò òó óà  àò òP.€enerveó ó€(Thedenius€ex€Hartman)€Loeske.€Usually€a€plant€of€moist€tundra,€inhabiting€theÐ ê´ Ðmost€optimum€wet€tundra€sites.€We€have€some€records€from€a€north„facing€slope€in€the€foothills,€soÐ Ò œ Ðthe€species€does€occur€in€compensating€environments€at€lower€altitudes.€It€characteristically€formsÐ ¸ ‚ Ðsolid€tufts€several€inches€deep€and€very€tightly€compacted.€The€color€varies€from€glossy€pale€greenÐ ž h Ðto€greenish€black.€We€have€never€found€it€fertile.Ð „ N ÐÌà  àò òP.€longifolium€ó ó(Hedwig)€Loeske.€This€species€is€ecologically€the€reverse€of€òòP.€enerveóó,€beingÐ P  Ðfound€characteristically€in€the€foothill€canyons€in€cool,€north„facing€forested€slopes€along€with€suchÐ 8  Ðcommon€species€as€òòRhytidium€rugosumóó,€òòOrthodicranum€rhabdocarpumóó,€and€òòTimmiaóó.€At€first€glanceÐ è  Ðit€would€appear€to€be€a€òòDicranumóó,€possibly€òòD.€scopariumóó,€but€the€òòParaleucobryumóó€is€more€distinctlyÐ Î  Ðgray„green€and€the€costa€less€distinct.€The€leaves€are€also€more€finely€attenuate€than€in€òòDicranumóó.€Ð ê´  ÐÌà  àò òP.€sauteri€ó ó(Bruch€&€Schimper)€Loeske.€This€occurs€in€the€same€areas€as€òòP.€longifoliumóó.Ð ¶€  ÐUsually€the€tufts€are€very€dense€and€the€leaves€are€not€very€curved.€We€have€noticed€that€inÐ žh ÐòòParaleucobryumóó,€when€leaves€are€dissected€and€placed€on€a€slide,€those€of€òòP.€sauterióó€almost€neverÐ „N Ðlie€flat,€so€that€one€sees€the€costa€and€only€one€marginal€area.€The€marginal€areas€are€about€as€wideÐ j4 Ðas€the€costa.€In€òòP.€longifoliumóó€the€very€wide€costa€appears€to€force€the€leaf€to€lie€flat,€so€that€theÐ P Ðentire€costa€and€the€very€narrow€laminal€margins€are€visible.€Ð 6 ÐÌà  àTechnically,€òòDicranodontiumóó€differs€from€òòParaleucobryumóó€in€the€cross„sectional€view€ofÐ Ì Ðthe€costa;€òòDicranodontiumóó€has€a€costa€with€guide€cells€and€stereid€bands.€Furthermore,€the€leavesÐ è² Ðare€extremely€long„setaceous,€and€the€lower€leaves€are€fragile,€leaving€a€bare€stem.€òòParaleucobryumóóРΘ Ðhas€neither€guide€cells€nor€stereid€bands,€and€the€lower€leaves€clothe€the€stem.Ð ´~ ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Frahm€(in€litt.,€15€July€1986),€there€is€a€question€as€to€the€taxonomic€position€Ð €J ÐHe€writes:€ð ðIs€òòParaleucobryum€sauterióó€a€òòParaleucobryumóó€or€an€òòOrthodicranum,óó€in€the€sense€of€òòO.Ð f0 Ðrhabdocarpum,€Ô_ÔfragilifoliumÔ_Ô,€flagellare,óó€and€others€(not€òòÔ_ÔscottianumÔ_Ô€óóoròò€fulvum)óó.€We€made€a€cluster„Ð L  Ðanalysis€and€òòP.€sauterióó€was€totally€isolated€from€the€remaining€species€of€òòParaleucobryum.óó€ThereÐ 2!ü Ðare,€however,€some€doubts€concerning€some€morphological€characters.€Now€we€will€make€TL„Ð "â Ðchromatography;€perhaps€this€will€give€us€a€help,€because€òòParaleucobryumóó€has€no€Ô_ÔflavonoidsÔ_Ô.ððÐ þ"È  ÐÌà@ 4ìàò òRhabdoweisiaó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper,€1846ˆÐ Ê$”" ÐÌà  àòòRhabdoweisiaóó€is€a€small€Ô_ÔDicranoidÔ_Ô€€moss€with€crisped€leaves€with€smooth€cells,€erect,Ð ˜&b $ Ðstraight,€bowl„shaped,€8„ribbed€capsules.€Unlike€òòDicranellaóó,€the€peristome€teeth€are€not€separate€butÐ ~'H!% Ðjoined€at€the€base€to€form€a€low€basal€membrane.Ð d(."& ÐÌà  àò òR.€crispataó ó€(Withering)€Lindberg.€We€have€a€single€collection.€This€was€collected€andÐ 0*ú#( Ðreported€by€Jamieson€(1986b)€from€San€Juan€Co.:€Summit€of€Coal€Bank€Pass,€on€NE€facing€baseÐ +â$) Ðof€vertical€gneissic€cliff,€north€end€of€Spud€Mt.,€head€of€S€Fork€Coal€Creek,€T10N€R81W,€Sec.€32,Ð þ+È%* Ð10,500€ft.,€22€Oct.€1988,€òòJamieson€13952óó.€Ð 6 ÐÌà@××?ìàò òDITRICHACEAEó óˆÐ Ì ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€in€two€ranks,€broadly€sheathing€at€the€base,€the€rough,€subulate€lamina€consistingÐ Ð š Ðmostly€of€the€costa,€spreading€outward.€ò òDistichiumó óж €(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€in€spiral€ranks,€not€sheathing€at€the€baseà‚#@"@"x(#.êêI(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ž h ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€ovate„lanceolate€to€narrowly€lanceolate,€not€linear;€mature€capsule€strongly€ribbedÐ j 4 Ðand€inclined;€weedy€species.€ò òCeratodonó óÐP (#(# Ð2b,à0  àLeaves€linear;€mature€capsule€not€ribbed;€mostly€alpine€plants.€ò òDitrichumó óÐ8 (#(# ÐÌà@:ìàò òCeratodonó ó€Bridel,€1826ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àò òC.€purpureus€ó ó(Hedwig)€Bridel.€One€of€the€half€dozen€abundant€weedy€mosses€in€the€worldÐ Ôž  Ðand€no€less€so€in€Colorado.€It€occurs€on€packed€earth,€recently€disturbed€forest€soils,€burned€areas,Ð ¼†  Ðsidewalk€cracks€and€neglected€ground€at€all€altitudes.€It€should€be€one€of€the€first€mosses€learned€byÐ ¢l Ða€student.€When€it€is€fruiting€there€is€nothing€that€can€be€confused€with€it.€The€capsules€are€purple„Ð ˆR Ðbrown,€prominently€ribbed,€with€a€conical€operculum,€and€the€urn€is€strumose€at€the€base,€where€theÐ n8 Ðcapsule€leaves€the€seta€at€a€definite€angle.€In€the€sterile€condition,€òòCeratodonóó€can€be€mistaken€forÐ T Ðalmost€anything,€and€usually€is.€The€leaves€may€be€broadly€triangular„ovate€or€quite€attenuateÐ : Ðdepending€on€conditions€of€soil,€light€and€moisture.€It€resembles€òòDidymodonóó€particularly,€but€theÐ  ê Ðrather€uniformly€quadrate€cells€in€the€distal€half€of€the€leaf€have€a€characteristic€appearance€that€willÐ Ð Ðbe€recognized€with€experience.€Nevertheless,€sterile€òòCeratodonóó€is€always€troublesome.Ð ì¶ ÐÌà  àOn€limestone€cliffs€just€below€Schofield€Pass€in€Gunnison€County,€a€strange€form€was€foundÐ ¸‚ Ðthat€produced€a€deep€turf€of€very€slender€shoots€that€we€thought,€without€microscopic€examination,Ð žh Ðmight€be€òòDidymodon€vinealisóó.€It€grew€in€crevices€along€with€òòMielichhoferiaóó.€Richard€Zander€hasÐ „N Ðdetermined€this€to€be€a€form€with€short„ovate€leaves€and€filamentous€gemmae.€This€was€describedÐ j4 Ðby€Zander€et€al.€(1979)€Of€our€collection,€Zander€writes:€ð ðNote€that€it€is€very€yellow€in€Ô_ÔKOHÔ_Ô€andÐ P  Ðno€òòDidymodonóó€has€such€a€yellow€hue.€The€serrulate€upper€margins€and€very€square€upper€laminalÐ 6! Ðcells€are€distinctive.ððÐ "æ ÐÌà@5ìàò òDistichiumó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper,€1846ˆÐ è#²! ÐÌla.à0  àCapsule€erect,€oblong„cylindric€to€ovoid„cylindric;€spores€17-20€ððm€diameter.€ò òD.Ð ¶%€# Ðcapillaceumó óО&h $(#(# Ðlb.à0  àCapsule€inclined,€ovoid€and€somewhat€asymmetric;€spores€over€25€ððm€diameter.€ò òD.Ð †'P!% Ðinclinatumó óÐn(8"&(#(# ÐÌà  àò òD.€capillaceumó ó€(Hedwig)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€The€genus€is€unique€in€its€distichous€leafÐ <*$( Ðarrangement€and€need€never€be€confused€with€any€other€except€òòBryoxiphiumóó,€which€is€alsoÐ $+î$) Ðdistichous,€but€extremely€rare,€on€sandstone€cliffs€in€southwestern€Colorado.€The€species€ofÐ  ,Ô%* ÐòòDistichiumóó,€however,€seem€to€be€impossible€to€distinguish€without€fruit,€and€even€with€fruit,€it€takesÐ 6 Ðsome€experience€and€intuition€to€decide€whether€the€capsules€are€really€straight€or€inclined.€ThereÐ æ Ðdoes€not€seem€to€be€any€distinctive€ecology€to€separate€the€two.€These€are€abundant€in€wet€or€moistÐ Ì Ðsituations€in€the€subalpine€and€alpine,€occurring€in€fens,€on€solifluction€terraces,€and€swampy€streamÐ è² Ðsides.€òòD.€capillaceumóó€is€the€common€species,€while€òòD.€inclinatumóó€has€been€collected€only€a€fewÐ Î ˜ Ðtimes.Ð ´ ~ ÐÌà  àò òD.€inclinatumó ó€(Hedwig)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€The€capsule€of€òòD.€inclinatumóó€tends€to€be€shorterÐ € J Ðand€plumper€than€that€of€òòD.€capillaceumóó€and,€in€most€instances€the€leaves,€which€usually€divergeÐ h 2 Ðwidely€from€the€stem€in€òòD.€capillaceumóó,€are€more€erect,€and€their€distichous€arrangement€is€not€soÐ N  Ðevident.€The€spore€size€is€evidently€a€very€reliable€character.€Spores€in€most€instances€range€fromÐ 4þ  Ð30-45€ððm€and€seldom€down€to€20.€Ð ä  ÐÌà@ýý;ìàò òDitrichumó ó€Hampe,€1867ˆÐ æ°  ÐÌ17a.à0  àStems€1„4€cm€long;€leaves€up€to€3€mm,€from€an€ovate„sheathing€base€sharply€contracted€toÐ ´~  Ðthe€subula;€costa€abaxially€strongly€convex;€laminal€cells€near€costa€with€weakly€noduloseÐ šd Ðlongitudinal€walls;€commonly€fruiting.€ò òDitrichum€flexicauleó ó€(Ditrichaceae)ЀJ(#(# Ð17€b.à0  àStems€to€7€cm€or€more;€leaves€from€an€elongate„ovate€base,€tapering€gradually€to€the€long,Ð h2 Ðslender€subula;€costa€abaxially€weakly€convex;€basal€laminal€cells€with€weakly€to€stronglyÐ N Ðnodulose€longitudinal€walls;€rarely€found€fruiting.€ò òDitrichum€gracileó ó€(Ditrichaceae)Ð4þ(#(# ÐÌà  àò òD.€flexicauleó ó€(Schwgrichen)€Hampe.€This€plant€is€infrequent€and€restricted€to€low€altitudesÐ Ì Ðwhere€it€€forms€very€compact€mats€or€sods€in€seepage€areas€over€rocks€and€has€short€leaves€thatÐ ê´ Ðrather€abruptly€narrow€to€the€upper€half€of€the€lamina.€It€might€be€mistaken€for€òòDidymodonóó.€MoffatРК ÐCo.:€Green€River,€Sandy€Canyon,€on€shaded€sandstone€ledges,€6,200€ft.,€òòFlowers€8861óó€òò(B„66780);Ð ¶€ ÐóóBoulder€Co.:€Boulder€Canyon,€1.3€mi€W€of€Four€Mile€Canyon€junction,€6,000€ft.,òò€Weber€et€al.Ð œf Ð35501.€óóIn€Colorado€material,€the€leaves€are€very€short,€the€sheathing€base€about€the€same€length€asÐ ‚L Ðthe€distal€lamina,€and€not€long„attenuate.€We€find€occasional€stands€that€have€terete€julaceousÐ h2 Ðinnovations.€Here€there€is€never€any€difficulty€in€distinguishing€the€two€species.Ð N  ÐÌà  àò òD.€gracileó ó€(Mitten)€O.€Kuntze.€A€species€of€the€subalpine€and€alpine€zones;€a€large,€lax€plantÐ "ä Ðwith€very€long,€filiform€leaves€in€which€the€spiral€twisting€is€very€well€marked.€It€often€has€a€goldenÐ #Ì  Ðcolor.€When€mixed€with€òòDistichiumóó,€one€has€to€look€closely€to€see€the€difference.€In€òòDistichium€óótheÐ è#²! Ðleaves€are€green,€two„ranked,€with€a€sheath€appressed€to€the€stem€and€the€lamina€very€suddenlyÐ Î$˜" Ðnarrowed€and€spreading,€but€not€spirally€twisted.€Ð ´%~# ÐÌà@:ìàò òSaelaniaó ó€Lindberg,€1878ˆÐ €'J!% ÐÌà  àò òS.€glaucescensó ó€(Hedwig)€Brotherus.€This€is€an€example€of€a€species€which€is€betterÐ N)#' Ðrecognized€by€a€metabolic€byproduct€than€by€its€morphology.€òòSaelaniaóó€is€a€relatively€nondescriptÐ 6*$( Ðplant€with€lanceolate€leaves€and€an€oblong„cylindric€capsule€as€in€òòDitrichumóó€or€òòDistichiumóó.€TheÐ +æ$) Ðleaves€are€always€a€pale€blue„green,€the€color€being€accentuated€by€a€blue„gray€coating€on€the€leavesÐ ,Ì%* Ðwhich€ð ðspins€offðð€as€a€tangled€weft€of€cobwebby€material.€This€material,€however,€is€not€anÐ 6 Ðorganism€but€a€chemical€substance.€Such€substances€occur€in€the€liverwort,€òòAntheliaóó,€and€inÐ æ ÐòòÔ_ÔLethocoleaÔ_Ôóó.€In€òòAntheliaóó,€at€least,€Dr.€Siegfried€Ô_ÔHuneckÔ_Ô€has€identified€the€threads€as€a€Ô_ÔditerpeneÔ_ÔÐ Ì Ðcompound.€This€very€unusual€phenomenon€must€be€investigated€in€more€detail.Ð  è² ÐÖ€S§¾ÖÖ€T¢¾Öà@hh?ìàò òENCALYPTACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@ëë:ìàò òEncalyptaó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ Î ÐÌRef.:€Horton€1983Ð Ò œ ÐÌà  àOne€genus€with€vegetative€appearance€very€much€like€òòTortulaóó€or€òòSyntrichiaóó€and€difficult€forÐ ž h Ðthe€beginner€to€distinguish€in€the€sterile€condition,€although€it€may€be€possible€to€distinguishÐ „ N ÐòòEncalyptaóó€by€its€having€the€end€walls€of€the€basal€cells€thickened€or€colored.