Professor, 2024-Present
Associate Professor, 2013-2024
Assistant Professor, 2007-2013
Director of Graduate Studies, ENVS, 2012-2014
Director, Center for Values and Social Policy, 2006-2008
Visiting Assistant Professor, 2005-2007

President, International Society for Environmental Ethics. 2016- 2019.
Vice-President, International Society for Environmental Ethics. 2013-2016.

New York University
Interim Director, Environmental Studies Program
Visiting Assistant Professor of Environmental Philosophy, 2005

Columbia University
Adjunct Assistant Professor, Summer 2005
School of International and Public Affairs
MPA Program in Environmental Science and Policy

SUNY at Stony Brook
Instructor, Learning Communities Program, 2003-2004

Hofstra University, Adjunct Assistant Professor, 2003-2004.
New York Institute of Technology, Adjunct Instructor, 2003.
Stony Brook University, Adjunct Instructor, 2002-04.
Stony Brook University, Graduate Instructor, 1999-00.

Ph.D. (2004), Philosophy
State University of New York at Stony Brook,
Department of Philosophy. College of Arts and Humanities. Stony Brook, New York.
Dissertation:
The Roots of Moral Considerability:
Ecological Responsibility in Deontological Ethics
Committee: Kenneth Baynes (director), Eva Feder Kittay, Harvey Cormier,
Eduardo Mendieta, and Andrew Light (NYU).

M.P.A. (1997), Natural Resource Policy
University of Arizona,
School of Public Administration and Policy. Eller College of Business and Public Administration. Tucson, Arizona. May, 1997.
Specialization: Natural Resource Policy

B.A. (1994)
Kalamazoo College,
Philosophy, with concentrations in Studio Art and Russian.
Kalamazoo, Michigan. June, 1994.

The Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology,
Advanced Studies Diploma, with a concentration in Robotics.
Alexandria, Virginia. June 1990.

Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Fakultät für Philosophie. Doctoral Exchange Arrangement. Tübingen, Deutschland. 2000 – 2002.

Middlebury College, Intensive German Language Program. Summer 2000.

University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia. Studied Russian language, culture, and history. Fall 1992.

The Wild and the Wicked: On Nature and Human Nature, Benjamin Hale, MIT Press. December, 2016.

A Philosopher Looks at Weather, Benjamin Hale, Cambridge University Press. Under Contract.

Routledge Companion to Environmental Ethics, Benjamin Hale, Andrew Light, and Lydia Lawhon eds. Routledge Press. 2022. (850 pp.)

Philosophy Looks at Chess, Benjamin Hale, Editor. Open Court Press. 2008.

Routledge Environmental Ethics, Series editor, Benjamin Hale. 2019-Present.

Ethics, Policy, and Environment. General Editors: Benjamin Hale and Andrew Light, 2009-present. Three issues per year. All articles available online.

(Note: summary topics below are not exhuastive, but instead point to key articles in each issue, often related to Target Articles with invited Open Peer Commentaries.)

• Volume 27, Issue 2: Human-Wildlife Conflicts
• Volume 27, Issue 1: Mobilizing Hope
• Volume 26, Issue 3: Reslience, Motivation, and Justice
• Volume 26, Issue 2: Duties to Wild Animals
• Volume 26, Issue 1: Going Green
• Volume 25, Issue 3: Offsetting
• Volume 25, Issue 2: De-Extinction
• Volume 25, Issue 1: Flourishing
• Volume 24, Issue 3: Environmental Colonialism
• Volume 24, Issue 2: Debating Climate Ethics
• Volume 24, Issue 1: The Anthropocene
• Volume 23, Issue 3: Conservation
• Volume 23, Issue 2: Wildlife and Abiotic Nature
• Volume 23, Issue 1: Climate Justice
• Volume 22, Issue 3: Agriculture
• Volume 22, Issue 2: Carbon Pricing
• Volume 22, Issue 1: The Precautionary Principle
• Volume 21, Issue 3: Geoengineering
• Volume 21, Issue 2: The Tollgate Principles
• Volume 21, Issue 1: Trump's Environmental Record
• Volume 20, Issue 3: Sustainability
• Volume 20, Issue 2: Loss, Damage, and Harm
• Volume 20, Issue 1: De-Extinction
• Volume 19, Issue 3: Climate Justice
• Volume 19, Issue 2: How Not to Save the Planet
• Volume 19, Issue 1: Migration and Emissions
• Volume 18, Issue 3: Genetic Integrity
• Volume 18, Issue 2: COP 20
• Volume 18, Issue 1: Biodiversity
• Volume 17, Issue 3: Anthropocentrism
• Volume 17, Issue 2: Solar Radiation Management
• Volume 17, Issue 1: Individual Responsibility
• Volume 16, Issue 3: Environmental Protection
• Volume 16, Issue 2: Being Green
• Volume 16, Issue 1: Climate Change and Ecosystem Management
• Volume 15, Issue 3: Post-Durban Climate Negotiations
• Volume 15, Issue 2: Solar Radiation Management
• Volume 15, Issue 1: Synthetic Biology
• Volume 14, Issue 3: Fukushima Daiichi
• Volume 14, Issue 2: Species Egalitarianism
• Volume 14, Issue 1: Individual Harm
• Volume 13, Issue 3: NIMBY
• Volume 13, Issue 2: Environmental Care Ethics
• Volume 13, Issue 1: Shallow Environmentalism
• Volume 12, Issue 3: Greenhouse Development Rights
• Volume 12, Issue 2: Pollution

Bioethics. Special Issue: Research on Prisoners and Vulnerable Populations. Guest Editor, with Annette Dula, Alison Jaggar, and Dayna Matthew. 24(1). January 2010.