€Fortunately,€one€nearlyÐ j 4 Ðalways€encounters€it€with€sporophytes,€and€in€fruit€òòEncalyptaóó€is€the€easiest€moss€to€recognizeÐ P  Ðbecause€of€its€unique€cylindrical„mitrate€calyptra€with€an€abruptly€narrowed€tubular€apexÐ 6  Ð(resembling€a€sausage„balloon€partially€inflated).€Because€of€the€resemblance€of€the€calyptra€to€someÐ æ  Ðold„fashioned€candle„snuffers,€the€plants€are€called€ð ðextinguisherðð€mosses.Ð Ì  ÐÌà  àòòEncalyptaóó€usually€occurs€in€small€tufts€of€a€dozen€or€so€fruiting€stems€in€rock€crevices€orРΘ  Ðover€poorly€developed€flakes€of€mineral€soil€on€rock€ledges€or€cliffs.€It€never€forms€extensive€sodsÐ ´~  Ðlike€òòSyntrichiaóó€or€òòTortulaóó€(òòE.€proceraóó€may€be€an€exception).€The€basal€cancellinae€(hyalineÐ šd Ðwindows)€of€the€leaves€are€seldom€as€clearly€differentiated€as€in€òòSyntrichiaóó.€òòE.€proceraóó€is€the€onlyÐ €J Ðspecies€likely€to€be€found€without€fruit€most€of€the€time,€and€may€be€separated€from€similar€speciesÐ f0 Ðof€òòSyntrichiaóó€by€its€production€of€multicellular,€filamentous€reddish„green€or€brown,€papilloseÐ L Ðgemmae€on€the€stems.€The€leaves€of€òòEncalyptaóó€are€bright€green€when€moist,€and€never€stronglyÐ 2ü Ðrevolute,€as€they€are€in€many€òòSyntrichiaóó€species.Ð â ÐÌla.à0  àPlants€relatively€robust,€usually€sterile€and€commonly€bearing€abundant€reddish€green€toÐ ä® Ðbrown,€filiform€gemmae€on€the€stems;€capsules€spirally€furrowed.€ò òE.€proceraó óÐÊ”(#(# Ð1b.à0  àPlants€small,€usually€with€capsules,€lacking€gemmae;€capsules€smooth€or€merely€straight„Ð ²| Ðribbedà‚#@"@"x(#.  (#(##à(2)ˆÐ ˜b ÐÌ2a.à0  àòòóóLeaves€gradually€narrowed,€acute,€the€apex€stoutly€apiculate.€ò òE.€alpinaó óÐd.(#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€oblong,€obtuse€or€very€broadly€acuteà‚#@"@"x(#.ÞÞC(#(##à(3)ˆÐ L  ÐÌ3a.à0  àCalyptra€fringed,€the€teeth€clearly€differentiated€as€narrowly€triangular,€often€darker€units,Ð "â Ðtheir€bases€marked€by€rows€of€small€quadrate€cells.€ò òE.€ciliataó óÐþ"È (#(# Ð3b.à0  àCalyptra€not€fringed€at€the€baseà‚#@"@"x(#.ØØ8(#(##à(4)ˆÐ æ#°! ÐÌ4a.à0  àSeta€very€short,€the€calyptra€resting€on€the€uppermost€leaves.€ò òE.€intermediaó óв%|#(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àSeta€longer;€calyptra€elevated€beyond€the€leaf€apicesà‚#@"@"x(#.jjM(#(##à(5)ˆÐ š&d $ ÐÌ5a.à0  àCapsule€distinctly€ribbed;€peristome€present.€ò òE.€rhaptocarpaó óÐf(0"&(#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àCapsule€smooth;€peristome€absent€ò òE.€vulgarisó óÐN)#'(#(# ÐÌà  àò òE.€alpinaó ó€J.€E.€Smith.€Horton€(1983)€says,€ð ðòòE.€alpinaóó€is€differentiated€from€all€other€speciesÐ +æ$) Ðof€òòEncalyptaóó€by€the€narrowly€acute€and€stoutly€apiculate€apex€of€the€leaves.ðð€The€capsule€does€notÐ ,Î%* Ðappear€to€have€raised€ribs,€although€lines€of€darker€cells€are€visible€under€the€microscope.€It€isÐ 6 Ðexclusively€alpine.€We€have€two€collections,€one€from€Park€Co.:€Hoosier€Pass,€12,500€ft.,€òòWeber€&Ð æ ÐHolmen€B„4417óó,€and€Gunnison€Co.:€North€Italian€Peak,€11,000„13,000€ft.,€25€July€1955,€òòWeber&Ð Ì ÐÔ_ÔLangenheimÔ_Ôóó€òòB„18775.óóÐ è² ÐÌà  àò òE.€ciliataó ó€Hedwig.€Frequent€in€the€foothill€canyons€and€up€to€the€tundra,€nowhere€common.Ð ´ ~ ÐThe€calyptra€has€a€regular€fringe€of€narrowly€triangular€segments.€The€capsule€is€smooth€but€fragile.Ð œ f ÐÌà  àò òE.€intermediaó ó€Juratzka.€According€to€Horton,€this€species€is€almost€always€found€inÐ h 2 Ðprotected€overhangs€on€calcareous€outcrops€Aside€from€the€short€seta,€she€says,€ð ðThe€opaqueÐ P  Ðcalyptra€is€golden€and€more€or€less€densely€papillose€with€a€short€rostrum,€and€the€base€of€theÐ 6  Ðcylinder€is€entire.€Capsules€lack€a€peristome€and€are€furrowed,€with€pale€orange€or€orange€ribs.Ð æ  ÐAround€the€mouth€of€the€capsule€there€is€a€relatively€broad,€stiffened€band€and€the€cylindric€shapeÐ Ì  Ðof€the€mouth€does€not€change€with€age.€In€almost€all€the€North€American€populations€the€leaves€areÐ è²  Ðmuticous€with€a€rather€inconspicuous€costa€ending€well€below€the€apex.ðð€***€do€we€haveРΘ  Ðcollections?Ð ´~  ÐÌà  àò òE.€proceraó ó€Bruch.€Fairly€common€but€restricted€to€the€San€Juan€Mountains.€DistinguishedÐ €J Ðfrom€all€others€in€having€filamentous€gemmae€in€the€leaf€axils.€It€is€rarely€fruiting,€but€a€fewÐ h2 Ðcollections€from€the€San€Ô_ÔJuansÔ_Ô€have€sporophytes.€The€stems€are€usually€elongated€compared€to€theÐ N Ðother€species.€Although€it€is€supposed€to€be€autoicous,€our€material€is€almost€always€sterile.€TheÐ 4þ Ðprincipal€difference€between€this€and€òòE.€streptocarpa,€óóoften€reported,òò€óóis€in€the€sexuality,€but€CrumÐ ä Ðand€Anderson€maintain€that€all€American€collections€belong€to€òòE.€procera.óó€This€species€differs€fromÐ Ê Ðall€of€our€other€ones€in€having€distinctly€elongate€stems.€The€leaves€have€a€long€reddish€point.€TheÐ æ° Ðcalyptra€tapers€gradually€rather€than€suddenly€to€the€apex.€The€basal€cells€of€the€ð ðwindowðð€haveÐ Ì– Ðorange€walls,€especially€the€thickened€end„walls,€and€the€bases€of€the€leaves€have€inter„tangledÐ ²| Ðslender€rhizoids€associated€with€them.Ð ˜b ÐÌà  àò òE.€rhaptocarpaó ó€Schwgrichen.€Montane€and€subalpine,€possibly€largely€replacing€òòE.Ð d. Ðvulgaris€óóon€limestone€at€high€altitudes.€Summit€Co.:€Blue€Lake€Dam,€Monte€Cristo€Creek€valley,Ð L  Ðon€limestone,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€B„111125.€óó€We€find€it€often€very€difficult€to€determine€whetherÐ 2!ü Ðthe€capsules€of€the€respective€ððspeciesðð€are€really€ribbed€or€not.€Horton€also€is€equivocal€aboutÐ "â Ðwhether€these€are€species€or€two€subspecies€which€show€tendencies€toward€each€other;€the€questionÐ þ"È  Ðis€still€open.€òòE.€vulgarisóó€is€the€older€name,€and€perhaps€òòE.€rhaptocarpaóó€is€best€regarded€as€aÐ ä#®! Ðsubspecies.Ð Ê$”" ÐÌà  àò òE.€vulgarisó ó€Hedwig.€Common€in€rock€crevices€in€the€foothills€canyons€and€going€over€toÐ –&` $ Ðbare€ground€in€the€tundra.€Mature€capsules€may€be€somewhat€wrinkled,€but€do€not€have€strong,Ð ~'H!% Ðreddish€ribs.€And,€while€the€calyptra€may€be€somewhat€ragged€at€the€base,€it€is€not€really€ciliate.Ð d(."& ÐHorton€says€that€the€true€òòE.€vulgarisóó€in€America€is€restricted€to€California€and€Arizona.€ColoradoÐ J)#' Ðpopulations€are€either€true€òòE.€rhaptocarpaóó€or€intermediates.Ð  0*ú#( ÐÖ€oS¾ÖÖ€pT¾ÖJune€19,€2003à@QQ?ìàò òENTODONTACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà  àA€rather€heterogeneous€group€of€genera€sharing€the€following€characters:€leaf€cells€elongate„Ð Î Ðlinear,€costa€short,€double€or€lacking;€alar€cells€often€well„developed.€The€technical€characteristics,Ð ê´ Ðexclusive€of€the€sporophyte,€suggest€a€close€relationship€with€òòPleuroziumóó!Ð Ð š ÐÌò òó óà@——9ìàò òEntodonó ó€Mller€Hal.,€1844ò òˆÐ œ f ÐÌó ó1a.à0  àStems€not€complanate,€julaceous;€alar€cells€forming€a€conspicuous,€bulging€bistratose€groupÐ l 6 Ðat€the€more€or€less€constricted€leaf€base;€plants€of€alpine€tundra.€ò òE.€concinnusó óÐR (#(# Ð1b.à0  àStems€complanate;€alar€cells€unistratose,€forming€a€clear€area€of€quadrate„rectangular€cells;Ð :  Ðplants€of€outer€foothills.€ò òE.€cladorrhizansó óÐ ê (#(# ÐÌà  àò òE.€cladorrhizansó ó€(Hedwig)€Mller€Hal.€We€have€one€collection,€from€Boulder€Co.:€BoulderÐ î¸  ÐMountain€Parks;€Bear€Canyon€Trail,€2€Dec.€2001,€òòWeber,€Wittmann,€&€Ô_ÔMazurekÔ_Ô€B„112798.€óóThis€isÐ Ö   Ðan€eastern€woodland€species€with€extensions€in€northwest€America.€The€closest€station€in€the€westernÐ ¼†  ÐUnited€States€apparently€is€in€Arkansas.Ð ¢l ÐÌà  àThe€similarity€of€the€vegetative€parts€with€those€ofòò€Pleurozium€óóis€striking€although€theÐ n8 Ðspecies€are€easily€distinguished.€In€òòEntodon€cladorrhizansóó€the€color€of€the€plant€is€a€bronze€yellow;Ð T Ðthe€stem€is€not€red,€and€has€scattered€stiff€tufts€of€rhizoids;€the€alar€cells€are€in€several€rows€(aboutÐ : Ð8€across€and€ten€or€more€high),€quadrate€and€little€thickened.€The€stem€leaves€are€closely€imbricateÐ  ê Ðand€do€not€expose€the€stem.€In€òòPleurozium€óóthe€plants€are€green,€lack€rhizoids,€and€the€leaves€areÐ Ð Ðrather€transparent.€The€alar€cells€are€few€(about€3€across€and€high),€with€very€thick,€yellow€walls.Ð ì¶ ÐThe€stem€leaves€are€more€distantly€attached€and€spread€out,€revealing€the€red€stem.Ð Òœ ÐÌà  àò òE.€concinnusó ó€(De€Notaris)€Paris.€An€alpine€species,€very€rare€in€western€North€America.Ð žh ÐUsually€occurring€mixed€with€other€mosses€in€optimum€moist,€mossy€tundra€sites.€The€plant,€alwaysÐ †P Ðsterile,€is€recognized€by€its€yellow„green€color€and€rather€julaceous€stems€with€rounded€leaf„apices.Ð l6 ÐThe€green€alar€cells€stand€out€conspicuously€because€of€their€bulging,€densely€bistratose€tissue.€ForÐ R  Ðdiscussion€of€the€American€distribution€of€these€two€species,€see€Steere€(1975).€I€have€collected€thisÐ 8! Ðon€Mount€Wilhelm,€in€Papua€New€Guinea!Ð  "è ÐÖ€yo¾ÖÖ€zp¾Öà@ÁÁ?ìàò òFABRONIACEAEó óˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@__;ìàò òFabroniaó ó€Raddi,€1808ˆÐ Î ÐÌà  àò òF.€ciliarisó ó€Bridel.€òòFabroniaóó€is€the€tiniest€and€most€delicate€of€our€pleurocarpous€mosses.€TheÐ Ò œ Ðcreeping€stems,€leaves€and€all,€are€only€about€0.3€mm€wide€when€dry€(to€about€0.5€mm€when€wet).Ð º „ ÐThe€plants€can€be€recognized€very€easily€under€the€microscope,€however,€because€of€the€large€teethÐ   j Ðwhich€project€outward€from€the€margins€of€the€leaves.€These€teeth€are€commonly€hyaline,Ð † P Ðcontrasting€with€the€green€cells€of€the€leaf€lamina.€The€leaf„tip€is€also€hyaline,€abruptly€long„Ð l 6 Ðattenuate€from€the€ovate€blade,€and€frequently€forked€at€the€apex.€This€very€unusual€serrate€or€evenÐ R  Ðfimbriate€condition€is€unique€among€our€mosses.€Because€of€the€ciliate€margins€and€the€long,Ð 8  Ðslender,€often€colorless€leaf„tips,€the€branches€often€appear€fuzzy€under€the€hand„lens.€òòFabroniaóóÐ è  Ðalmost€always€grows€in€the€innermost€recesses€of€rock€crevices€of€cliffs€in€the€foothill€canyons.€OurÐ Î  Ðcollections€are€all€from€siliceous€rocks.€The€tufts€are€loosely€attached€to€the€substrate,€sometimesÐ ê´  Ðalmost€lying€free,€and€they€range€in€color€from€bright€green€to€pale€yellowish„green.€The€capsule€isРК  Ðgoblet„shaped€on€a€well„exserted€seta;€the€peristome€is€like€that€of€òòOrthotrichumóó.Ð  ¶€  ÐÖ€y¾ÖÖ€‚z¾Öà@}}>ìàò òFISSIDENTACEAEˆÐ 6 ÐÌà@:ìàFissidensó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ Ð ÐÌà  àThe€leaves€of€the€Fissidentaceae€are€in€two€ranks,€lying€in€a€single€plane€and€thus€giving€theÐ Ô ž Ðshoot€a€frond„like€appearance.€The€leaves€are€unique€among€our€mosses.€The€lower€half€of€the€leafÐ º „ Ðhas€a€large,€single€lamella€extending€from€the€costa€toward€the€stem,€forming€in€effect€a€second€leaf„Ð   j Ðblade€lying€over€and€partly€covering€the€inside€half€of€the€lamina.€This€smaller€ð ðhalf„leafðð€is€calledÐ † P Ðthe€dorsal€lamina.€The€ð ðsheathðð€formed€by€this€structure€is€called€the€ð ðvaginant€lamina.ðð€The€speciesÐ l 6 Ðof€òòFissidensóó,€our€only€genus,€are€limited€to€wet€ground,€dripping€cliffs,€and€shelving€streambanksÐ R  Ðand€road„cuts€of€wet€clay.€A€few€species€even€live€submerged€in€pools€and€streams.Ð 8  ÐÌla.à0  àCompletely€submerged€in€pools€or€pot„holes€in€sandstone€stream„channels;€plants€slender,Ð Î  Ðwith€long,€narrow,€rather€distant€leaves.€ò òF.€fontanusó óÐê´ (#(# Ð1b.à0  àTerrestrial€but€often€in€very€wet€places;€leaves€not€as€above,€usually€touching€each€other€andÐ Òœ  Ðforming€a€flat€frond„like€shootà‚#@"@"x(#.††7(#(##à(2)ˆÐ ¸‚  ÐÌ2a.à0  àLarge€plants€several€centimeters€long;€leaves€ribbon„shaped,€Ô_ÔmultistratoseÔ_Ô,€the€vaginantÐ „N Ðlamina€similarly€shaped,€running€along€the€and€not€easily€seen€except€along€the€margin.€AÐ j4 Ðplant€of€waterfalls.€ò òF.€grandifronsó óÐP(#(# Ð2b.à0  à€Minute€plants€less€than€a€centimeter€long;€leaves€not€as€aboveà‚#@"@"x(#.„„W(#(##à(3)ˆÐ 8 ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves€wholly€or€in€part€bordered€by€a€band€of€narrow€elongated€and€colorless€cells.€ò òF.Ð Î Ðbryoidesó ó€Ðì¶(#(# Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€not€bordered€by€narrower€elongated€cells.€ò òF.€osmundoidesó óÐÔž(#(# ÐÌà  àò òF.€bryoidesó ó€Hedwig.€Frequent€on€moist€banks€from€the€foothills€through€the€subalpine.Ð ¢l ÐPossibly€this€species€only€occurs€near€rocks€of€granitic€or€siliceous€type.€Our€collections€are€fromÐ ŠT ÐBoulder,€Gilpin,€Grand,€Jackson,€Larimer,€Mesa€and€Montezuma€counties.€We€are€following€CrumÐ p: Ðand€Anderson€(1981,€p.€105)€in€taking€a€conservative€view€of€this€evidently€extremely€variableÐ V  Ðspecies€and€do€€not€attempt€to€distinguish€òòF.€obtusifolius,€F.€sublimbatus€óóor€òòF.€viridulus.óóÐ  Ðleaf€margin€is€coarsely€serrate€by€the€blunt€ends€of€protruding€marginal€cells,€or€serrulate€by€theÐ $î Ðbulging€short€tips€of€the€cells.€This€species€is€very€widely€distributed€from€Mexico€throughout€SouthÐ  Ô ÐAmerica€and€the€Caribbean.€The€southwestern€corner€of€Colorado€is€evidently€the€farthest€north€itÐ ðº Ðcomes€in€North€America.€Our€only€collection€is€from€Montezuma€Co.:€on€soil€beneath€a€largeÐ Ö  Ðoverhanging€boulder,€mouth€of€Ô_ÔYellowjacketÔ_Ô€Canyon€at€the€junction€of€Ô_ÔYellowjacketÔ_Ô€and€McElmoÐ ¼† Ðcreeks,€ca.€30€mi€W€of€Cortez,€E„facing€slope,€4,800€ft.,€10€June€1958,€òòÔ_ÔPursellÔ_Ô€3224€(as€E.€tucsonii).óóÐ ¢l ÐThe€specimen€is€mixed€with€òòWeissia€ligulifoliaóó.Ð ˆR ÐÌà@DD;ìàò òFunariaó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ T  ÐÌ1a.à0  àCapsules€sulcate€or€ribbed€when€dry,€the€mouth€very€obliquely€oriented;€revoluble€annulusÐ ""ì Ðpresentà‚#@"@"x(#.H H (#(##à(2)ˆÐ #Ò  Ð1b.à0  àCapsules€smooth€or€slightly€wrinkled€when€dry,€the€mouth€less€strongly€oblique,€sometimesÐ î#¸! Ðalmost€transverse;€annulus€absent;€minute€plants€less€than€1€cm€tall,€infrequent€in€desert„Ð Ô$ž" Ðsteppe€areas.€ò òF.€americanaк%„#(#(# ÐÌó ó2a.à0  à€Endostome€very€short€and€truncate;€plants€minute;€rare€on€wet€tundra.€ò òF.€microstomaó óЊ'T!%(#(# Ð2b.à0  àEndostome€of€lanceolate€segments,€at€least€half€as€long€as€the€exostome;€€common€largeÐ r(<"& Ð(over€1.5€cm€tall)€weedy€plants€especially€in€burned€areas,€at€any€altitude;€also€abundant€inÐ X)"#' Ðgreenhouse€pots.€ò òF.€hygrometrica€ó óÐ>*$((#(# ÐÌà  àò òF.€americanaó ó€Lindberg€ex€Sullivant.€We€have€two€certain€recordsòòóó:€Mesa€Co.:€on€aridÐ  ,Ö%* Ðbenches€above€East€Creek€N€of€Ô_ÔGibblerÔ_Ô€Gulch,€in€deep€recess,€on€calcareous€soil€at€base€ofÐ 6 Ðoverhanging€sandstone€rock,€1€June€1973,€òòWeber,€Ô_ÔKunkelÔ_Ô€&€LaFarge€B„43493óó.€and€from€Delta€Co.:Ð æ ÐUnaweap€Canyon.€An€old€report€of€ð ðòòFunaria€Ô_ÔhybernicaÔ_Ôóó€Hookerðð€(Porter,€1876)€may€have€referredÐ Ì Ðto€this€species€but€the€specimen€has€not€been€found.€Recently,€the€Delta€County€specimen€wasÐ è² Ðannotated€by€D.€K.€Smith€as€òòF.€muhlenbergiióó,€but€that€species€is€European€only.Ð Î ˜ ÐÌà  àThis€species,€according€to€Crundwell€&€Nyholm€(1974)€has€been€called€òòF.€muhlenbergiióó,€aÐ š d ÐEuropean€species€which€probably€does€not€occur€in€America.€Most€or€all€specimens€so€named€areÐ € J Ðmisidentified.€The€authors€say:€The€nomenclature€of€this€moss€is€a€confused€one.€The€name€òòFunariaÐ f 0 Ðmuhlenbergiióó€was€apparently€used€by€Hedwig€€òòfil.óó€in€manuscript,€and€applied€to€a€moss€collected€byÐ L  ÐÔ_ÔMuhlenbergÔ_Ô€in€Pennsylvania.€Early€European€authors€considered€that€European€material€belongedÐ 2ü  Ðto€the€same€species.ððÐ â  ÐÌò òó óà  àò òF.€hygrometricaó ó€Hedwig.€A€very€abundant€moss€of€sandy€soil€along€streams€and€in€burnedÐ ä®  Ðareas€in€forests,€where€the€burned€wood€and€depressions€where€trees€once€grew€provide€seasonallyÐ Ì–  Ðmoist€sites.€The€offset€operculum€is€unmistakable.€òòHygrometricaóó€evidently€refers€to€the€seta,€whichÐ ²|  Ðwas€seen€to€twist€and€untwist€with€changes€in€relative€humidity.€It€is€almost€always€to€be€found€inÐ ˜b Ðflower€pots€in€greenhouses€and€nurseries.Ð ~H ÐÌà  àò òF.€microstomaó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€A€very€small€plant,€rarely€occurring€on€the€tundra.€FifeÐ J Ðcited€a€specimen€collected€by€Ô_ÔSchantzÔ_Ô€from€the€vicinity€of€Pikes€Peak,€òòÔ_ÔSchantzÔ_Ô€47€óó(Ô_ÔFHÔ_Ô),€evidentlyÐ 2ü Ðcollected€on€the€first€International€Phytogeographic€Excursion€in€1914.€We€have€it€also€from€SummitÐ â ÐCo.:€Blue€Lake,€òòWeber,€Wittmann€&€Spribille€B„11112óó.€Better€specimens€are€needed.Ð þÈ ÐÌò òó óà@û û 4ìàò òPhyscomitriumó ó€(Bridel)€Bridel,€1827ò òˆÐ Ê” ÐÌó óà  àThis€genus€is€very€easy€to€recognize€by€its€small€size,€broad,€translucent€leave€with€largeÐ šd ÐòòBryumóó„like€cells,€and€its€small,€erect,€goblet„shaped€capsules€on€a€short€or€longer€seta.€TheÐ €J Ðoperculum€is€flat€when€attached,€and€has€a€distinct€erect€rostrum.€The€plants€are€evidently€annual,Ð f0 Ðand€is€so€small€and€so€often€mixed€with€common€species€(weedy€òòBryumóó,€for€example)€that€they€areÐ L  Ðonly€collected€by€mistake.Ð 2!ü ÐÌ1a.à0  àAnnulus€present,€large,€revoluble,€of€two€or€three€rows€of€bloated€cells.€ò òP.€hookerió óÐþ"È (#(# Ð1b.à0  àAnnulus€remaining€attached€to€the€capsule€mouth,€consisting€of€a€row€or€two€of€small,€brownÐ æ#°! Ðcells.€ò òP.€pyriformeó óÐÌ$–"(#(# ÐÌà  àò òP.€hookerió ó€Hampe.€We€have€no€modern€collections.€òòP.€coloradenseóó€E.€G.€Britton€(1894)€wasÐ š&d $ Ðdescribed€from€Colorado€based€on€a€type€collection€of€Brandegee,€April€13,€1877,€probably€fromÐ ‚'L!% Ðthe€Arkansas€River€basin.€Crum€&€Anderson€(1955)€saw€a€possible€fragmentary€type€specimen€ofÐ h(2"& Ðthis€on€a€Grout€slide€at€DUKE.€They€concluded€this€taxon€is€synonymous,€and€that€ð ðseta€length€isÐ N)#' Ðof€no€great€importance€in€òòP.€hookerióó,€where€the€seta€ranges€from€2€to€4€mm€in€length,€so€that€theÐ 4*þ#( Ðcapsules€may€be€either€emergent€or€exserted.ðð€This€is€evidently€a€moss€that€is€most€common€on€theÐ +ä$) Ðhigh€plains€and€should€hardly€be€expected€to€occur€in€high€mountain€wetlands.€We€have€no€recordsÐ ,Ê%* Ðof€this€since€Brandegeeððs€day,€but€the€plains€of€Colorado€have€not€been€explored€Ô_ÔbryologicallyÔ_Ô.Ð 6 ÐÌà  àò òP.€pyriformeó ó€(Hedwig)€Hampe.€The€only€relatively€common€species,€òòP.€pyriformeóó€has€beenÐ Ì Ðfound€only€a€few€times,€once€in€a€chain€of€beaver€ponds€in€Routt€County,€and€once€in€a€sandy€floodÐ ê´ Ðplain€near€Boulder.€It€frequently€occurs€in€greenhouse€pots,€so€is€likely€to€escape€into€adjacent€wetÐ Ð š Ðareas€almost€anywhere.€In€this€species€the€annulus€is€small,€not€revoluble,€consisting€of€a€single€rowÐ ¶ € Ðof€thick„walled,€orange€cells,€remaining€attached€to€the€capsule;€the€capsule€mouth€is€bordered€withÐ œ f Ðabout€6-8€rows€of€horizontally€elongate€cells.€Collections€are€from€Boulder€Co.:€Rocky€Flats,Ð ‚ L ÐÔ_ÔfloodplainÔ_Ô€of€South€Boulder€Creek,€7€mi€S€of€Boulder,€June,€1967,€òòWeber€B„39084óó,€€June,€1973,Ð h 2 ÐòòÔ_ÔKunkelÔ_Ô€&€Shultz€B„46180.;óó€Lake€Co.:€Twin€Lakes,€1873,òò€Wolf€&€Rothrock€(óóasòò€P.€latifolium€=Ð N  Ðhookeri,óó€but€the€annulus€is€not€large€and€revoluble)òò.€óóRoutt€Co.:€Diamond€Park€Road,€28€mi€N€ofÐ 4þ  ÐSteamboat€Springs,€18€July€1951,òò€Weber€B„23608,óó€Hinman€Park,€8,000€ft.€alt.,€on€road€bank,€5€JulyÐ ä  Ð1971,€òòFlock€B„96023.óóÐ Ê  ÐÌà@EE=ìàRejected€SpeciesˆÐ Ì–  Ðà  àÌò òà  àó óòòP.€immersum€óóSullivant€T.€P.€James€(1878),€reporting€on€the€collections€of€Wolf€and€RothrockÐ ˜b Ðat€Twin€Lakes,€listed€€òòÔ_ÔAphanorrhegmaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔserratumÔ_Ôóó€(obviously€a€misidentification€of€a€òòPhyscomitriumóó,Ð ~H Ðpossibly€òòP.€immersumóó€Sullivant).€This€is€a€plant€of€the€Great€Plains€and€is€unlikely€to€occur€in€theÐ d. Ðhigh€mountains.€The€Twin€Lakes€lie€in€the€upper€dry,€although€high,€valley€of€the€Arkansas€River.Ð J ÐThe€€locality€is€now€destitute€of€mosses,€but€more€than€one€òòPhyscomitriumóó€might€once€have€occurredÐ 0ú Ðon€the€gently€sloping€sandy€shore,€which€is€now€greatly€changed€by€drainage,€development,€andÐ à Ðseasonal€recreation.€Further€serious€search€for€specimens€of€òòPhyscomitriumóó€needs€to€be€made€alongÐ üÆ Ðthe€floodplains€of€eastern€Colorado.Р⬠ÐÌà  àòòPyramidula€Ô_ÔtetragonaÔ_Ô€óó(Bridel)€Bridel€was€reported€by€Porter€(1876)€from€ð ðmoist,€sandy€soilÐ ®x Ðon€the€plains,€Hall.ðð€The€specimen,€in€the€T.€P.€James€Herbarium€at€Harvard€is€from€ð ðmoist€sandyÐ ”^ Ðsoil€on€the€Platte,€òòE.€Hallóó.ðð€This€probably€came€from€the€Scotts€Bluff€area€of€Nebraska,€but€theÐ zD Ðeastern€tier€of€Colorado€counties€has€never€been€explored€for€mosses€and€some€of€the€ephemeralÐ `* Ðspring„growing€species€are€very€likely€to€be€found€here.€It€is€a€common€weedy€moss€in€the€easternÐ F  Ðand€Ô_ÔmidwesternÔ_Ô€United€States.Ð  ,!ö ÐÖ€“‡¾!ÖÖ€”ˆ¾"Öà@îî@ìàò òGRIMMIACEAEˆÐ 6 ÐOctober€13,€2004Ð è Ðó óÌRef.:€Ô_ÔMuozÔ_Ô€(1983„1999),€Greven€(2003).€Ireland€(2004)Ð ì¶ ÐÌla.à0  àStem€with€short€lateral€branchlets€arising€along€its€length€and€creating€the€impression€of€aÐ ¸ ‚ Ðmain€stem€with€horizontal€side„branchlets;€basal€and€usually€median€leaf€cells€with€sinuose„Ð ž h Ðnodulose€walls;€never€fruiting€in€our€region;€plants€of€moist€or€wet€depressions€in€theÐ „ N Ðsubalpine€or€alpine.ò ò€Racomitriumó óÐj 4(#(# Ð1b.à0  àStems€simple€or€branched€more€or€less€dichotomously,€the€branches€all€ascending€together;Ð R  Ðleaves€without€elongate€sinuose„nodulose€cells€or€with€this€character€not€strongly€developed;Ð 8  Ðmost€species€found€fruiting€here;€plants€of€various€sitesà‚#""w(#.JJQ(#(##à(2)€ò òˆÐ è  ÐÌó ó2a.à0  àLeaves€distinctly€biplicate€distally,€in€adaxial€view€the€costa€appearing€to€be€depressed€onÐ ì¶  Ðeach€side€under€the€adjacent€lamina;€hair€points€always€very€well€developed.€ò òCoscinodonó óÐÒœ (#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€not€biplicate;€hair€points€various.€See€the€following€key€to€ò òGrimmiaó ó,€ò òSchistidium,Ð º„  Ðó óand€ò òJaffueliobryumó óТl(#(# Ðà@ììEìàò òó óˆÌà  àWith€a€little€practice,€the€various€genera€presently€segregated€out€of€the€old€òòGrimmiaóó€mayÐ p: Ðbe€recognized€in€the€field.€òòCoscinodonóó€forms€neat€hoary€tufts€with€long€hair„points.€It€is€easilyÐ V  Ðrecognized€when€it€fruits€in€early€autumn,€by€the€large€mitrate€calyptra.€òòJaffueliobryumóó€grows€in€veryÐ < Ðsmall€tufts€in€crevices€of€sandstone€cliffs€or€on€bare€vertical€faces€of€bad„land€ð ðfingersðð€in€the€desert„Ð "ì Ðsteppe.€It€has€broad,€thin,€light€green€leaves.