1. Hale, Benjamin. "Fidgety Widgets: Incommensurability and Indeterminacy in Consumer Choice." Public Affairs Quarterly. Forthcoming, 2025.*


2. Hale, Benjamin, Sebastian Dueñas-Ocampo, and Alexander Lee. "Clean Meat and Muddy Markets: Substitution and Indeterminacy in Consumerist Solutions to Animal Agriculture." Food Ethics. 9 (14). (OnlineFirst: June 2024).*


3. Smith, Christian A., James A. Tantillo, Benjamin Hale, Daniel J. Decker, T. Bruce Lauber, Emily F. Pomeranz, Ann B. Fortschen Michael V. Schiavone, Kipp Frohlich, Patrick E. Lederle, R. Joseph Benedict, Jeremy Hurst, Richard King, William F. Siemer, Meghan S. Baumer. "A Practical Framework for Ethics Assessment in Wildlife Management Decision Making." Journal of Wildlife Management. Volume 88, Issue 1. 2024. (OnlineFirst: Nov 2023).*


4. Lee Brann, Alexander Lee, and Benjamin Hale. "The Bear Minimum: Reintroduction and the Weaknesses of Minimalist Conservation." Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 2023.*


5. Hale, Benjamin and Ken Shockley. "Risk Mismanagement: The Illusion of Control in Indeterminate Systems" in Risk and Responsibility in Context. Eds, Adriana Placani and Stearns Broadhead. Routledge, 2023.*


6. Hale, Benjamin. "Indeterminacy and Impotence." Synthese 200, 250 (2022).*


7. Hale, Benjamin and Michael Pellegrino. "Chapter 24: Geoengineering," in Routledge Companion to Environmental Ethics, Benjamin Hale, Andrew Light, and Lydia Lawhon eds. Routledge Press. Pp 280-292. 2022.


8. Lee, A, AM Laird, L Brann, C Coxon, AJ Hamilton, LA Lawhon, JA Martin, N Rehnberg, BP Tyrrell, Z Welch, B Hale, PS Alagona. “The Ethics of Reintroducing Large Carnivores: The Case of the California Grizzly.” Conservation and Society. AOP 1-11, 2021.*


9. Lee, Alexander P., Adam Hermans,  and Benjamin Hale. “Wildness without Naturalness,” Ethics, Policy & Environment, 24:1. Pp 16-26. 2021.*


10. Hale, Benjamin. “Right-Leveling Indeterminacy: Environmental Problems, Non-State Actors, and the Global Market.” In Climate Justice and Non-State Actors: Corporations, Regions, Cities, and Individuals, 1st Edition. Eds, Jeremy Moss and Lachlan Umbers. Routledge, 2020.*


11. Hamilton, Alexander, Alexander P. Lee, and Benjamin Hale. “Conservation Floors and Degradation Ceilings: A Justificatory Architecture for Constraints in U.S. Environmental Policy,” Environmental Ethics. (November, 2020).*


12. Hale, Benjamin. “Finding Our Way in a Diverse and Wild World or How to Derive Substantive Principles for Environmental Ethics from Formal Principles of Discourse.” White paper. Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics. Doha, Qatar. 2016. (Published online 2020).


13. Hale, Benjamin and Lucy McAllister. “From Treasure to Trash: The Lingering Value of Technological Artifacts,” Science and Engineering Ethics, Springer. 25. 2019.*


14. Light, Andrew and Benjamin Hale. “Year One of Donald Trump's Presidency on Climate and the Environment,” Ethics, Policy & Environment, Taylor and Francis. 21(1). 2018.


15. Purves, Duncan and Hale, Benjamin. “Non-Identity for Non-Humans.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. 19: 1165-1185. 2016.*


16. Hale, Benjamin. "Extinction, Intervention, and Resurrection.” In Environmental Ethics, Ed. David Schmidtz. Macmillan Cengage Publishing. 2016.


17. Hale, Benjamin. “What We Have Done ≠ What They Can Do.” In Climate Change and Justice, Ed Jeremy Moss. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 201-218. November, 2015.


18. Hale, Benjamin. “Rights, Rules, and Respect for Nature”. In The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics, Eds. Stephen Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press. 2016. Online First: December, 2015.


19. Hermans, Adam, Alexander Lee, Lydia Dixon, Benjamin Hale. “Wolf Reintroduction: Ecological Management and the Substitution Problem.” Ecological Restoration. 32 (3): 221-228. 2014.*


20. Hale, Benjamin. “Pollution” in The Handbook of Global Ethics. Eds. Darrel Moellendorf and Heather Widdows. Acumen. 2014.


21. McAllister, Lucy, Amanda Magee, Benjamin Hale. “Women, E-Waste, and Technical Solutions to Climate Change.” Health and Human Rights. 16(1):166-178. 2014.*


22. Lee, Alexander, Adam Hermans, Benjamin Hale. “Restoration, Obligation, and the Baseline Problem.” Environmental Ethics. 36(2): 171-186. 2014.*


23. Doak, Daniel F., Victoria Bakker, Bruce Evan Goldstein, Benjamin Hale. “Moving forward with effective goals and methods for conservation: a reply to Marvier and Kareiva.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 29(3): 132-133. 2014.


24. Benjamin Hale, Adam Hermans, Alexander Lee. “Clowning Around with Conservation: Adaptation, Reparation, and the New Substitution Problem.” Environmental Values. 23: 181-198. 2014.*


25. Doak, Daniel F., Victoria Bakker, Bruce Evan Goldstein, Benjamin Hale. “What is the Future of Conservation?” Trends in Ecology and Evolution. Jan, 2014.*
1. Reprinted in Protecting the Wild: Parks and Wilderness, Eds. George Wuethrner, Eileen Crist, and Tom Butler. Island Press. 2015.


26. Hale, Benjamin. “Can We Remediate Wrongs?” in Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics, Eds. Avram Hiller, Ramona Ilea, and Leonard Kahn. Routledge. 147-163. 2013.


27. Hale, Benjamin. “Remediation vs. Steering: An Act-Description Approach to Approving and Funding Geoengineering Research” in Designer Biology: The Ethics of Intensively Engineering Biological and Ecological Systems. Eds. John Basl and Ron Sandler. Lexington Books. 197-211. 2013.