€The€òòGrimmia€anodonóó€group€with€its€two€species€haveÐ Ò Ðimmersed€capsules€and€enlarged€perichaetial€leaves;€they€form€low,€short„stemmed€dense€tufts€withÐ î¸ Ðvariable€hair„pointed€leaves,€and€usually€grow€on€sandstone€or€limestone€in€the€desert„steppe.Ð Ôž ÐòòSchistidium€óógrows€on€various€rocks,€sometimes€in€or€near€shallowly€flowing€rills.€The€plants€areÐ º„ Ðnearly€always€fruiting,€and€have€immersed€capsules€with€a€red€operculum.€In€size€they€range€fromÐ  j Ða€few€millimeters€high€tufts€to€some€several€centimeters€long.Ð †P ÐÌà@‚ ‚ .ìàò òKey€to€Grimmia,€Schistidium,€and€Jaffueliobryumó óˆÐ R  ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€concave,€obtuse,€oblong„lanceolate,€lacking€hair„points;€lamina€unistratoseÐ  "ê Ðthroughout,€margins€incurved;€costa€narrow,€ending€below€apex;€leaf€cells€rather€uniform,Ð #Ð  Ðquadrate€to€short„rectangular€with€smooth€thin€walls€throughout;€rare,€forming€dull€greenÐ ì#¶! Ðtufts€in€icy€water€from€melting€snow„banks€in€the€alpine€region.€ò òG.€mollisó óÐÒ$œ"(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€not€as€above,€if€broad€then€acute€and/or€with€hair„points,€or€with€revolute€margins,Ð º%„# Ðand€in€different€habitatsà‚#@"@"x(#.vv1(#(##à(2)ˆÐ  &j $ ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaves€muticous,€with€gemmae€on€their€distal€portions.€ò òG.€anomalaó óÐl(6"&(#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaves€not€muticous,€or€if€so,€lacking€gemmaeà‚#@"@"x(#.žžE(#(##à(3)ˆÐ T)#' ÐÌ3a.à0  àLeaves,€even€when€dry,€widely€spreading€and€contorted,€or€spirally€twisted€around€the€stem;Ð  +ê$) Ðhair„points€very€short€or€absentà‚#@"@"x(#.ÈÈ8(#(##à(4)ˆÐ ,Ð%* Ð3b.à0  àLeaves€never€wide„spreading€or€crisped€or€spirally€twisted€around€the€stem€when€dry;€withÐ 6 Ðor€without€hair„pointsà‚#@"@"x(#.Ø Ø .(#(##à(7)ˆÐ æ ÐÌ4a.à0  àLeaves,€when€dry,€spirally€twisted€around€the€stem,€the€tips€often€coiled€into€a€circle,€erect„Ð è² Ðspreading€when€wet;€upper€leaves€sometimes€with€a€short€hair„point;€gemmae€often€presentÐ Î ˜ Ðon€the€back€of€the€costa€of€the€upper€leaves;€rare,€forming€continuous€sods€on€cliff€faces,Ð ´ ~ Ðalmost€always€associated€with€òòAmphidiumóó.€ò òG.€torquataó óК d(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€crisped€and€contorted€when€dry,€linear„lanceolate.€€à‚#@"@"x(#.llS(#(##à(5)ˆÐ ‚ L ÐÌ5a.à0  àLeaves€ca.€2€mm€long,€elongate„lanceolate,€tapering€and€gracefully€cygneous€when€wet,Ð N  Ðyellowish,€the€older€ones€brown;€hair€points€well„developed.€ò òG.€trichophylla€ó óÐ4þ (#(# ÐÔ_Ô5bÔ_Ô.à0  àLeaves€up€to€1.5€mm€long,€abruptly€narrowed€,€generally€blackish;€hair„point€very€short€orÐ æ  Ðlackingà‚#""w(#.T T (#(##à(6)€ˆÐ Ì  ÐÌ6a.à0  àMedian€leaf€cells€rectangular„quadrate,€the€walls€€with€nodular€thickening€but€not€stronglyРΘ  Ðsinuose€(accordion„pleated);€in€small€tufts€on€protected€overhangs€of€alpine€fell€fieldÐ ´~  Ðboulders;€rare.€ò òG.€incurvaó óКd(#(# Ð6b.à0  àMedian€cells€rectangular€quadrate,€conspicuously€sinuose„incrassate€(accordion„pleated).Ð ‚L ÐVery€rare,€in€similar€situations.€ò òG.€elongataó óÐh2(#(# ÐÌ7a.à0  àStems€very€slender,€less€than€0.5€mm€wide,€about€2€cm€long,€almost€unbranched;€leaves€1Ð 6 Ðmm€long€or€less,€the€upper€ones€with€a€spinose€hair„point;€always€sterile€here,€on€verticalÐ æ Ðcliffs€wet€with€seepage€waterà‚#@"@"x(#.5(#(##à(8)ˆÐ Ì Ð6b.à0  àStems€stouter,€usually€more€or€less€branched,€with€longer€leavesà‚#@"@"x(#.X(#(##à(9)ˆÐ è² ÐÌ8a.à0  àHair„point€coarse€and€finely€denticulate,€sometimes€without€a€hair„point.€ò òG.€teretinervisó óд~(#(# Ð8b.à0  àHair€point€weak,€often€flexuose,€very€short€and€strongly€spinulose.€ò òSchistidium€tenerumó óМf(#(# Ðò òó óÌ9a.à0  àLeaves€plane€or€concave,€dark€green€or€blackish,€bistratose,€margins€not€recurved,€apex€withÐ j4 Ða€long,€flat€hair€point;€costa€lying€in€the€plane€of€the€lamina,€€hardly€visible.€€€à‚#æ!æ!w(#.66l(#(##à(10\ˆÐ P  Ð9b.à0  àLeaves€not€as€above€in€all€respectsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ÐÐ;(#(##à(11)ˆÐ 6! ÐÌ10a.à0  àLeaves€ovate„triangular;€basal€marginal€cells€oblate€(transversely€elongated),€hair€pointsÐ #Ì  Ðstout,€strongly€denticulate€and€decurrent.€plants€forming€very€low€tufts€which€separate€intoÐ è#²! Ðindividual€stems€upon€handling,€the€leaves€immediately€spreading€widely€upon€wetting;€onÐ Î$˜" Ðsandstone€ledges€in€southern€Colorado.€€ò òGrimmia€laevigataó óд%~#(#(# Ð10b.à0  àLeaves€oblong„ovate,€the€basal€marginal€cells€quadrate„rectangular€with€thickened€end€walls;Ð œ&f $ Ðhair€points€only€slightly€decurrent.€ò òG.€ovalisó ó.€Common€on€sunny€granite€outcrops€in€theÐ ‚'L!% Ðfoothills€of€the€Front€Range,€and€on€rhyolite€boulders,€subalpine€forest€flood„plains,€San€JuanÐ j(4"& ÐMts.€ÐP)#'(#(# ÐÌ11a.à0  àRobust;€stems€up€to€10€cm€long,€in€sods€with€the€stems€usually€trending€downslope;€leavesÐ +æ$) Ð3-5€mm€long,€linear„lanceolate,€elongate,€revolute;€lower€leaf€cells€rectangular,€withÐ ,Ì%* Ðthickened€sinuose€walls;€capsules€uncommon,€on€short€side€branches,€strongly€longitudinallyÐ 6 Ðribbed;€abundant€on€massive€granite€outcrops,€foothill€canyons€to€alpine.€ò òG.€elatioró óÐæ(#(# Ð11b.à0  àStems€shorter€(usually€up€to€2.5€cm);€leaves€shorter;€basal€cells€usually€not€sinuose„walled;Ð Î Ðusually€fertile€(except€òòG.€piliferaóó).€.€.€.€à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.D(#(##à(12)ˆÐ ê´ ÐÌ12a.à0  àSeta€shorter€than€the€capsule,€which€is€therefore€immersedà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.>>R(#(##à(13)ˆÐ ¶ € Ð12b.à0  àSeta€equaling€or€longer€than€the€capsule,€which€is€exsertedà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.PPS(#(##à(17)ˆÐ œ f ÐÌ13a.à0  àLeaves€2€mm€long;€hair€point€often€very€long€(see€discussion€under€òòG.€elatioróó).€ò òG.€piliferaó óÐh 2(#(# Ð13b.à0  àLeaves€about€1mm€long;€hair€points€short€or€nearly€lackingà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.††R(#(##à(14)ˆÐ P  ÐÌ14a.à0  àColumella€falling€with€the€operculum;€leaves€revolute€on€one€edge,€bistratose€distally;€plantsÐ æ  Ðbrownish€or€black;€hair„point€lacking€or€short;€tufts€small,€often€loose;€usually€on€graniticÐ Ì  Ðrocksà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.¸¸(#(##à(15)ˆÐ è²  Ð14b.à0  àColumella€not€deciduous;€leaves€plane€or€in„rolled,€unistratose;€plants€in€low,€dense€tufts€orРΘ  Ðsods,€very€short,€and€often€filled€with€soil€or€sand,€the€upper€leaves€at€least€with€a€distinctÐ ´~  Ðhair€point€(except€sometimes€in€òòGrimmia€plagiopodiaóó);€on€sedimentary€rocks€at€lowÐ šd Ðaltitudes.€€ò òSee€Schistidium€ó óЀJ(#(# ÐÌ15a.à0  àCalyptra€mitrate,€covering€most€of€the€capsule;€capsule€symmetrical,€on€a€short,€straight€seta;Ð N Ðhair„point€long;€leaves€very€broadly€ovate€or€obovate,€erose„denticulate€above€the€middle,Ð 4þ Ðwith€long€hair„point;€plants€green;€perichaetial€leaves€not€conspicuously€larger€than€theÐ ä Ðothers;€crevices€of€sandstone€outcrops€or€bare€vertical€surfaces€of€ð ðÔ_ÔbadlandÔ_Ôðð€formations.€ò òSeeÐ Ê ÐJaffueliobryumó óÐè²(#(# Ð15b.à0  àCalyptra€mitrulate,€covering€only€the€upper€end€of€the€capsule,€irregularly€split;€leaves€notРК Ðerose„denticulate;€hair„points€developed€on€upper€leaves,€but€often€short;€plants€usuallyÐ ¶€ Ðbrownish€or€black;€perichaetial€leaves€conspicuously€larger€and€broader€than€the€others;€onÐ œf Ðhorizontal€surfaces€of€sedimentary€outcropsà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.¬¬C(#(##à(16)ˆÐ ‚L ÐÌ16a.à0  àLeaves€keeled€distally,€unistratose;€peristome€well„developed,€Ô_ÔcribroseÔ_Ô;€hair„points€poorlyÐ N  Ðdeveloped.€ò òGrimmia€plagiopodiaó óÐ4!þ(#(# Ð16b.à0  àLeaves€concave€distally;€bistratose€on€the€margins€and€toward€the€leaf€apex;€peristome€absentÐ "æ Ðor€rudimentary;€hair„points€strongly€developed€on€perichaetial€leaves;€peristome€absent;Ð #Ì  Ðplants€autoicous.€ò òG.€anodonó óÐè#²!(#(# ÐÌ17a.à0  àTufts€low,€very€dense,€blackish,€the€leaves€with€plane€or€incurved€margins,€usually€less€thanÐ ¶%€# Ð2€mm€longà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.l l !(#(##à(18)ˆÐ œ&f $ Ð17b.à0  àTufts€taller,€loose,€green€or€brownish„green;€leaves€usually€over€2€mm€long,€with€the€marginsÐ ‚'L!% Ðusually€revolute€along€one€edgeà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ôô7(#(##à(21)ˆÐ h(2"& ÐÌ18a.à0  àLeaves€short,€broad,€broadly€keeled,€curved€toward€the€stem€when€dry;€seta€cygneous€orÐ 4*þ#( Ðsimply€curved.€ò òG.€bicoloró óÐ+ä$)(#(# Ð18b.à0  àLeaves€elongate,€narrow,€not€keeled€or€curved€toward€the€stem€when€dry;€seta€straight.€€€€€€Ð ,Ì%* Ðà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.(#(##à(19)ˆÐ 6 ÐÌ19a.à0  àBasal€half€and€margin€of€the€leaf€with€elongate€rectangular€clear€cells,€not€thickenedÐ Ì Ðtransversely;€costa€strongly€raised€abaxially.€ò òG.€donnianaó óÐè²(#(# Ð19a.à0  àBasal€and€marginal€cells€otherwiseà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.èè:(#(##à(20)ˆÐ Ð š ÐÌ20a.à0  àLeaves€short€and€stiff,€not€at€all€flexuose€when€moist.€ò òG.€montanaó óМ f(#(# Ð20b.à0  àLeaves€not€short€and€stiff,€usually€flexuose€when€moist;€costa€weak€proximally,€channeledÐ „ N Ðdistally€and€raised€I„beam„like€on€the€abaxial€surfaceà‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.ŒŒN(#(##à(21)ˆÐ j 4 ÐÌ21a.à0  àbasal€marginal€leaf€cells€quadrate;€leaf€margins€always€plane;€capsules€smooth,€brown,€withÐ 6  Ðthick„walled€exothecial€cells.€ò òG.€alpestrisó óÐæ (#(# Ð21b.à0  àBasal€marginal€leaf€cells€rectangular;€one€leaf€margin€sometimes€slightly€recurved;€capsulesÐ Î  Ðstriolate,€yellowish,€with€thin„walled€exothecial€cells.€ò òG.€sessitanaó óÐê´ (#(# ÐÌ22a.à0  àLeaf€lamina€distally€unistratose;€seta€curved€downward;€leaves€broad,€abruptly€narrowed€toÐ ¸‚  Ðthe€broad„based€hair„point;€green€apex€of€leaves€distinctly€rounded€or€even€emarginate;€hairÐ žh Ðpoints€long,€making€the€tufts€hoary„looking;€calyptra€mitrate€or€mitrulate.€ò òG.€pulvinataó óЄN(#(# Ð22b.à0  àLeaf€lamina€bistratose;€seta€straight;€Leaves€narrow,€the€green€apex€acute€and€grading€intoÐ l6 Ðthe€narrow„based€hair„point;€hair„points€evident€but€relatively€short€and€inconspicuous;€leafÐ R Ðlamina€bistratose;€calyptra€cucullate€€€€€€à‚#Ü!Ü!w(#.rrC(#(##à(23)ˆÐ 8 Ðò òó óÌ23a.à0  àLeaf„margins€plane€or€incurved;€leaves€channeled€above,€thickish€and€waxy„looking;€costaÐ Î Ðbroad,€not€terete;€leaves€not€keeled;€plants€dioicous.€ò òG.€ovalisó óÐê´(#(# Ð23b.à0  àOne€or€both€leaf€margins€revolute;€costa€terete;€leaf€keeled;€plants€autoicous.€ò òG.€longirostrisÐÒœ(#(# Ðó óÌà  àòòGrimmiaóó€and€its€related€genera€form€one€of€the€larger€groups€of€mosses€in€our€flora€and€theÐ  j Ðspecies€have€been€notoriously€difficult€to€identify.€However,€they€do€sort€out€quite€well€into€ratherÐ †P Ðdistinct€ecological€situations,€and€the€following€list€of€sites,€with€their€respective€species,€may€helpÐ l6 Ðin€instances€where€the€key€may€be€equivocal.Ð R  ÐÌà@ŸŸBìàEcologyˆÐ "è ÐÌà  à1.€Wet€gravels€of€snow„melt€streams€(plants€not€anchored€firmly€to€rock):€òòGrimmia€mollisóó,Ð ê#´! ÐòòSchistidiumóó.Ð Ð$š" ÐÌà  à2.€Vertical€siliceous€cliff€faces:€òòGrimmia€elatior,€G.€arizonae,óó€òòG.€piliferumóó,€òòSchistidiumÐ œ&f $ Ðtenerumóó,€òòS.