28. Hale, Benjamin. “Polluting and Unpolluting.” In Environmental Ethics, 2nd Edition. Ed. Michael Boylan. Wiley -Blackwell. 216-231. 2013.


29. Hale, Benjamin, Adam Hermans, Alexander Lee. “Adaptation, Reparation, and the Baseline Problem,” In Toward Successful Adaptation: Linking Science and Practice in Managing Climate Change Impacts. Eds Boykoff, M. T. and Moser, S. C. Routledge. 67-80. 2013.*


30. Hale, Benjamin. “The World that Would Have Been: Moral Hazard Arguments against Geoengineering” Reflecting Sunlight: The Ethics of Solar Radiation Management Ed. Christopher Preston. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. 113-131. 2012.


31. Hale, Benjamin. “Getting the Bad Out: Remediation Technologies and Respect for Others” The Environment: Philosophy, Science, and Ethics. Eds. Kabasenche, W.B., O'Rourke, M., and Slater, M. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 223-243. 2012.*


32. Hale, Benjamin. “Applied Philosophy and the Tools of the Policy Sciences.” The International Journal of Applied Philosophy. 25(2): 215-232. 2011.*


33. Hale, Benjamin. “Moral Considerability: Deontological, not Metaphysical.”Ethics & the Environment. 16(2): 37-62. 2011.*


34. Hale, Benjamin. “Non-renewable Resources and the Inevitability of Outcomes.” The Monist. 94(1): 369-390. July 2011.*


35. Hale, Benjamin and Lisa Dilling. “Carbon Sequestration, Ocean Fertilization, and the Problem of Permissible Pollution.” Science, Technology, and Human Values. 36(2): 190-212. 2011.*
1. Reprinted in The Ethics of Nanotechnology, Geoengineering, and Clean Energy, Eds. Andrew Maynard and Jack Stilgoe. Taylor and Francis. 2017.


36. Hale, Benjamin and Lauren Hale. “Respecting Autonomy in Population Policy: An Argument for Comprehensive Family Planning Programs.” Public Health Ethics. 3(2): 157-166. 2010.*


37. Hale, Benjamin. “Sustainability as Justifiability” Sustainability Ethics: 5 Questions. Eds. Robison, W., Raffelle, R., and Selinger, E. Automatic/VIP Press. 105-116. 2010.


38. Hale, Benjamin and Lauren Hale. “Treat the Source not the Symptoms: Why Thinking about Sleep Informs the Social Determinants of Health.” Health Education Research. 25 (3): 395-400. 2010.*


39. Hale, Benjamin and Lauren Hale. “Is Justice Good for Your Sleep? (And therefore, Good for Your Health?)” Social Theory and Health. 7(4): 354-370. 2009.*


40. Hale, Benjamin. and W.P. Grundy. “Remediation and Respect: Do Remediation Technologies Alter Our Responsibility?” Environmental Values. 18(4): 397-415. 2009.*


41. Hale, Benjamin and Lauren Hale. “Choosing to Sleep,” in The Philosophy of Public Health, ed. Angus Dawson. Pp. 121-132.(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009).*


42. Hale, Benjamin. “What's so Moral about the Moral Hazard?” Public Affairs Quarterly. Vol 23, No 1. 1-26. Jan 2009.*


43. Hale, Benjamin. “Open to Debate: Moral Consideration and the Lab Monkey,” American Journal of Bioethics, 8(6). 53-54. June 2008.*


44. Hale, Benjamin. “Technology, the Environment, and the Moral Considerability of Artifacts,” for a volume titled New Waves in Philosophy of Technology, ed. Evan Selinger, Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, and Søren Riis. Pp. 216-240. (Ashgate Publishing, 2008).


45. Hale, Benjamin. “Private Property and Environmental Ethics: Some New Directions,” Metaphilosophy. 29(3): 402-421. 2008.*


46. Hale, Benjamin. “Quiet Please! There’s a Game Here: Discourse and Silence in the Formal Pragmatics of a Chess Match,” in Philosophy Looks at Chess, Benjamin Hale, ed. (Open Court Publishing, 2008).


47. Hale, Benjamin. “Gavagai Goulash: Growing Organs for Food,” THINK: Philosophy for Everyone. Periodical of the Royal Institute of Philosophy. Vol 15: 61-70. Autumn 2007.*


48. Hale, Benjamin. “Culpability and Blame after Pregnancy Loss,” Journal of Medical Ethics. 33:24-27. Jan 2007*


49. Hale, Benjamin. “Risk, Judgment, and Fairness in Research Incentives,” American Journal of Bioethics. 7(2). 2007.*


50. Hale, Benjamin. “The Moral Considerability of Invasive, Transgenic Animals,”Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19(4): 337-366. 2006.*


51. Hale, Benjamin. “Scape Invaders: Transgenic Animals, Nature, and the Ecoscape,” Ecoscapes, Gary Backhaus and John Murungi, eds. pp. 17-38. (Lexington Books, 2006).


52. Hale, Benjamin. “Identity Crisis: Face Recognition Technology and Freedom of the Will,” Ethics, Place & Environment. 8(2): 141-158. 2005. (NOTE: I did not begin editing this journal until 2009.)*

53. Lee, Alex, Benjamin Hale, Alexander Hamilton. “To Protect Federal Lands, the Burden of Proof is on Conservationists. It Should be on Extractors.” Grist. March 25, 2021.


54. Lee, Alex and Benjamin Hale. "How to Protect Nature During Uncertain Times: Opportunity, Not Opportunism. High Country News. May 19, 2020.


55. Hale, Benjamin. Five Philosophers Discuss “Joker.” Aesthetics for Birds blogpost. (Approx: 1500 words)


56. Hale, Benjamin. ""Rethinking Earth Day." MIT Press Blogpost. 2017.


57. Hale, Benjamin. “A Hot, Glorious Mess." Guest Post, Daily Nous.


58. Hale, Benjamin. “Poisoning the Well: Pollution as Trespass” High Country News. Jan 19, 2015.


59. Hale, Benjamin. “Would You Lie to Airport Screeners?” Slate. Oct 14, 2014.


60. Hale, Benjamin. “The Most Terrifying Thing About Ebola,” Slate. Sept 19, 2014.


61. Hale, Benjamin. “The Veil of Opulence,” The New York Times. August 12, 2012.


62. Hale, Benjamin. “Fukushima Daiichi, Normal Accidents, and Moral Responsibility: Ethical Questions about Nuclear Energy,” Ethics, Policy & Environment 14(3). October 2011.


63. Hale, Benjamin. “Ethics, Policy & Environment: A New Name and a Renewed Mission,” with Andrew Light. Ethics, Policy & Environment 14(1). March 2011.


64. Hale, Benjamin. “Beyond the IOM: Prisoners, Children, and other Vulnerable Research Subjects,” with Annette Dula, Alison Jaggar, and Dayna Matthew. Introduction to special edition. Bioethics 24(1). January 2010.


65. Hale, Benjamin. “You say 'solution', I say 'pollution':
    Ocean fertilization is a fishy solution to a whale of a problem,” Guest commentary, Science Progress, August 18, 2009.


66. Hale, Benjamin. “More Justice for Prisoners,” Guest Opinion, Daily Camera, Feb 14, 2008.


67. Hale, Benjamin. “Mother Gruesome's Nursery,” Ogmius, No.20/2007.


68. Hale, Benjamin. “Introduction,” for Philosophy Looks at Chess, Benjamin Hale, ed. (Open Court Publishing, 2008).


69. Hale, Benjamin. “Headstrong and Heartfelt.” On-line essay for Z-mag (www.zmag.org). May, 2001. Article originally at: http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/Globalism/answerkrug.htm


70. Hale, Benjamin. “Diversification and Resistance: Student Environmental Activism in the 90's.” Counterpoise. Volume 2, Number 3. December 1998.

71. Hale, Benjamin. “Climate Justice.”Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition. Philander, S. George, Golson, J. Geoffrey, Eds. SAGE Publishing. 2012.


72. Hale, Benjamin. “Unfinished Project” Review of The Incompleat Eco-Philosopher by Anthony Weston. Social Theory and Practice. 38(1). January 2012.


73. Hale, Benjamin. “Takings,” in the Encyclopedia of Environmental Ethics and Philosophy. J. Baird Callicott and R. Frodeman, eds. Macmillan Reference. 2008.


74. Hale, Benjamin. Review of Do Animals Have Rights? by Alison Hills. Philosophical Quarterly. 58(231). April, 2008. 379-382.


75. Hale, Benjamin. Review of Ecological Ethics by Patrick Curry. Organization and the Environment. 20(4). 2007.


76. Hale, Benjamin. Review of John Dewey and Environmental Philosophy, by Hugh McDonald. Journal of Applied Philosophy 24 (3). 2007.


77. Hale, Benjamin. “What We Want Animals to Want,” Review of What Animals Want, by Larry Carbone. American Journal of Bioethics 4(4). 2004, pp. 83-85.


78. Hale, Benjamin. “Experience and the Environment: Phenomenology Returns to Earth”, Review of Eco-phenomenology, by Charles S. Brown and Ted Toadvine, eds. Human Studies 28(1). 2005.


79. Benjamin Hale and Lauren Hale. “Biography of Nathan Mantel,” Encyclopedia of Biostatistics 2. Peter Armitage and Theodore Colton, Eds. (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2004).
          — “Nathan Mantel,” Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 2. (West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2005).


80. Hale, Benjamin. Review of The Phenomenology of Modern Legal Discourse by William E. Conklin. Symposium 6(1). Spring 2002.

81. Hale, Benjamin. “The Role of Hermeneutic Phenomenology in the Well-Founded Positive Philosophy of Gustav Gustavovich Shpet,” V.G. Kuznetsov. Translation from the Russian (with Taras Zakydalsky). Russian Studies in Philosophy, Spring 1999.