€apocarpumóó€group.Ð ‚'L!% ÐÌà  à3.€Sloping€siliceous€rock€faces,€irrigated€periodically:€òòG.€elatioróó,€òòSchistidium€occidentaleóó,Ð N)#' ÐòòS.€alpicolaóó,€òòS.€agassiziióó.€Ð 4*þ#( ÐÌà  à4.€Siliceous€boulders,€not€permanently€wet€by€seepage:€òòCoscinodon€calyptratusóó,€òòC.€cribrosus€óóÐ ,Ê%* ЀòòGrimmia€alpestris,€G.€bicolor,€G.€donniana,€G.€longirostrisóó,€òòG.€anomalaóó,€òòG.€elongata,€G.€€incurva,Ð 6 ÐG.€montanaóó,€òòG.€ovalisóó,€òòG.€pulvinataóó,€òòG.€trichophylla,€Schistidium€apocarpum€óógroup.Ð æ ÐÌà  à5.€Crevices€of€horizontally€layered€sedimentary€rocks:€òòJaffueliobryum€wrightiióó.Ð è² ÐÌà  à6.€Surfaces€of€sedimentary€rock€formations:€òòJaffueliobryum€raui,€Coscinodon€cribrosusóóÐ ´ ~ Ð(vertical),€òòGrimmia€anodonóó,€òòG.€laevigata,€G.€plagiopodiaóó,€òòG.€pulvinataóó,€òòG.€sessitanaóó,€òòG.€teretinervisÐ š d Ðóó(also€in€granite€crevices).Ð € J ÐÌÌà@„„:ìàFruiting€versus€sterileˆÐ 2ü  ÐÌà  àWith€experience,€one€may€learn€to€recognize€many€of€the€species€without€capsules,€but€thereÐ þÈ  Ðare€a€few€that€evidently€cannot€be€separated.€Capsules,€fortunately,€will€be€found€eventually,€unlessÐ ä®  Ðeither€one€or€the€other€sex€simply€does€not€occur€here.Ð Ê”  ÐÌà@÷÷?ìàThe€calyptraˆÐ –` ÐÌà  àA€calyptra,€when€present,€is€mitrate€in€òòCoscinodon,€Jaffueliobryum,€G.€anodon,€G.Ð b, Ðplagiopodiaóó,€òòG.€poecilostoma,óó€and€òòG.€pulvinataóó.€In€all€other€Grimmiaceae€the€calyptra€is€cucullate.Ð H ÐÌà@àà<ìàCapsule€productionˆÐ Þ ÐÌà  àòòGrimmiaóó€almost€always€found€with€many€capsules:€òòG.€alpestrisóó,€òòG.€bicolor,€G.€donniana,РઠÐG.€pulvinata,€G.€longirostris,€G.€sessitana.óóÐ Æ Ðà  àòòGrimmiaóó€very€rarely€found€with€capsules:€òòG.€elatioróó,€òòG.€laevigataóó,€òòG.€ovalisóó,€òòG.€mollis,€G.Ð ¬v Ðmontana,€G.€pilifera.óóÐ ’\ Ðà  àòòGrimmiaóó€never€found€with€capsules:€òòG.€anomala,€G.€teretinervis,€G.€incurva,€G.€torquataóó,Ð xB Ðand€òòSchistidium€tenerumóó.Ð ^( Ðà  àòòCoscinodonóó€varies:€capsules€are€present€only€in€certain€seasons,€but€when€present€are€quiteÐ D  Ðabundant.Ð *!ô ÐÌà@ww?ìàThe€OperculumˆÐ ö"À  ÐÌThere€are€three€types€of€opercula:€mammillate€or€conical,€rostellate,€and€rostrate.€Rostellate€standsÐ Â$Œ" Ðintermediate€between€mammillate€and€rostrate.€Recognizing€these€when€they€are€present€may€beÐ ¨%r# Ðhelpful€in€eliminating€some€species€from€consideration:Ð Ž&X $ ÐÌMammillate€or€conical:€òòalpestris,€anodon,€plagiopodia,€sessitanaóóÐ Z($"& ÐRostellate:€òòmollis,€montanaóóÐ @) #' Ðà0  àà ° àRostrate:€òòanomala,€elata,€incurva,€laevigata,€ovalis,€longirostris€óó(variable)òò,€pulvinata,€torquataóóÐ&*ð#((#(# ÐÌà@ÏÏ6ìàSpecies€grouped€by€growth€formˆÐ ò+¼%* Їà  àGreven€(2003)€recognizes€four€growth€forms.€Our€species€fall€into€the€following:Ð 6 ÐÌà0  àà ° àCushions€(stems€tightly€clustered€and€rounded):€òòalpestris,€anodon,€bicolor,€incurva,€laevigata,Ð Ì Ðmontana,€orbicularis,€pulvinata,€sessitana;€Coscinodonóó€spp.Ðè²(#(# Ðà0  àà ° àTufts€(stems€caespitose,€dense€or€loose):€laevigata,€longirostris,€ovalis,€sessitana,€teretinervis,Ð Î ˜ Ðtorquata.д ~(#(# ÐPatches€(rather€loose€and€irregularly€formed):€òòanomala,€elatior,€mollisóóÐ š d ÐMats€(extended€flat€colonies):€òòalpestris,€montana,€plagiopodiaóóÐ € J ÐÌà@9ìàò òCoscinodon€ó óSprengel,€1804ˆÐ L  ÐRef:€Hastings€(1999).Ð 4þ  ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€1.1„1.9€mm€long,€bistratose€distally;€margins€involute€above;€capsules€immersed.€ò òC.Ð Ê  Ðcribrosusó óÐè² (#(# Ð1b.à0  àStem€leaves€1.4„2.4€mm€long,€unistratose€or€patchily€bistratose€above;€margins€plane€orРК  Ðrevolute€on€one€side;€capsules€exserted.€ò òC.€calyptratusж€ (#(# Ðó óÌò òó óà  àò òC.€calyptratusó ó€(Hooker€ex€Drummond)€C.€Jensen€in€Kindberg.€Very€abundant€andÐ „N Ðcharacteristic€of€granitic€boulders€in€the€outer€foothills€in€the€ponderosa€pine€stands,€but€lessÐ l6 Ðcommonly€occurring€up€to€the€highest€elevations,€on€both€sides€of€the€Continental€Divide.€FruitingÐ R Ðabundantly€in€early€autumn€and€easily€recognized€in€the€field€by€the€hoary€aspect,€exserted€capsules,Ð 8 Ðand€large€mitrate€calyptra.€The€species€also€occurs€in€central€Asia€(Ô_ÔMuozÔ_Ô€1998).Ð è ÐÌà  àWhen€sterile,€one€must€be€aware€that€there€are€òòGrimmiaóó€species€with€hoary€tufts€and€longÐ ê´ Ðhair€points.€The€leaves€of€òòC.€calyptratus€óóare€plane,€with€thickened,€bistratose€but€nor€recurvedРК Ðmargins.€The€distal€lamina€is€partially€bistratose,€while€the€rest€of€the€lamina€is€unistratose€withÐ ¶€ Ðrounded„quadrate€cells,€and€quite€translucent.€The€basal€juxtacostal€cells€are€elongate„rectangular,Ð œf Ðthose€more€toward€the€margin€short„rectangular,€and€the€few€marginal€rows€elongate„rectangular€andÐ ‚L Ðhyaline.€The€leaf€cells€are€not€thickened€or€sinuose„walled.Ð h2 ÐÌà  àò òC.€€cribrosusó ó€(Hedwig)€Spruce.€Hastings€says:€ð ðIts€biplicate,€bistratose€leaves€with€stronglyÐ 4!þ Ðincurved€margins€and€immersed€capsules€with€distinctly€perforated€peristome€teeth€separate€òòC.Ð "æ Ðcribrosus€óófrom€other€species€in€the€genus.ðð€This€is€a€distinctly€smaller€plant€than€òòG.€calyptratusóó.€TheÐ #Ì  Ðspecies€is€evidently€minerotrophic,€restricted€to€a€particular€rock€formationòò€óóassociated€withòò€óóminingÐ è#²! Ðareas.€Collections:€Chaffee,€Conejos,€Gunnison,€Hinsdale,€Ouray,€Summit,€and€San€Juan€counties.Ð Î$˜" ÐA€Flowers€specimenòò€óó(òò3593óó)€from€San€Juan€Co.,€Utah€was€collected€as€òòGrimmia€alpestris.€Ð ´%~# ÐÌóóà  àSterile€tufts€of€òòCoscinodon€óó,€especially€òòC.€cribrosusóó,€will€be€mistaken€from€òòGrimmiaóó€species,Ð €'J!% Ðsuch€as€òòG.€alpestrisóó€and€òòG.€sessitanaóó.€They€have€a€shaggy€appearance€because€the€hair€points€areÐ f(0"& Ðoften€as€long€as€the€leaves;€the€leaves€do€not€spread€out€arcuately€when€wet,€as€they€do€in€theÐ L)#' Ðcommon€òòG.€longirostrisóó,€and€the€leaf€margins€are€not€recurved.€The€leaf€anatomy€is€critical.€€InÐ 2*ü#( ÐòòCoscinodonóó€the€hair€point€is€commonly€very€long,€slender,€flexuous,€and€practically€without€teeth.Ð +â$) ÐThe€distal€leaf€lamina€€is€ð ðcrimpedðð€(narrow€and€biplicate)€and€its€leaf€cells€are€small€and€irregularlyÐ þ+È%* Ðrounded„quadrate€and€often€crimped€in€the€middle€(sinuose).€The€median€cells€are€quadrate„Ð 6 Ðrectangular,€thin„walled,€and€the€basal€cells€are€rectangular,€the€basal€marginal€ones€more€elongate„Ð æ Ðrectangular.€The€costa€is€commonly€distally€grooved.Ð Ì ÐÌà@,,<ìàò òGrimmiaó ó€Hedwig,1801ˆÐ Î ˜ ÐRef.:€Greven€(2003)Ð ¶ € ÐÌThe€subgenera€of€Grimmia:€Although€these€groups€are€based€largely€on€the€sporophyte,€they€do€hangÐ ‚ L Ðtogether€fairly€well€vegetatively€and€it€might€be€useful€to€have€this€analysis.Ð h 2 ÐÌÔ_ÔGasterogrimmiaÔ_Ô€includes€òòG.€anodon,€G.€plagiopodia,€óóand€òòG.€poecilostomaóó.€The€group€is€uniquely€Ð 4þ  Ðcharacterized€by€the€sporophyte,€in€which€the€seta€is€very€short€and€asymmetrically€attached€to€theÐ ä  Ðurn.€€Unfortunately,€capsules€are€only€infrequently€present.€Ð Ê  ÐÌÔ_ÔLitoneuronÔ_Ô€includes€òòG.€laevigata€óóand€òòG.€ovalis.óó€Here€the€seta€is€straight€to€sinuose,€the€leaf€isÐ Ì–  Ðconcave€and€the€costa€is€not€raised€above€the€level€of€the€laminal€cells.€The€seta€is€straight€to€sinuoseÐ ²|  Ðand€the€lamina€is€„3„stratoseÐ ˜b ÐÌÔ_ÔGuembeliaÔ_Ô€includes€òòG.€alpestris,€G.€donniana,€G.€elongata,€G.€longirostris,€G.€montana,€G.€pilifera,Ð d. ÐG.€sessitana,€óóandòò€G.€teretinervisóó.€Here€the€seta€is€straight€to€sinuose,€the€leaf€is€keeled€and€the€costaÐ J Ðprominent.Ð 0ú ÐÌÔ_ÔRhabdogrimmiaÔ_Ô€includes€òòG.€anomala,€G.€elatior,€G.€incurva,€G.€pulvinata,€óóand€òòG.€trichophyllaóó.€HereÐ üÆ Ðthe€seta€us€usually€arcuate€or€cygneous,€the€leaves€are€unistratose€distally.€Probably€òòG.€elatior€óóreallyР⬠Ðbelongs€in€Ô_ÔGuembeliaÔ_Ô.Ð È’ ÐÌòòG.€mollisóó€stands€alone€in€having€a€costa€not€reaching€the€leaf€apex,€having€broad€concave,€roundedÐ ”^ Ðleaves,€and€occurring€almost€totally€submerged€in€running€melt„water€of€show€patches€at€Ô_ÔbveryÔ_Ô€highÐ zD Ðaltitudes.Ð `* ÐÌà  àò òG.€alpestris€ó ó(Weber€&€Mohr)€Schleicher.€This€somewhat€resembles€òòG.€montanaóó,€but€isÐ ,!ö Ðalways€distinctly€glaucous„green,€with€rather€long€hair„points.€It€also€forms€a€softer€tuft,€and€is€neverÐ "Þ Ðthe€deep€black€color€that€one€associates€with€òòG.€montana.óó€It€closest€relative€is€òòG.€sessitanaóó,€whichÐ ú"Ä  Ðdiffers€in€its€rectangular€basal€marginal€cells.€Collections:€Gunnison,€Montrose,€San€Juan,€andÐ à#ª! ÐSummit€counties.€In€Montrose€Co.€it€occurs€in€Paradox€Valley,€between€Ô_ÔNaturitaÔ_Ô€and€Bedrock,€onÐ Æ$" Ða€gypsum„salt€dome€in€center€of€the€valley€in€an€area€vegetated€chiefly€by€lichens€and€small€blackÐ ¬%v# Ðmosses,€5,230€ft.€alt.,€!H.€Greven.€Otherwise€it€can€occur€at€very€high€altitudes€in€the€Ô_ÔmontainsÔ_Ôòòóó.Ð ’&\ $ ÐSome€collections€are€quite€sterile€and€have€extremely€small€leaves,€almost€too€difficult€to€dissect;Ð x'B!% Ðthese€are€evidently€male€plants.Ð ^(("& ÐÌÌà  àò òG.€anodonó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.òò€G.€anodonóó€and€òòG.€plagiopodiaóó€are€dark€green€or€brownishÐ +Ú$) Ðrather€than€green€mosses€forming€very€low,€tightly€attached€tufts€on€sedimentary€and€calcareousÐ ø+Â%* Ðrocks€at€low€altitudes.€The€only€good€technical€distinguishing€feature€for€them€are€the€absence€andÐ 6 Ðpresence€of€a€peristome,€respectively.€The€immersed€capsule€and€the€enlarged€perichaetial€leavesÐ æ Ðserve€to€mark€the€group.€Plants€low,€the€stems€decumbent,€ð ðbrushedðð€to€one€side,€the€perichaetialÐ Ì Ðvery€broadly€oblong;€copper„€colored€distally,€green€below,€hair€point€broad€at€the€base,€flexuose€andÐ è² Ðserrulate;€distal€laminal€cells€rounded„quadrate;€margins€nearly€plane,€bistratose;€basal€marginal€cellsÐ Î ˜ Ðquadrate,€the€inner€rectangular€(2:1),€not€sinuose.€Capsule€immersed,€globose,€operculum€conical,Ð ´ ~ ÐimmatureÐ š d Ðcalyptra€mitrate,€attenuate.€A€short€seta€is€present,€but€it€is€attached€to€one€side€of€the€capsule€base,Ð € J Ðand€is€bent€sideways€and€upward.Ð f 0 ÐÌà  àòòSchistidium€flaccidumóó€may€be€mistaken€for€òòG.€anodonóó.€See€discussion€under€that€species.Ð 2ü  ÐÌà  àGreven€states€(in€litt.)€that€sterile€plants€can€be€distinguished€as€follows:Ð þÈ  ÐÌÒ(€{Ø {€°(#°(#(Òà@¤ ¤ # àòòò òG.€plagiopodiaó óóóˆÐ Ê”  Ðà@""]Ôàòòò òG.€anodonó óóóˆÐ Ê”  Ðò òPlantsó ó:€brown,€never€blackò òÐ #í  Ðó ófrequently€black€or€blackishò òÐ #í  Ðà0  àà ° àLeavesó ó:€broadly€oblong„lanceolate,€somewhatÐ ~H Ðshinyò òÐf0UU Ðó óoblong„lanceolate,€dullò òÐ ~H ÐLaminaó ó:€completely€unistratoseÐ ¿‰ Ðmargins€distally€bistratoseÐ ¿‰ ÐÒ(€{Ø {°U°U(ÒÐ ä Ðà  àò òG.€anomalaó ó€Hampe.€The€plant€is€loosely€tufted€on€siliceous€rocks,€not€forming€discreteÐ Ê Ðmounds,€but€has€more€or€less€loosely€spreading,€forked€stems,€resembling€less€a€òòGrimmia€óóthan€aÐ è² Ðsterile€òòOrthotrichumóó.€The€leaves€are€dull€apple„green,€lanceolate€but€blunt„tipped,€with€an€abortiveРΘ Ðhair„point.€When€dry€they€are€appressed,€but€when€moistened€they€are€immediately€wide€spreadingÐ ´~ Ðand€the€stem€is€very€densely€foliated.€The€leaves€are€broadly€revolute€along€one€side,€the€cellsÐ šd Ðquadrate,€hardly€lengthened€near€the€leaf€base.