1. Invited Speaker: UNEP and UN University StEP (Solving the E-Waste Problem) Initiative, E-Waste Academy. Shanghai, China. Nov 1-7, 2014.
2. Participant: International Conference in Applied Ethics. Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. Oct 30-Nov 3, 2014.
3. Comment on David Morrow and Toby Svoboda, “Geoengineering and Non-Ideal Theory,” RoME VII, August 2014.
4. Invited Participant: Goethe Universität - Frankfurt am Main. Workshop on Geoengineering. Frankfurt, Germany. July 17, 2014.
5. Invited Participant: Warwick University Goengineering Workshop. Warwick, UK. July 10-11, 2014.
6. “The Shifting Frontier: Ethics in a Changing Climate,” Multimedia presentation, NOAA. Boulder, Colorado.
7. Invited Participant: “Principles of Environmental Ethics.” CILE Seminar on Ethics and the Environment. Doha, Qatar. Jan 4-6, 2014.
8. “Women, E-Waste, and Technical Solutions to Climate Change,” Lucy McAllister, Amanda Magee, and Benjamin Hale. Paper presented by Lucy McAllister at the American Studies Association, Washington DC, Nov 21-24, 2013.
9. “The Shifting Frontier: Ethics in a Changing Climate,” Multimedia presentation, Multi-disciplinary Perspectives on Climate Change, Lake Como, Italy.
10. Scripps, two day workshop leader on Environmental Ethics, August 18-19, 2013.
11. “Women, E-Waste, and Technical Solutions to Climate Change,” Lucy McAllister, Amanda Magee, and Benjamin Hale. Workshop in Global Environmental Justice. Universität Bremen, April 26-28, 2013.
12. “Wildness Without Naturalness: Expanding Environmental Focus in the Anthropocene,” Adam Pérou Hermans, Alex Lee, and Benjamin Hale, University of Colorado at Boulder. Pacific Division APA. March 30, 2013.
13. “Wolf Reintroduction: Ecological Management and the Substitution Problem.” Adam Pérou Hermans, Alex Lee, and Benjamin Hale. Public Philosophy Network Conference Atlanta, GA.March 16-19, 2013.
14. Invited Speaker: “Ethics, Environment, and Markets,” Center for Ethics, Muhlenberg College. February 19, 2013.
15. Invited Speaker: “Moral Friction.” Colorado State University. Nov 2. 2012.
16. Invited Participant: “Women, E-Waste, and Technical Solutions to Climate Change,” Paper co-authored with Lucy McAllister and Amanda Magee. Engineering Ethics in a Globalized World. University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. October 7-9, 2012.
17. “Restoration, Obligation, and the Baseline Problem,” Paper co-authored with Alex Lee and Adam Hermans. ISEE Conference. Allens Park, Colorado, June 2012. †
18. Invited Participant: Sustainability and Game Theory Workshop, Boston, MA. May 19, 2012.
19. Invited Paper: “Fixing the Wrong Wrong: Geoengineering and the End of the World,” Institute for Ethics and Public Affairs, San Diego State University. April 12, 2012.
20. Invited Paper: Colgate Workshop on Mass Extinction. Colgate University. March 17-18, 2012.
21. Invited Paper: “Climate Adaptation, Moral Reparation, and the Baseline Problem,” Co-authored with Adam Hermans and Alex Lee. Buffalo Workshop on Ethics and Adaptation. University at Buffalo. March 10-11, 2012.
22. Invited speaker: Launch of CILE, the Center for Islamic Legislation and Ethics, Doha, Qatar. Jan 14, 2012.
23. “Moral Friction,” Eastern Division APA. December 2011.
24. Comment on Matthew Altman’s “Future Generations and the Problem of Consent: A Free Market Defense of Environmental Sin Taxes,” Eastern Division APA. December 2011.
25. Invited Paper: Texas A&M University workshop in Doha, Qatar: “Engineering Ethics for a Globalized World.” October 23-28, 2011.
26. “Philosophy and the Tools of the Policy Sciences.” Advancing Publicly Engaged Philosophy Conference. Washington DC. October 7-9, 2011. Also, Co-Chair “Climate Ethics Workshop”
27. “Geoengineering Research, the Demands of Knowledge, and the Right Reasons.” Workshop in Applied Philosophy: Ethical Issues in Engineering Biological and Ecological Systems. Northeastern University. Sept 30-Oct 2, 2011.
28. Comment on Nick Beckstead’s “The Case for Focusing on Existential Risk.” Fourth Annual Rocky Mountain Ethics Congress (RoME IV). Aug 4-7, 2011.
29. Invited Paper: “Fixing the Wrong Wrong: Geoengineering and the End of the World,” and…
30. Invited Paper: “The Wicked and the Wild: Why You Don’t Have to Love Nature to Be Green,” Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment. Seminar on Environmental Economics of Creation Stewardship. Bozeman, MT. July 18-22, 2011.
31. “Geoengineering Research, the Demands of Knowledge, and the Right Reasons,” Three Rivers Philosophy Conference: Knowledge, Science, and Democracy. University of South Carolina. April 1-3, 2011.
32. Invited Paper: “Fixing the Wrong Wrong: Geoengineering and the End of the World,” University of Washington, March 2, 2011.
33. “Adaptation, Opportunism, and Intergenerational Justice,” United Nations Climate Change Conference. Side Event. December 3, 2010. COP16, Cancun, Mexico.
34. Poster Presentation: “Social justice and sleep: policy implications of social disparities in sleep.” Co-authored with Lauren Hale. APHA. Denver, Colorado, November 6-10, 2010.
35. “Undoing and Disallowing,” Center for Values and Social Policy, CU-Boulder. Sept 17, 2010.
36. “Moral Hazards and Geoengineering,” Missoula Workshop on Geoengineering. University of Montana, October 2010.
37. Comment on Justin Weinberg’s “When is Moral Hazard Hazardous?” Third Annual Rocky Mountain Ethics (RoME) Congress, University of Colorado, Boulder.  August 5-8, 2010. (NOTE: Weinberg’s paper is partly a response to my original paper on Moral Hazards)
38. “Moral Hazard Arguments Against Geoengineering,” Association for Environmental Studies (AESS) Conference. Lewis and Clark College. Portland, Oregon. June 17-20, 2010.
39. “Undoing and Disallowing,” Joint Meeting of ISEE and IAEP.  Allens Park, Colorado. June 8-10, 2010.
40. “Can we Remediate Wrongs?” UCCS Philosophy Department, Colorado Springs, Colorado. April 26, 2010.
41. Comment on Deen Chatterjee, ENVS Colloquium, April 5, 2010.
42. “Nonrenewable Resources and the Inevitability of Outcomes,” Center for Values and Social Policy. CU-Boulder. Feb 2010.
43. “Nonrenewable Resources and the Inevitability of Outcomes,” ISEE Group Meeting. Eastern Division APA. December 27-30, 2009.
44. “Assessing the Mitigation and Remediation Options.” COP15 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Credentialed Side Event. December 7-18. Copenhagen, Denmark.
45. “Benefits are No Good.” At the Linking Science to Societal Benefits: Why, How and When? Workshop. Organized jointly by the Linköping University Centre for Climate Science and Policy Research and CU’s Center for Science and Technology Policy Research. Linköping University, Sweden. Sept 14-17.
46. Comment on John Garthoff's “Meriting Concern and Meriting Respect,” Second Annual Rocky Mountain Ethics (RoME) Congress, University of Colorado, Boulder. August 6-9, 2009.
47. “Getting the Bad Out: Remediation Technologies and Respect for Nature,” Inland North Philosophy Conference, Invited Speaker. University of Idaho and Washington State University. May 1-3, 2009.
48. “Getting the Bad Out,” 3TEP Conference. Colorado School of Mines. April 20-21, 2009.
49. “Can We Remediate Wrongs?” Philosophy Department. University of Colorado, Denver. December 3, 2008.
50. “Why You Don’t Have to Love Nature to be Green,” Think Talk. University of Colorado, Boulder. November 18, 2008.
51. Poster Presentation: “What’s Wrong with Remediation?” Energy Initiative Symposium. University of Colorado, Boulder. November 17, 2008.
52. “Restoration and Remediation as Redress to Wrongdoing,” Human Flourishing and Restoration in the Age of Global Warming, Clemson University. September 5-7, 2008.
53. Comment on Hallie Liberto's “Rawls and Animals,” First Annual RoME Congress, CU-Boulder. August 8-10, 2008.
54. Comment on Rob Figueroa's “Expanding Environmental Justice.” Joint Meeting of ISEE and IAEP. Allens Park, Colorado. May 22-May 25, 2008.
55. "Trajectory of Research." Environment, Philosophy, and Technology Workshop. University of Twente, Netherlands. May 21-24, 2008.
56. “Tongue Tied: How Non-human Animals Lose their Voice in Habermas's Discourse Ethics,” Giving Voice to Other Beings, Vanderbilt University. May 2-4, 2008.
57. “Carbon Sequestration, Ocean Fertilization, and the Problem of Permissible Pollution,” co-authored with Lisa Dilling. Energy and Responsibility: A Conference on Ethics and the Environment. University of Tennessee. April 11, 2008.
58. “Can We Remediate Wrongs?” Center for Science and Technology Policy Research. October 25, 2007.
59. "What's Fair, What's Right? Respecting Autonomy in Population Policy," co-authored with Lauren Hale. Conference: Setting an Ethical Agenda for Health Promotion. University of Ghent, Belgium. September 22, 2007.
60. Invited Paper: “What’s so Moral About the Moral Hazard?”
• ENVS/Philosophy, U. of Colorado, Boulder, Feb 20, 2007
• Phil. Dept., Case Western Reserve University, Feb 15, 2007
• Classics, Phil., Religion, U. of Mary Washington, Feb 9, 2007
• Phil. Dept., California State University – Chico, Feb 7, 2007
• Phil. Dept., University of North Florida, Feb 2, 2007
• Philosophy/MSE, McGill University, Jan 11, 2007
61. Invited Paper: “Moral Considerability, the Land Ethic, and All-Pervasive Technology,” Phil Dept, UNC-Charlotte. Jan 22, 2007.
62. “Is Justice Good for Your Sleep?” Center for Values and Social Policy. Philosophy Department. University of Colorado, Boulder. December 8, 2006.
63. “Strange Bedfellows: Autonomy, Ethics, and the Sleep of Reason,” co-authored with Lauren Hale. Society for Applied Philosophy Annual Conference. Philosophy of Public Health. Manchester U, UK. July 2, 2006.
64. “Staking a Claim.” Panel on Environmental Ethics. Teaching Business Ethics Conference, hosted by the Leeds School of Business. Boulder, Colorado. June 8, 2006.
65. Comment on Piers Stephens, “Toward a Jamesian Environmental Philosophy.” Joint Meeting of the International Society for Environmental Ethics (ISEE) and the International Association for Environmental Philosophy (IAEP). Allens Park, Colorado. May 30-June 2, 2006.
66. “Vegetarianism and Anorexia.” Center for Values and Social Policy. Philosophy Department. University of Colorado, Boulder. April 28, 2006.
67. Invited Paper: “Nature and Culpability.” Ezra A. Hale Ethics Series. Rochester Institute of Technology. Rochester, NY. April 13, 2006.
68. “What's So Moral About the Moral Hazard?” Philosophy Department and Lyman Briggs School. Michigan State University. East Lansing, MI. February 3, 2006.
69. Comment on Aaron Simmons.“A Critique of Warren’s Weak Animal Rights View.” SSEA (Society for the Study of Ethics and Animals) Group Meeting, Eastern Division APA, Dec. 2005, New York.
70. “Moral Hazards.” Philosophy Department. University of Colorado, Boulder. November 18, 2005.
71. “Crossing the Property Line.” Joint Meeting of ISEE and IAEP. Allens Park, Colorado. May 31-June 3, 2005.
72. “Moral Consideration, the Land Ethic, and Nano-Manipulability.” In the Department of Philosophy and in the School of the Environment. University of South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina. January 10, 2005.
73. “Culpability, Blame, and Death in Utero.” Third International Conference on Making Sense of Dying and Death. Vienna, Austria. December 2-4, 2004.
74. “Impending Perinatal Disaster? Decision-Making Under Extreme Uncertainty.” Third International Conference on Making Sense of Dying and Death. Vienna, Austria. December 2-4, 2004.
75. “Moral Considerability: Deontological, not Metaphysical.” Joint Meeting of ISEE and IAEP. Allens Park, Colorado. June 2, 2004.
76. “The Moral Considerability of Invasive, Genetically Modified Animals.” Society for Philosophy and Geography's Ecoscapes Conference. Towson University, Baltimore, Maryland. May 1, 2004.
77. Comment on Matt Zwolinski, “Animals as Property.” Eastern Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association. SSEA Group Meeting. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. December, 2002.
78. “Gavagai Goulash: Growing Organs for Food.” IAEP Fall meeting. Chicago, IL. October 13, 2002.
79. "Identity Crisis: Face Recognition Technology and Freedom of the Will." APA Morality in the 21 st Century Conference. University of Delaware. October 29, 2001.
80. “Locked Away: Deliberation, Practical Identity, and the Prison Industrial Complex.” Thinking about Prisons Conference. SUNY at Cortland. October 28, 2001.
81. “Acting in Accord with Myself: Rationality and Integrity in Deontological Ethics.” Accepted for presentation at the 41 st Annual Integrity as Moral Imperative Conference, but could not attend. Saint Francis University. August 18, 2001.
82. “Radical Asymmetrical Reciprocity: Human and Non-Human Interaction.” 1999 Eastern Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association. SSEA Group Meeting. Boston, Massachusetts. December 28, 1999.
83. “Speechless: Non-Human Democratic Standing; A Talk on Communicative Action, Animal Ethics, and Environmental Policy.” Science, Technology and Environmental Policy (STEP) Speaker Series. Princeton University. Princeton, New Jersey. October 28, 1999.
84. “Individuation Through Experientialization: James and Mead on Social Differentiation.” Annual Meeting of the Society for Philosophy in the Contemporary World (SPCW). Estes Park, Colorado. August 9, 1999.
85. “Radical Asymmetrical Reciprocity: Human and Non-Human Interaction” Conference on Persons. St. John’s College. Santa Fe, New Mexico. August 5, 1999.