€The€costa€is€very€strong€and€bulging€on€the€dorsalÐ €J Ðside,€with€a€dorsal€epidermis€of€elongate€cells.€The€leaf€cells€appear€in€face€view€to€have€one€or€twoÐ f0 Ðsmall€papillae,€but€in€side€view€they€are€merely€low„mammillose.€On€most€of€the€leaves€there€areÐ L  Ðspherical,€multicellular€gemmae,€at€first€green€and€becoming€orange„brown,€along€the€costa.€The€leafÐ 2!ü Ðmargin€is€bistratose,€and€the€lamina,€under€the€proper€illumination,€has€longitudinally€striateÐ "â Ðcuticular€ridges.Ð þ"È Ðà  àÌà  àA€very€infrequent€species.€Collections:€Routt€Co.:€Trail€above€Ô_ÔSeedhouseÔ_Ô€Campground,Ð Ê$” ÐòòWeber€&€Nelsonóó€òòB„49639óó;€Boulder€Co.:€on€the€side€of€a€shallow€gulch€at€the€base€of€the€Flatirons,Ð °%z Ðon€boulders€adjacent€to€stands€of€òòRhytidiadelphus€triquetrus€óóandòò€Pleurozium€schreberióó,€6,000€ft.€alt.Ð –&`  Ðon€west€edge€of€Boulder,€27€Oct.€2001,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€B„112124,€113377óó;€Middle€BoulderÐ |'F! ÐCreek€NW€of€Ô_ÔHessieÔ_Ô,€òòHermann€25935óó.€San€Juan€Co.:€Coal€Bank€Hill€Pass,€òòHermann€23326.€óóTheÐ b(,"  Ðtype€collection€is€from€the€Swiss€Alps.€The€species€occurs€in€much€of€Europe,€and€is€rare€in€NorthÐ H)#! ÐAmerica,€occurring€in€the€Great€Lakes€area,€the€Rocky€Mountains€and€isolated€occurrences€inÐ .*ø#" ÐCalifornia€and€Colorado.€It€has€also€been€reported€from€Ô_ÔTranscaucasiaÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔKashmirÔ_Ô.Ð +Þ$# ÐÐ ú+Ä%$ Ðà  àò òG.€bicoloró ó€Herzog.€This€is€a€most€extraordinary€discovery,€being€the€first€collection€in€NorthÐ 6 ÐAmerica,€of€a€species€that€is€said€to€be€very€rare,€although€more€probably€local€in€relativelyÐ è Ðinaccessible€places€in€the€alpine€zone,€above€4,000€meters€in€the€Bolivian€Andes.€Collections:€ClearÐ Î ÐCreek€Co.:€Summit€Lake,€Mt.€Evans,€12,800€ft.€alt.,€7€Aug.€2004,òò€Weber,€Wittmann,€Lehr,€&€TidballÐ ê´ ÐB„114274,€B„114289,€B„114307€óó(mixed€with€òòG.€donniana).€óó***€List€historic€collections.Ð Ð š ÐÌà  àThis€species€is€almost€always€fertile,€and€the€short„ovoid€capsules€are€borne€on€a€crooked€Ô_ÔlorÔ_ÔÐ œ f Ðsomewhat€curved€seta.€The€leaves€are€broadly€keeled€and€when€dry€they€curve€inward€toward€theÐ ‚ L Ðstem.€The€hair„point€is€short€and€smooth€or€weakly€denticulate;€the€distal€lamina€is€bistratose€withÐ h 2 Ðisodiametric€cells€with€sinuose€walls,€the€proximal€lamina€is€unistratose,€and€the€basal€marginal€cellsÐ N  Ðare€quadrate€to€short„rectangular€with€thickened€transverse€walls.Ð 4þ  ÐÌà  àò òG.€donnianaó ó€J.€E.€Smith.€Infrequent€in€subalpine€and€alpine€sites.€Forming€dark€cushionsÐ Ê  Ðwith€exserted€yellow„green€capsules€on€straight€setae.€The€leaves€are€oblong€lanceolate,€with€plane,Ð è²  Ðbistratose€margins.€The€costa€is€very€strongly€raised€abaxially.€The€hair€point€is€almost€or€quiteРΘ  Ðsmooth.€The€distal€leaf€cells€are€small,€isodiametric€and€incrassate.€The€proximal€and€basal€cells€areÐ ´~  Ðelongate„rectangular€and€clear,€the€marginal€especially€are€very€elongate€and€thin„walled.€WhenÐ šd Ðassociated€with€òòG.€bicoloróó,€the€capsules€are€larger,€the€leaves€are€longer€and€straight,€and€the€basalÐ €J Ðcells€are€clearly€different.Ð f0 ÐÌà  àCollections:€Clear€Creek€Co.:€Summit€Lake,€Mt.€Evans,€12.500€ft.€alt.,€òòWeber€B„19692;óó€7Ð 2ü ÐÔ_ÔAuigÔ_Ô.€2004,òò€Weber,€Wittmann€et€al.€B„114289€óó(mixed€with€òòG.€bicolor).óó€Hastings€(in€litt.)€reportsÐ â Ðcollections€from€Grand€Co,.:€1€mi€S€of€Midland€Picnic€site€on€Hwy€40€S€of€Winter€Park;€spruce„firÐ þÈ Ðforest,€N39ð$ð50ð-ð€W105ð$ð45ð-ð,€2895€m.,€òòHastings€C90.2.238óó€(Ô_ÔPMAEÔ_Ô);€Conejos€Co.:€Ô_ÔF.S.Ô_Ô€road€380Ð ä® Ðbetween€Ô_ÔPlatoroÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔSummitvilleÔ_Ô,€5.7€km€S€of€crossing€of€Ô_ÔAlamosaÔ_Ô€River,€on€granite€boulders€inÐ Ê” ÐTertiary€intrusive€outcrop,€òòPopulus„Piceaóó€forest,€òòHastings€C91.6.254€óó(Ô_ÔPMAEÔ_Ô).€She€writes€that€theseÐ °z Ðspecimens€are€indeed€very€clearly€òòG.€donnianaóó€with€huge€pellucid€basal€regions.€From€the€commonÐ –` ÐòòG.€longirostris,€G.€donnianaóó€is€distinguished€by€its€plane,€non„revolute€leaf€margins€and€a€hyalineÐ |F Ðbasal€lamina€with€long,€thin„walled€cells,Ð b, ÐÌà  àò òG.€elatioró ó€Bruch€ex€Ô_ÔBalsamoÔ_Ô€&€De€Notaris.€One€of€the€dominant€and€characteristic€speciesÐ .!ø Ðof€sloping,€irrigated€rock€outcrops€from€the€foothill€canyons€to€the€alpine.€€It€is€our€largest€òòGrimmiaóó,Ð "à Ðbut€varies€a€good€deal€in€its€development,€and€is€rarely€fertile,€hence€can€be€troublesome€until€oneÐ ü"Æ  Ðknows€it.€Characteristically,€it€forms€loose€tufts€with€long€naked€lower€stems€that€trail€downwardsÐ â#¬! Ðover€the€cliffs.€òòG.€elatioróó€also€occurs€in€the€lower€alpine€so€does€not€have€any€altitudinal€restriction.Ð È$’" ÐWhen€fertile,€the€clearly€exserted€seta€distinguishes€the€species€from€òòG.€piliferaóó.Ð ®%x# ÐÌà  àThe€long€leaves,€about€3€mm€long€excluding€the€hair„point,€gracefully€curved€and€spread€atÐ z'D!% Ðan€wide€angle€from€the€only€slightly€€broader€sheath„like,€hyaline€€base€and€are€not€greatly€changedÐ `(*"& Ðby€wetting.€One€leaf€margin€is€broadly€recurved€near€the€base,€The€coarseness€of€the€plant,€€and€theÐ F)#' Ðlarge,€spreading€leaves,€with€the€strongly€sinuose€basal€leaf€cells€are€almost€suggestive€of€a€speciesÐ ,*ö#( Ðof€òòRacomitrium.óó€The€hair€points€vary€greatly€in€length,€sometimes€bring€as€long€as€the€lamina.€ItÐ +Ü$) Ðvery€rarely€fruits.€The€capsules€are€produced€on€shorter€branches,€not€clearly€terminal,€the€seta€isÐ ø+Â%* Ðshort€and€twisted€and€often€curved,€and€the€capsules€are€strongly€ribbed€in€age.€See€comparison€withÐ 6 ÐòòG.€arizonaeóó€and€òòG.€trichophyllaóó.€Collections:€Boulder,€Chaffee,€Clear€Creek€(at€13,000€feet),€Custer,Ð æ ÐDouglas,€Eagle,€El€Paso,€Grand,€Hinsdale,€Jackson,€Larimer,€Mineral,€Ouray,€Pitkin,€Pueblo,€SanÐ Ì ÐJuan,€Summit€counties.Ð è² ÐÌà  àò òG.€elongataó ó€Ô_ÔKaulfussÔ_Ô.€A€very€rare€species€resembling€òòG.€incurvaóó€in€the€field€and€growingÐ ´ ~ Ðin€similar€situations,€but€differing€in€the€median€leaf€cells€which€are€very€strongly€incrassate„sinuoseÐ œ f Ð(accordion„pleated),€and€the€much€shorter€or€absent€hair„points.€We€have€a€single€collection:€GrandÐ ‚ L ÐCo.:€Indian€Peaks€area,€Valley€of€the€Upper€and€Stone€Lakes€east€of€Ô_ÔHiamoviÔ_Ô€Mountain,€10,700„Ð h 2 Ð11,400€ft.€alt.,€18€Sept.€1972,€òòKomarkova€B„42053€óó(!Greven).Ð N  ÐÌà  àò òG.€incurva€ó óSchwgrichen.€A€rare€species,€restricted€to€fell€fields€in€the€alpine,€where€it€growsÐ ä  Ðmostly€on€the€overhanging€undersides€of€large€boulders.€Once€recognized,€it€can€hardly€be€mistakenÐ Ì  Ðfor€any€other€òòGrimmiaóó.€Only€òòG.€elongataóó€combines€the€very€narrow€elongate€leaves€and€loose,Ð è²  Ðspreading,€contorted€arrangement.€The€leaves€are€contorted€and€incurved,€not€at€all€appressed€evenРΘ  Ðat€the€base,€distally€linear,€suddenly€narrowed€from€a€broader€base,€up€to€4€mm€long;€hair€point€isÐ ´~  Ðlacking€or€only€a€few€cells€long;€the€distal€cells€are€bistratose,€the€basal€cells€are€elongate„Ð šd Ðrectangular,€the€juxtacostal€cell€thick„walled€and€nodulose,€the€basal€marginal€cells€elongate„Ð €J Ðrectangular€and€thin„walled.€The€capsules€are€minute,€<1€mm€long,€ovoid,€on€a€short,€somewhatÐ f0 Ðcurved€seta.Ð L ÐÌà  àThe€tufts€are€most€commonly€very€black€and€sterile.€The€species€rarely€fruits,€but€when€itÐ â Ðdoes,€the€plants€are€green,€and€the€capsules€are€abundant.€Collections:€Boulder,€Clear€Creek,€El€Paso,Ð þÈ ÐGrand,€Gunnison,€and€Teller€Co.€We€have€one€fruiting€collection:€Clear€Creek€Co.:€Summit€Lake,Ð ä® Ð12,800€ft.;€on€boulders,€òòWeber€&€Ô_ÔBujakiewizÔ_Ô€B„43344.óó€Ð Ê” ÐÌà  àò òG.€laevigataó ó€Bridel.€Characteristically€a€plant€of€sandstone€rim„rock€of€the€warmer€steppe„Ð –` Ðdesert€areas,€on€sedimentary€rocks€of€the€pinyon„juniper€belt.€The€leaves€are€very€densely€crowdedÐ ~H Ðon€the€stem;€when€dry,€the€overlapping,€broadly€triangular€laminae€resemble€the€scales€on€the€backÐ d. Ðof€a€lizard.€They€are€extremely€hygroscopic;€a€drop€of€water€causes€them€to€spread€instantly€toÐ J  Ðalmost€right€angles€to€the€stem.€The€foliage€is€generally€brown€or€blackish.€The€hair„point€is€broad,Ð 0!ú Ðflattened,€spinulose€even€on€the€flat€face,€and€decurrent.€The€lamina€is€bistratose€and€the€basalÐ "à Ðmarginal€cells€are€oblate€(wider€then€long).€It€is€recognizable€without€capsules,€which€are€very€rare.Ð ü"Æ  ÐCompare€this€with€òòG.€ovalisóó€and€òòG.€sessitanaóó.€Known€from€a€single€collection:€El€Paso€Co.:€GardenÐ â#¬! Ðof€the€Gods,€òòMrs.€Ô_ÔRiesÔ_Ô€óó(in€1893),€but€it€should€be€expected€on€flat€sandstone€rocks€throughout€theÐ È$’" Ðdesert„steppe€of€the€southern€counties.Ð ®%x# ÐÌà  àò òG.€longirostrisó ó€€Hooker.€This€is€one€of€the€most€common€and€consistently€most€misidentifiedÐ z'D!% Ðspecies€in€the€flora.€It€Replaces€òòCoscinodon€calyptratusóó€in€the€middle€and€upper€elevations€of€theÐ b(,"& Ðmountains.€Very€common€in€the€spruce„fir€zone€and€even€up€to€the€alpine.€It€is€distinguished€fromÐ H)#' ÐòòG.€ovalisóó€by€its€leaves€that€are€recurved€along€one€margin.€The€leaf€anatomy€is€very€distinctive.€TheÐ .*ø#( Ðupper€and€median€leaf€cells€very€small,€the€median€are€larger,€all€irregularly€thick„walled€(accordion„Ð +Þ$) Ðpleated),€and€the€proximal€cells€larger€and€elongate„rectangular,€the€marginal€ones€with€roundedÐ ú+Ä%* Ðmargins€and€with€clear€contents.€This€Ô_ÔextremeltÔ_Ô€variable€species€has€been€known€under€at€least€55Ð 6 Ðdifferent€names€(see€Ô_ÔMuozÔ_Ô€1998a).Ð æ ÐÌà  àò òG.€mollisó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€Usually€considered€to€be€an€extremely€rare€species,€we€haveÐ è² Ðfound€that,€once€the€habitat€is€understood,€one€can€find€it€above€12,000€feet,€throughout€the€alpineÐ Ð š Ðarea€of€at€least€the€Front€Range.€In€areas€of€very€late€snow€beds€the€plants€are€submerged€or€at€leastÐ ¶ € Ðvery€wet€throughout€the€summer,€but€they€are€also€found€quite€dry€in€snow€melt€channels€thatÐ œ f Ðexhaust€the€flow€earlier.€òòGrimmia€mollisóó€can€be€confused€with€no€other€Ô_ÔGrimmioidÔ_Ô€moss.€The€realÐ ‚ L Ðproblem€is€to€recognize€it€as€a€òòGrimmiaóó„relative€at€all,€since€it€has€broad,€flaccid€leaves€and€veryÐ h 2 Ðrarely€bears€fruit€here.€Collections:€Boulder,€Clear€Creek,€Grand,€Larimer,€Park,€Summit€counties.Ð N  ÐÌà  àòòGrimmia€mollisóó€is€a€good€example€of€a€moss€that€is€always€considered€to€be€a€great€rarity.Ð ä  ÐFor€many€years€the€Mount€Evans€locality€was€our€only€station.€However,€in€her€exhaustive€fieldÐ Ê  Ðwork€in€the€Indian€Peaks€area€,€Vera€Komarkova€(1979€)€discovered€that€while€the€microhabitat€mayÐ æ°  Ðbe€rare€and€scattered,€the€plants€can€almost€always€be€found€in€small€rivulets€of€snow„bed€slopes.Ð Ì–  ÐThe€same€can€be€said€of€òòOreas€martianaóó,€which€had€been€considered€equally€rare,€but€filled€severalÐ ²|  Ðdrawers€in€the€herbarium€when€its€microhabitat€was€recognized.Ð ˜b ÐÌà  àò òG.€montanaó ó€Bruch€&€Schimper.€Probably€the€most€ubiquitous€mat„forming€moss€of€bouldersÐ d. Ðand€outcrops€from€the€foothills€to€the€alpine.€It€is€a€black€moss,€low€and€tightly€attached€to€theÐ L Ðsubstrate,€very€dark€even€when€moist€under€the€microscope.€The€leaves€are€not€long„attenuate€butÐ 2ü Ðonly€acute,€straight€and€not€arcuate€when€wet.€The€hair€point€is€rather€short,€very€fragile.òò€óóForÐ â Ðdistinctions€between€this€and€òòG.€alpestrisóó,€see€that€species.Ð þÈ ÐÌò òà  àG.€ovalisó ó€(Hedwig)€Lindberg.€This€is€infrequent€on€granitic€boulders€in€the€foothills.€ItÐ Ê” Ðsomewhat€resembles€òòG.€longirostrisóó,€but€its€stiffly€straight€stems€with€appressed€leaves€of€a€dull€darkÐ ²| Ðgreen€color€(Greven€says€ð ðshinyðð),€leaves€with€no€keel€(in€face€view€they€are€like€slender€sausages),Ð ˜b Ðand€involute€margins,€are€diagnostic.€The€juxtacostal€basal€cells€are€elongate,€pellucid,€withÐ ~H Ðthickened,€sinuose€longitudinal€walls;€the€basal€marginal€cells€are€variable,€short„rectangular€toÐ d. Ðalmost€quadrate.€We€have€mistaken€it€for€a€very€small€òòG.€laevigataóó,€but€in€that€the€leaves€reactÐ J  Ðimmediately€to€wetting,€and€they€are€broadest€at€the€base,€while€in€òòG.€ovalisóó,€the€leaves€abruptlyÐ 0!ú Ðnarrow€to€the€base.€The€leaves€of€òòG.€longirostrisóó€show€an€abrupt€color€change€from€the€dark€oldÐ "à Ðleaves€to€the€new€bright€green€ones,€whereas€in€òòG.€ovalisóó€there€is€no€such€change.€òòG.€bernoulliióó,Ð ü"Æ  Ðreported€by€Weber€et€al.€(2003),€is€considered,€correctly€we€believe,€by€Ô_ÔMuosÔ_Ô€(in€litt.)€does€notÐ â#¬! Ðappear€to€differ€from€òòG.€ovalisóó€in€any€significant€characters.Ð È$’" ÐÌà  àò òG.€plagiopodiaó ó€Hedwig.€A€common€species€on€sandstones€on€the€edge€of€the€Great€PlainsÐ ”&^ $ Ðand€in€the€southwestern€corner€of€Colorado,€locally€occurring€in€the€east€at€White€Rocks€nearÐ |'F!% ÐBoulder€and€probably€on€similar€outcrops€elsewhere.€The€moss€is€rather€reddish€brown,€not€darkÐ b(,"& Ðgreen€as€in€the€more€common€òòG.€anodonóó,€and€the€capsule€has€a€peristome.€The€distal€areolation€isÐ H)#' Ðunistratose€in€contrast€to€òòG.€anodonóó,€in€which€it€is€bistratose€at€the€margins€and€toward€the€apex.Ð .*ø#( ÐÌà  àò òG.€pilifera€ó óP.€Beauvois.€Evidently€frequent€in€the€Front€Range.€Ô_ÔMuozÔ_Ô€has€studied€theÐ ú+Ä%* Ðspecies€across€North€America€and€treats€òòG.€arizonaeóó€as€a€synonym.€From€òòG.€elatioróó,€òòG.€piliferaóóÐ 6 Ðdiffers€distinctly€in€its€costa,€which€is€simply€rounded€in€cross„section€in€òòG.€piliferaóó,€and€is€like€aÐ æ Ðpartial€I„beam€in€section€with€the€abaxial€side€forming€a€distinct€horizontal€flange.€This€is€alsoÐ Ì Ðvisible€without€sectioning€if€one€focuses€up€and€down€at€the€abaxial€leaf€surface.Ð è² ÐÌà  àò òó óThis€species€is€somewhat€like€òòG.€longirostrisóó,€but€has€several€unique€features.€It€is€larger,€andÐ ´ ~ Ðits€very€long€hair„points€gives€the€tuft€a€shaggy€appearance.€The€capsule€is€immersed,€the€calyptraÐ š d Ðis€mitrate€(with€a€long€tubular€distal€end€and€a€short,€spreading,€scalloped€base).€Instead€of€the€stemsÐ € J Ðbeing€rather€appressed€to€the€substrate€and€tightly€massed,€the€tuft€has€the€stems€erect€and€looselyÐ f 0 Ðgrouped.€The€hair„point€is€variable,€sometimes€(almost€equaling€the€leaf€length)€and€much€longerÐ L  Ðon€the€youngest€leaves.€Whereas€the€capsule€of€òòG.€longirostrisóó€is€narrowly€oval„ellipsoid€andÐ 2ü  Ðnarrowed€toward€the€apex,€the€capsule€of€òòG.€pilifera€óóis€barrel„shaped€and€widest€at€the€top.€The€leafÐ â  Ðmargins€are€bistratose€distally€and€without€the€thin,€recurved€margin€of€òòG.€longirostris.€óóÐ þÈ  ÐÌà  àò òó óòòG.€pilifera€óóis€a€locally€abundant€species€on€cliffs€of€the€outer€foothills€canyons€of€the€FrontÐ Ê”  ÐRange.€Collections:€Boulder€Co.:€12€mi€NW€of€Boulder€at€ð ðCastle€Rockðð,€on€north„facing€graniteÐ °z  Ðcliffs€and€outcrops,€2,250€msm,€òòWeber€&€Ô_ÔSchlterÔ_Ô€B„67606óó€(!€Greven);€Jefferson€Co.:€Ô_ÔParmeleeÔ_ÔÐ –` ÐGulch€near€Indian€Hills,€7200€ft.,€òòÔ_ÔSayreÔ_Ô€&€Ô_ÔMcNallyÔ_Ô€B„19563óó€(!Hastings);€Larimer€Co.:€Rocky€Mt.Ð |F ÐNat.€Park;€Big€Thompson€River€on€Bear€Lake€road,€8500€ft.,€òòHermann€17665.5óó€(!Hastings).Ð b, ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€ò òG.€poecilostoma€ó óCardot€&€Ô_ÔSebilleÔ_Ô.€This€species€is€evidently€very€similar€to€òòG.€anodonóóÐ .ø Ðexcept€for€the€presence€of€a€rudimentary€peristome€and€the€dioicous€sexuality€(òòG.€anodonóó€beingÐ à Ðautoicous).€€We€have€a€collection,€verified€by€Ô_ÔMuozÔ_Ô€in€2004,€from€the€same€site€where€HermannÐ üÆ Ðcollected€the€species€in€Rocky€Mountain€National€Park.€Ô_ÔMuozÔ_Ô€says€that€this€species€cannot€beР⬠Ðdistinguished€in€sterile€condition€from€òòG.€Ô_ÔtergestinaÔ_Ô,€G.€americana,€óóandòò€G.€involucrataóó€(fortunatelyÐ È’ Ðthese€species€do€not€occur€here).€We€donððt€know€if€any€of€the€specimens€cited€were€fertile.€HastingsÐ ®x Ð(in€litt.)€reports€the€following€Colorado€specimens:€Douglas€Co.:€1€mi€S€of€Indian€CreekÐ ”^ ÐCampground,€N39ð$ð23ð-ð€W105ð$ð06ð-ð,€òòHastings€C90.2.398€óó(Ô_ÔPMAEÔ_Ô);€Fremont€Co.:€Phantom€canyon,Ð zD Ðbetween€Pueblo€and€Canyon€City,€òòWeber€B„36533óó;€Larimer€Co.:€5€mi€SW€of€Livermore,€6,000€ft.,Ð `* ÐòòHermann€25934óó€(MICH),€on€granite€boulder,€open€summit€of€€Mt.€McConnell,€8,000€ft.,€òòHermannÐ F  Ð27919óó€(MICH),€Deer€Mt.,€Rocky€Mountain€National€Park,€intermixed€with€òòG.€longirostrisóó€alongÐ ,!ö Ðweathered€grit€boulder€along€trail,€SW€slope€of€Deer€Mountain,€9,200€ft.€alt.,€6€mi€W€of€Estes€ParkÐ "Ü ÐòòHermann€27667óó€(MICH).€Hermann€thought€his€specimen€was€òòG.€laevigata.€óóHowever,€the€leaves€doÐ ø"  Ðnot€spread€widely€when€moistened.Ð Þ#¨! ÐÌà  àIn€drawing€a€comparison€between€the€two€species,€there€is€little€to€indicate,€beyond€sexuality,Ð ª%t# Ðthat€they€are€separable.€òòG.€anodonóó€is€usually€a€calciphile,€while€òòG.€poecilostomaóó€occurs€on€basicÐ &Z $ Ðrocks.€The€tufts€of€òòG.€anodonóó€are€stiff,€erect,€quite€black,€and€occur€on€the€rock€surface.€The€tuftsÐ v'@!% Ðof€òòG.€poecilostomaóó€are€soft,€usually€with€inclined€stems,€green,€and€occur€in€eroded€cracks€at€groundÐ \(&"& Ðlevel€on€low€granite€outcrops.€The€costa€in€òòG.€anodonóó€projects€abaxially,€and€does€not€in€òòG.Ð B) #' Ðpoecilostomaóó;€in€the€field€the€hair€points€of€òòG.€anodonóó€appear€slender€and€weak,€while€those€of€òòG.Ð (*ò#( Ðpoecilostomaóó€are€straight,€rigid,€and€flattened.€The€cell€anatomy€is€not€significantly€different.Ð +Ø$) ÐGrevenððsòò€Mosses€of€the€Worldóó€does€not€contrast€these€species.€òòG.€anodonóó€is€compared€with€òòG.Ð ô+¾%* Ðcrinita,€G.€plagiopodia,óó€and€òòSchistidium€flaccidumóó.Ð 6 ÐÌà  àò òG.€pulvinataó ó€(Hedwig)€J.€E.€Smith.€When€fertile,€this€very€small€species€is€easily€recognizedÐ Ì Ðas€the€only€one€with€a€curved€seta.€However,€it€is€only€the€immature€capsules€in€which€the€setaÐ ê´ Ð(bright€green)€is€curved,€with€the€capsule€pointing€down.€At€maturity€the€capsules€are€erect.€TheÐ Ð š Ðcapsule€is€short€and€plump,€obviously€striate€or€ribbed,€and€the€calyptra€is€narrowly€mitrate,€split€allÐ ¶ € Ðaround€at€the€base€The€tufts€are€low,€and€quite€not€more€than€1„2€cm€diameter.€It€is€often€mixed€withÐ œ f ÐòòG.€longirostrisóó,€which€has€oblong,€smooth€capsules€well„exserted€on€straight€setae.€This€species€isÐ ‚ L Ðvery€abundant€southward€and€in€the€Midwest,€but€uncommon€in€Colorado;€often€only€a€single€tuftÐ h 2 Ðis€encountered.€Collections:€Boulder,€Jackson€and€Routt€countiesÐ N  ÐÌà  àò òG.€sessitanaó ó€De€Notaris.€The€best€distinguishing€characters€are€found€in€the€basal€marginalÐ ä  Ðcells:€quadrate€in€òòG.€alpestrisóó€and€rectangular€in€òòG.€sessitanaóó.€Also,€the€leaves€in€òòG.€sessitanaóó€areÐ Ì  Ðnarrower,€sharper,€and€more€canaliculate,€especially€in€the€anterior€[distal]€part.€In€òòG.€sessitanaóó,Ð è²  Ðsometimes€one€leaf€margin€is€slightly€recurved.€The€leaf€margins€in€òòG.€alpestrisóó€are€always€plane.ððРΘ  ÐIn€the€COLO€material€the€leaves€(excluding€hair€point)€are€1.0„1.2€mm€long,€very€dark,€dull€green,Ð ´~  Ðthick,€the€hair€point€almost€equaling€the€leaf€length,€Ô_ÔstoutishÔ_Ô,€smooth,€lamina€distally€partiallyÐ šd Ðbistratose.€Basal€and€marginal€cells€clear,€rectangular€(2:1„4:1)€with€thickened€end€walls;€otherÐ €J Ðlaminal€cells€quadrate,€irregularly€sinuose.€The€operculum€is€mammillate,€not€rostrate€as€it€is€in€otherÐ f0 Ðsimilar€species.€Following€is€a€table€(from€Greven)€showing€the€known€differences€between€this€pairÐ L Ðof€similar€species.€€Collections:€Fremont€Co.:€Face€of€sandstone€bluff€above€Eight€Mile€Creek,Ð 2ü ÐPhantom€Canyon,€6,400€ft.€alt.,€9.6€mi.€N€of€Florence,€òòWittmann€&€Weber€B„112156,€112195€óó(as€òòG.Ð â Ðlaevigataóó);€1€June€1971,€òòHermann€23616€óóasòò€G.€Ô_ÔteneraÔ_Ô€(COLO€38353)óó,€€have€been€verified€byÐ þÈ ÐGreven.€Ð ä® ÐÓ  ÓÌÒ(X€°(#°(#(Òò òÔ‡Xn XXXn5Ôà@Ð Ð #¸ àG.€alpestrisó óˆÐ °z Ðò òà@''\ àG.€sessitanaó óÔ#†Xn5X XXn Žg#ԈР°z Ðò òPlantsó ó€grayish„green€to€glaucous„greenÐ ˆR Ðcushions€or€matsÐ p: Ðdense,€green„blackish,€flat€patchesÐ ˆR Ðò òLeavesó ó€appressed€and€slightly€contortedÐ ìàò òCalliergonellaó óˆÐ h 2 ÐÌà  àThe€genus€òòCalliergonellaóó€is€based€on€òòHypnum€cuspidatumóó€and€has€been€known€under€severalÐ 6  Ðnames€in€other€parts€of€the€world:€òòÔ_ÔStereodonÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcuspidatusÔ_Ôóó,€and€òòAcrocladium€cuspidatumóó€(HedensÐ æ  Ð1992b).€òòCalliergonellaóó€differs€from€òòHypnumóó€in€having€the€peristome€equipped€with€appendiculateÐ Ì  Ðcilia€and€in€having€leaves€with€large€groups€of€strongly€inflated€alar€cells.€Hedens€believes€that€thisÐ è²  Ðgenus€belongs€in€the€Plagiotheciaceae.€We€have€one€species€in€Colorado.РΘ  Ðò òà  àó óÌà  àò òC.€lindbergiió ó€(Mitten)€Hedens.€Common€in€willow€carrs€and€along€snow„melt€streamletsÐ šd Ðin€the€subalpine.€The€plants€tend€to€be€erect€rather€than€creeping,€as€most€òòHypnumóó€species€would€be,Ð ‚L Ðand€always€grows€in€very€wet€places€(òòHypnum€lindbergiióó).€Its€earmarks€are€that€it€is€a€yellow„greenÐ h2 Ðfalcate€leaved€ð ðòòHypnumóóðð€that€has€a€row€of€thin„walled€outer€cortical€cells€in€the€stem.€Outwardly€oneÐ N Ðwould€never€guess€that€these€two€species€would€belong€in€different€genera!Ð 4þ ÐÌà8  àà@v v 4ìÐ Ð àò òHomomalliumó ó€(Schimper)€Loeske,€1907ˆÐ Ê ÐÌà  àòòHomomallium€óóresembles€some€small€Ô_ÔLeskeaeaeÔ_Ô,€and€the€leaf€areolation€is€quite€likeРΘ ÐLeskeaceae.€The€leaves€have€very€prominent€alar€groups€of€quadrate€cells€extending€a€third€the€wayÐ ´~ Ðup€the€leaf.€The€leaves€are€abruptly€acuminate,€and€the€leaf€cells€are€rhomboidal.€The€costa€is€veryÐ šd Ðshort€and€double€or€absent.€The€foliage€is€dark€greasy€green€in€òòH.€adnatumóó€and€reddish€green€in€òòH.Ð €J Ðmexicanumóó.€It€does€not€resemble€other€Hypnaceae!Ð f0 ÐÌla.à0  àBranches€with€leaves€neatly€directed€forward,€not€or€very€slightly€homomallous;€leaf€apexÐ 2!ü Ðshortly€and€broadly€acuminate.€ò òH.€adnatumó óÐ"â(#(# Ðlb.à0  àBranches€with€strongly€homomallous€leaves,€the€branches€appearing€to€be€shaggy;€leaf€apexÐ #Ê  Ðslenderly€acuminate.€ò òH.€mexicanumó óÐæ#°!(#(# ÐÌà  àò òH.€adnatumó ó€(Hedwig)€Brotherus.€Infrequent€but€probably€not€rare€where€it€occurs,€onÐ ´%~# Ðsandstone€ledges€in€the€Mesa€de€Maya€region€of€southeastern€Colorado€(Las€Animas€Co.:€15€mi€SÐ œ&f $ Ðand€12€mi€W€of€Pritchett,€10€May€1970,€òòÔ_ÔMaslinÔ_Ô€B„3831)óó,€and€in€canyons€near€Colorado€Springs.€InÐ ‚'L!