• Invited Guest: Mark Steiner Show (on the Politics of Ebola) . Oct 21, 2014.
• Invited Guest: Mark Steiner Show (on Ebola). Sept 22, 2014.
• Invited Guest: Geoengineering Webinar, Security and Sustainability Forum, Elliot School of International Affairs at GWU. Feb 4, 2014.
• Quoted in Denver Post: “Company's Private Moon Missions Raises Questions.” December 10, 2012. http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_22159578/companys-plan-private-moon-missions-raises-questions
• Poster Presentation: “Ecological Management and the Substitution Problem: Wolf Reintroduction in Rocky Mountain National Park,” poster co-authored with Adam Hermans and Alex Lee. CIRES Rendezvous. Boulder, CO. April 24, 2012.
• Panelist: “Connections between Curriculum & Campus Sustainability,” Council of Environmental Deans and Directors Annual Conference. Boulder, Colorado. July 8, 2010.
• Interviewee: Film Documentary, “Seventh Generation.”
• Panelist: “Geoengineering and Climate Change: Potential, Promises, Perils,” (with Max Boykoff, Lisa Dilling, Roger Pielke Jr. and Bill Travis). March 29, 2010.
• Panelist: “Reflections on COP15.” Panel Discussion by CU Faculty. Jan 11, 2010.
• Panel Chair. Author Meets Critics Session: “Philosophy and Animal Life” by Cora Diamond, Cary Wolfe, Stanley Cavell, Ian Hacking, and John McDowell. Commenting: Len Lawlor, Ralph Acampora, Eastern Division APA. December 27-30, 2009.
• Panelist. Creatio: Faith and the Environment: Questions and Challenges. August 17-19, 2009. Allens Park, Colorado.
• Guest commentator: KGO Radio, David Lazarus Show, July 4, 2009.
• Peer-Reviewed Participant via Submitted Paper. Conference: "Applied Philosophy as Common Ground."
Society for Applied Philosophy. Princeton University. October 14, 2007.
• Panel Moderator. Conference: Setting an Ethical Agenda for Health Promotion. University of Ghent, Belgium. September 22, 2007.
• Panelist. "Building Bridges to Care for Creation," Sponsored by the CU Energy Initiative. October 5, 2007.
• Panel Moderator. “Globalization, Environmental Ethics and Environmental Justice.” Michigan State University. August 24-28, 2006.
• Speaker. “Externalist Perfectionism and Freedom of the Will in Andrew Niccol's Gattaca.” Monarch Film Festival: Building Resiliency Towards Substance Abuse and At-Risk Behaviors Through Film. April 22, 2006. Louisville, Colorado.
• Speaker. "Utilitarian and Kantian Justifications for Punishment in Lars Von Trier's Dogville." Philosophy and Film Series. University of Colorado. November 29, 2005.
• Panel Moderator. "Liberal Democracy, Muliticulturalism, and Exclusion." Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (SPEP). Salt Lake City, Utah. Oct. 20-22, 2005.
• Invited Panelist. “The Value Basis of Environmental Problems and the Ethical Dimension of Environmental Policy.” Columbia University. The Earth Institute. April 21, 2005.
• Invited Panelist. "Justifications for and against the Iraq War." Part of a University-wide Colloquium on the Iraq War. The Graduate School. Stony Brook University. May 6, 2004.
• Panel Moderator. "Modifying Our Ways of Thinking." International Association for Environmental Philosophy Annual Meeting. Boston, Massachussets. November 8, 2003.
• Panel Chair. "Author Meets Critics" discussion of Aesthetics and the Environment. Eastern Division Meeting of the APA. ISEE Group Meeting. December, 2002.
• Workshop Leader: “Why the Stop Vail Expansion Campaign, and Campaigns like it, are Essential to the Survival of the Environmental Movement.” Conference of the NY State Green Party and the Student Environmental Action Coalition. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Troy, New York. September 27, 1999.
• The Central Arizona Project. A legislative history and issue report prepared for the Library of Congress, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division.