% Ðaddition€to€the€characteristics€mentioned€in€the€key,€the€plants€usually€have€a€brown€tinge€whereasÐ h(2"& ÐòòPylaisiellaóó€is€usually€clear€green,€with€larger€leaves.€In€most€parts€of€its€range€in€eastern€UnitedÐ N)#' ÐStates,€òòH.€adnatumóó€occurs€on€trees,€but€here€and€in€other€parts€of€the€Middle€West€it€occurs€mostlyÐ 4*þ#( Ðon€sandstone€and€limestone.€This€could€be€confused€with€òòPlatygyrium€repensóó,€which€thus€far€has€notÐ +ä$) Ðbeen€found€in€Colorado.€The€latter€has€erect€capsules,€clustered€brood€bodies€at€the€stem€apices,€andÐ ,Ê%* Ðleaves€with€margins€that€are€reflexed€along€the€lower€third.€In€òòHomomalliumóó€the€immatureÐ 6 Ðsporophytes€before€the€capsules€form,€are€strictly€erect,€but€the€capsules€are€distinctly€curved€butÐ æ Ðotherwise€erect€and€not€bent€to€one€side€as€in€òòBrachythecium.óóÐ Ì ÐÌà  àA€specimen€collected€by€Grout,€labeled€òòÔ_ÔAmblystegiellaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔadnataÔ_Ôóó:€Gilpin€Co.:€road€toÐ Î ˜ ÐÔ_ÔRollinsvilleÔ_Ô,€near€Tolland,€is€a€mixture€of€òòOrthotrichum€rupestreóó€and€òòHypnum€cupressiformeóó€var.Ð ´ ~ Ðòòsubjulaceumóó.€Evidently€Grout€was€also€puzzled€by€this€strange€variety,€or€possibly€his€packet€hasÐ š d Ðsome€òòIsopterygiopsis€pulchellaóó€in€it).Ð € J ÐÌà  àò òH.€mexicanumó ó€Cardot.€A€common€species€in€the€canyons€of€southern€and€western€Colorado,Ð L  Ðoccurring€especially€on€the€bases€of€scrub€oak.€The€main€stems€are€distinctly€homomallous,€withÐ 4þ  Ðtufts€of€red€rhizoids€at€intervals.€Sometimes€the€short„leaved€branches€are€so€numerous€that€theyÐ ä  Ðobscure€the€main€stems€and€may€be€mistaken€for€òòPseudoleskeella.óó€Although€the€Mexican€Flora€statesÐ Ê  Ðthat€the€stem€and€branch€leaves€are€little€differentiated,€they€are€very€clearly€so€in€Colorado€material.Ð æ°  ÐThe€stem€leaves€are€very€broadly€triangular„ovate€with€an€abrupt€long€acumen,€whereas€the€branchÐ Ì–  Ðleaves€are€merely€bluntly€acute.€The€leaves€have€an€areolation€similar€to€òòPseudoleskeellaóó,€but€thereÐ ²|  Ðare€a€large€number€of€cells€across€the€widest€part€of€the€leaf€between€the€costa€and€the€quadrate€alarÐ ˜b Ðgroup€which€extends€far€up€the€margin.€The€leaves€are€never€catenulate€or€so€uniform€inÐ ~H ÐòòPseudoleskeellaóó,€which€is€never€homomallous€nor€does€it€have€the€conspicuous€tufts€of€red€rhizoids.Ð d. Ðà@ììEìàˆÌà@""<ìàò òHypnumó ó€Hedwig,€1801ˆÐ 0ú ÐÌla.à0  àStem€with€a€rind€consisting€of€several€layers€of€small,€dark,€thick„walled€cells;€alar€cellsÐ þÈ Ðusually€very€numerous,€quadrate€and€green,€or€some€of€the€lower€ones€larger;€plants€ofÐ ä® Ðrelatively€dry€sites,€on€rocks€or€on€the€ground,€or€on€moist€edges€of€streams,€mostly€in€theÐ Ê” Ðfoothills,€never€in€fensà‚#@"@"x(#.0(#(##à(2)ˆÐ °z Ðlb.à0  àStem€with€an€outer€layer€of€large,€thin„walled€cells€(hyalodermis)€outside€the€rind€ofÐ –` Ðincrassate€cells,€these€sometimes€collapsed€and€sloughed€away,€in€which€case€the€incrassateÐ |F Ðlayer,€with€remnants€of€the€walls€of€the€hyalodermis,€appears€ragged€or€dentate;€alar€cells€fewÐ b, Ðor,€if€more€numerous,€then€mostly€large€and€inflated;€plants€of€subalpine€fens,€never€in€theÐ H  Ðfoothillsà‚#@"@"x(#.¤ ¤ !(#(##à(4)ˆÐ .!ø ÐÌ2a.à0  àLeaf€margin€recurved€or€revolute€almost€its€entire€length;€leaves€very€strongly€circinate„Ð ú"Ä  Ðfalcate;€ubiquitous€moss,€especially€on€rocks€throughout€the€forested€zone.€ò òH.€revolutumó óÐà#ª!(#(# Ð2b.à0  àLeaf€margin€plane,€or€slightly€recurved€only€in€the€lower€part;€leaves€very€smooth€andÐ È$’" Ðconcave,€with€a€glossy,€shell„like€texture,€plicate€or€sometimes€almost€straightà‚#@"@"x(#.llh(#(##à(3)ˆÐ ®%x# ÐÌ3a.à0  àMedian€leaf€cells€short€and€broad€(25-40€ððm€long€x€5„6€ððm€wide),€the€alar€cells€veryÐ z'D!% Ðnumerous,€quadrate,€green,€homogeneous,€the€lower€ones€not€conspicuously€larger;€leavesÐ `(*"& Ðshort€and€very€concave,€broad€and€relatively€short,€forming€neat€cylindric€shoots,€usuallyÐ F)#' Ðwith€a€good€deal€of€brown€color.€ò òH.€vaucherió óÐ,*ö#((#(# Ð3b.à0  àMedian€leaf€cells€longer€(50-100€u€long),€the€alar€cells€very€numerous,€the€upper€onesÐ +Þ$) Ðquadrate€and€green,€often€compressed,€the€lower€ones€larger,€pale,€almost€inflated;€leavesÐ ú+Ä%* Ðlong,€concave€or€almost€flat€and€ribbon„like,€with€a€long,€tapered€apex,€usually€of€a€clear,Ð 6 Ðpale€green€color.€ò òH.€cupressiformeó óÐæ(#(# ÐÌ4a.à0  àAlar€cells€several€(in€2-3€vertical€and€horizontal€rows),€inflated,€hyaline€or€yellowish;€plantsÐ ê´ Ðgreen.€See€ò òCalliergonella€lindbergiió óÐÐ š(#(# ÐÔ_Ô4bÔ_Ô.à0  àAlar€cells€few€(one€basal€row)€not€very€differentiated;€plants€with€reddish€tints,€the€stemsÐ ¸ ‚ Ðflattened,€and€the€leaves€strongly€complanate;€rare€in€subalpine€fens.€See€ò òBreidleriaÐ ž h Ðpratensis€ó óІ P(#(# ÐÌà  àò òH.€cupressiformeó ó€Hedwig.€A€very€common€species€throughout€the€mountains,€often€growingÐ T  Ðnear€to€òòH.€revolutumóó€but€in€slightly€more€mesic€sites,€along€bases€of€boulders€where€there€is€oftenÐ <  Ða€slight€seepage,€and€along€stream„banks.€It€is€easily€recognized€when€large€and€with€itsÐ "ì  Ðcharacteristic€pellucid€shell„like€leaves,€but€develops€curious€slender€forms€in€which€the€leaves€areÐ Ò  Ðhardly€falcate€(var.€òòresupinatumóó).€Ð î¸  ÐÌà  àAnother€very€common€ecological€modification€is€very€pale€and€with€very€long,€not€clumpedÐ º„  Ðstems,€leaves€not€at€all€falcate€or€concave,€and€the€branches€more€or€less€homomallous.€AÐ  j Ðcharacteristic€that€is€not€mentioned€in€the€treatments€is€that€the€median€leaf€cells€are€distinctlyÐ †P Ðprorulate€(which€Grout€mentions€only€for€òòHypnum€óónowòò€Ctenidium)€Ô_ÔmolluscumÔ_Ôóó.€We€first€took€thisÐ l6 Ðfor€òòCallicladium€haldanianumóó,€but€it€has€been€confirmed€by€Schofield€as€a€little„known€variant,€òòH.Ð R Ðcupressiformeóó€var.€òòsubjulaceumóó€Ô_ÔMolendoÔ_Ô.€It€grows€on€vertical€granite€cliffs€and€never€forms€denseÐ 8 Ðclumps€but€often€single€or€few€isolated€stems.€From€òòCallicladium€óóthis€variety€seems€to€differ€onlyÐ è Ðin€having€very€numerous€(50€or€more)€densely€chlorophyllose€alar€cells.Ð Î ÐÌà  àò òH.€revolutumó ó€(Mitten)€Lindberg.€Probably€the€most€abundant€and€conspicuousРК Ðpleurocarpous€moss€throughout€the€forested€area,€from€the€lower€foothills€up€to€the€alpine.€TypicallyÐ ¸‚ Ðit€covers€boulders€with€a€smooth,€shiny,€green€carpet€of€beautifully€ð ðbraidedðð€stems.€The€size€andÐ žh Ðappearance€of€the€species€is€extraordinarily€varied,€and€it€is€hard€to€believe€that€the€miniature€formsÐ „N Ðthat€occur€at€the€bases€of€trees,€for€example,€belong€to€the€same€species€as€those€that€produce€theÐ j4 Ðhuge€masses€of€large€plants€that€cover€the€rocks€throughout€the€mountains.€It€tolerates€considerableÐ P  Ðdrought,€probably€getting€only€a€little€melted€snow„water€and€intermittent€wetting€from€rain.Ð 6! ÐÌà  àò òH.€vaucherió ó€Lesquereux.€A€close€relative€of€òòH.€cupressiformeóó,€but€recognizable€in€the€fieldÐ #Ì  Ðby€the€short€and€very€concave€leaves,€forming€neat€cylindric€shoots,€usually€with€a€good€deal€ofÐ ê#´! Ðbrown€color.€Under€the€microscope,€the€leaf€cells€are€much€shorter€than€those€of€òòH.€cupressiformeóó.Ð Ð$š" ÐSometimes€the€leaves€are€not€at€all€falcate,€and€the€combination€of€such€leaves,€short€and€forkedÐ ¶%€# Ðcosta,€and€large€numbers€of€quadrate€cells€filling€the€alar€region€and€going€up€the€sides€of€the€leaf,Ð œ&f $ Ðsuggests€an€òòEntodonóó.€In€aspect,€such€a€form€suggests€a€small€òòBrachythecium€óórather€than€a€òòHypnumóó.Ð ‚'L!% ÐFrequent€in€the€outer€foothills€and€mesas,€particularly€on€sedimentary€rocks€with€some€calciumÐ h(2"& Ðcarbonate.Ð N)#' ÐÌà@üü6ìàò òIsopterygiopsisó ó€Iwatsuki,€1970ˆÐ +ä$) ÐÐ ,Ì%* ÐRef:€Iwatsuki€(1987).€Ð 6 ÐÌà  àIreland€(òòMoss€Fl.€Mexico€óó2:1035.€1994)€says:€ð ðòòIsopterygiopsisóó,€recently€segregated€fromÐ Ì ÐòòIsopterygiumóó€(Iwatsuki,€1970),€is€distinguished€by€its€stems€with€small€to€large€epidermal€cells€withÐ è² Ðthin€outer€walls€and€thick€inner€ones,€papillose,€axillary€rhizoids,€no€pseudoparaphyllia,€2„6„celledÐ Î ˜ Ðsmooth,€cylindric€or€fusiform€propagula€clustered€in€the€leaf€axils,€and€annulate€capsules.ððÐ ´ ~ ÐÌ1a.à0  àLeaves€concave,€mostly€denticulate,€cells€in€mid„leaf€30„40€ððm€long;€very€rare€alpine€plant.Ð € J Ðò òI.€alpicolaó óÐf 0(#(# Ð1b.à0  àLeaves€plane€or€slightly€concave,€almost€entire;€cells€in€mid„leaf€60„100€ððm€long;€frequentÐ N  Ðin€the€forested€areas€up€to€timberline.€ò òI.€pulchellaó óÐ4þ (#(# ÐÌà  àò òI.€alpicolaó ó€(Lindberg€&€Arnell)€Hedens.€We€have€one€collection,€Summit€Co.:€Blue€LakeÐ Ì  ÐDam,€3000€msm,€òòWeber€&€Wittmann€B„11144óó.€Robert€Ireland€wrote:€ð ðThe€specimens€are€typicalÐ ê´  Ðof€òòI.€alpicolaóó€as€you€had€them€named,€except€that€the€leaf€margins€were€not€denticulate€at€the€apices.РК  Ð.€.€.€This€is€the€first€record€that€I€have€seen€of€òòI.€alpicolaóó€from€Colorado.€It€was€previously€known€inÐ ¶€  ÐNorth€America€only€from€the€Northwest€Territory€and€Alaska.ððÐ œf ÐÌà  àò òI.€pulchellaó ó€(Hedwig)€Iwatsuki.€This,€to€me,€suggests€òòAmblystegium€serpensóó€superficially,Ð h2 Ðbut€the€median€leaf€cells€are€more€elongate€and€there€is€no€costa.€Capsules€are€usually€present,€andÐ P Ðare€erect€and€curved€near€the€top,€€òòI.€pulchellaóó€seems€to€be€frequent€on€rotting€logs€in€spruce„firÐ 6 Ðforests,€but€we€have€found€our€best€specimens€in€crevices€of€talus€(òòIsopterygiumóó).Ð æ ÐÌà@ýý8ìàò òOrthotheciumó ó€Schimper,€1852ˆÐ è² ÐÌla.à0  àLeaves€2€mm€long,€strongly€plicate,€triangular€lanceolate,€narrowed€in€a€straight€line€fromÐ ¶€ Ðbase€to€apex.€ò òO.€chryseumó óМf(#(# Ðlb.à0  àLeaves€0.6-1.0€mm€long,€not€plicate€but€merely€slightly€revolute€or€explanate,€rounded€to€anÐ „N Ðacuminate€apex€ò òO.€strictumó óÐj4(#(# ÐÌà  àò òO.€chryseumó ó€(Schwgrichen€ex€Schultes)€Bruch€&€Schimper.€Rare€at€high€altitudes€inÐ 8! ÐSummit€County,€subalpine€and€alpine,€along€seepage€lines€on€fixed€limestone€rock€exposures.€PlantsÐ  "ê Ðlarge,€burnished€golden„reddish.€Might€be€mistaken€for€òòTomentypnum€nitensóó,€but€the€stems€do€notÐ #Ð  Ðhave€the€matted€tomentum€of€that€species,€and€the€color€is€very€distinctive.€òòTomentypnumóó€also€hasÐ ì#¶! Ða€costa,€although€in€strongly€plicate€leaves€the€costa€is€often€difficult€to€distinguish€from€a€leaf€foldÐ Ò$œ" Ðunless€a€cross„section€is€made.Ð ¸%‚# ÐÌà  àò òO.€strictumó ó€Lorentz.€Very€rare,€subalpine,€in€moist€rock€crevices.€One€record€from€the€SanÐ „'N!% ÐJuan€Mts.,€òòHermann€1976óó.€Ð l(6"& ÐÌà@VV=ìàRejected€speciesˆÐ 8*$( ÐÌà  àòòO.€diminutivumóó€(Grout)€Crum,€Steere,€&€Anderson.€The€type€has€been€examined,€and€turnsÐ ,Î%* Ðout€to€be€òòIsopterygiopsis€pulchella€óó(Hypnaceae).€The€type€locality€is€Jenny€Ô_ÔLindÔ_Ô€Creek,€10,000€ft.,Ð 6 Ðnear€Tolland,€Gilpin€County,€in€a€mixed€tuft€of€òòPohliaóó€and€òòDrepanocladus€aduncusóó,€July,€1914,Ð æ ÐòòGroutóó€(DUKE€and€herb.€Dixon),€as€òòÔ_ÔHolmgreniaÔ_Ô€€Ô_ÔdiminutivaÔ_Ô€óó(Moss€Flora€of€North€America€3:172.Ð Ì Ð1932).€Crum,€Steere,€&€Anderson€transferred€the€species€to€òòOrthotheciumóó€in€Bryologist€67:163.Ð è² Ð1964.Ð Î ˜ ÐÌà@ŽŽ8ìàò òPlatydictyaó ó€Berkeley,€1863ˆÐ š d ÐÌà  àò òP.€jungermannioidesó ó€(Bridel)€Crum.€Rare€or€so€inconspicuous€that€it€is€simply€overlooked.Ð h 2 ÐThe€plant€forms€thin€mats€in€the€shaded€overh