• "The Diversity of World Cultures within the Unity of Global Law," Otfried Höffe. Translation from the German, Benjamin Hale. Presented by Dr. Höffe for a lecture in the "Program of Liberal Studies," University of Notre Dame, October 2002.
• "Fichte's Grounding of Criminal Law," Jean-Christophe Merle. Translation from the German, Benjamin Hale.
• "Federalism: Local Legislative Authority or Representation in National Legislation?" Jean-Christophe Merle. Translation from the German, Benjamin Hale. Delivered in Italy at the 3rd High Level Scientific Conferences Program of the European Commission on Federalism and Subsidiarity.
• "Liberalism and the Right to Immigration: On a Contradiction and Dilemma in Contemporary Liberal Theory," Jean-Christophe Merle. Translation from the German, Benjamin Hale.
• "Experimentum Mundi. Ernst Bloch's Utopian-Messianic Concept of Culture," Michael Eckert. Translation from the German, Benjamin Hale.

• “Non-Identity for Non-Humans” (co-authored with Duncan Purves)
• “Vegetarianism and Anorexia” (Under revision)
• “Undoing and Disallowing” (Under review)
• “Moral Friction” (In progress)
• “Fixing the Wrong Wrong: Geoengineering and the End of the World” (In progress)
• “Ecological Management and the Substitution Problem: Wolf Reintroduction in Rocky Mountain National Park,” Paper co-authored with Adam Hermans and Alex Lee (In progress)
• “Deontology and Environmental Ethics” (Invited and in progress)

[Course Descriptions]

Graduate Level:
ENVS 5001/PHIL 5280: Env Philosophy, Sp 06, 07, 08, 09, 10
PHI 4110/5110: Contemporary Moral Theory, Sp 06
ENV U6241: Environmental Politics, Policy, and Management, Sum 05
E50.2020: Environmental Ethics, Graduate Seminar, Sp 05
E50:2021: Environmental Politics, Graduate Seminar, Sp 05

Upper-Division Undergraduate Level:
ENVS 4800: Critical Thinking, F 07, Sp 08, F 08, Sp 09, Sp 10
PHI 3240: Environmental Ethics, F 08, Sp 09, Sp 10
PHI 3100: Ethical Theory (Phil Majors Only), Sp 06, F 06, Sp 07
PHI 3180: Applied Ethics, F 05

Lower-Division Undergraduate Level:
PHI 1100: Introduction to Ethics (two sections), F 05
LRN 131: Thinking About Science, F 04
PHI 014: Introduction to Ethics, F 04
LRN 132: Thinking About Biology, S 04
PHI 100: Concepts of the Person, S 04
LRN 131: Thinking About Science, F 03
PHI 014: Environmental Ethics, F 03
PHI 091: Technology and Human Values, Sp 03
PHI 108: Critical Reasoning, Sp 03
PHI 110: Concepts in Philosophy, Sp 03
PHI 104: Moral Reasoning, (Two Sections), F 02
PHI 104: Moral Reasoning, Sp 00
PHI 100: Concepts of the Person, F 99
PHI 105: Social and Political Philosophy, Sp 99

 Teaching Assistant to Drs. Michael Simon and Lee Miller, professors of Social, Political, and Ethical Philosophy. SUNY at Stony Brook. Stony Brook, NY. Spring-Fall 1998.

Teaching Assistant:

PHI 104.01: Moral Reasoning, Fall 1998
PHI 105.01: Social and Political Philosophy, Spring 1998

Grant Proposal: aided Jean-Christophe Merle (Universität Tübingen) in the development of 1.5 million Euro (~$1.8 million) grant proposal to the European Union entitled Applied Global Justice. Spring 2001. Proposal accepted, January 2002.

Grant Research into possible grants for Policy Institute (see below). Summer and Fall 1998.

Research Assistant to Dr. Edella Schlager, professor of Natural Resource Policy. University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ. Fall 1995 – Fall 1997.

• Developed an institutional analysis of conjunctive water management in 17 Western states (NSF/EPA Joint Grant).
• Designed and formatted a conjunctive water management database.
• Designed and formatted a legislative history database of Arizona State water law.

Research Intern
U. S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. Environment and Natural Resource Policy Division. Washington, D.C. Summer 1996.

• Researched and authored a paper on the Central Arizona Project.
• Attended Congressional mark-up hearings

Watson Fellow and Independent researcher
Watson Foundation. Providence, RI. August 1994 – August 1995.

• Completed research on a project entitled, "From State Sponsorship to Economic Imperative: Social Change as Reflected in the Russian Aesthetic."
• Interviewed numerous artists, art critics, gallery curators and specialists.
• Received special permission to research in the archives and in the private library of the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
• Worked with theorists at the University of St. Petersburg and State Russian Museum.

Research Project
"Cogitant Ergo Sum: a Critique of Modern Mass Media" Senior Thesis. Kalamazoo College, Philosophy Department. December 1993 – June 1994.

• Textbook Proposal Referee: Oxford University Press
• Textbook Proposal Referee: Blackwell Publishers

• Pre-Health Advisory Committee, University of Colorado, Boulder. 2006.
• Judge, Leeds Summit Award for Environmental Leadership. Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado, Boulder. 2005.
• Interim Director, Environmental Studies Program, NYU. Duties include: Evaluating Applications; Advising Graduate Students; Coordinating Independent Studies
• Co-coordinator, Applied Philosophy Group, NYU; Arranged for Professors Steven Vogel, Evan Selinger, Tim Engstroem, and Darrel Morrison to speak at NYU.
• Professorial Search Committee for Kalamazoo College, Eastern Division APA, December 2002. Conducted interviews and evaluated candidates for a tenure track position in the Philosophy Department.
• Philosophy Graduate Student Conference Coordinator, March 31-April 2, 2000. Coordinated Action and Identity conference. Arranged to bring Alphonso Lingis (Penn State) as Keynote.
• Philosophy Graduate Student President, 1998-1999.
• Stony Brook Provost’s “Bookstore Bid Evaluation Committee”, Graduate Student Representative, 1999-2000.
• Developed weekly environmental speaker series for the Stony Brook community, 1998.
• Philosophy Graduate Student Conference Coordinator, April 23-25, 1999. Coordinated Enigmas of the Ideal conference. Arranged to bring Hubert Dreyfus (U. California at Berkeley) as keynote.
• Philosophy Graduate Student Conference Transportation and Housing coordinator, March 1998. Transforming Traditions conference.
• Elected Representative, Graduate Student Organization. SUNY – Stony Brook. Academic Year, 1997-1998.
• SEAC: Student Environmental Action Coalition. Initiating facilitator at SUNY—Stony Brook. Fall, 1997 – 2000.
• Southwest Center for Biological Diversity. Volunteer. Tucson, AZ. 1996-1997.
• SEAC: University of Arizona. Active Member. 1996 – 1997.
• English Language Tutor. Jewish-Russian Immigrant Relocation Program. Volunteer. Tucson, AZ. 1995 – 1996.
• Peer Education Coordinator for the Women’s Resource Center in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Spring 1993 – Spring 1994.
• Women’s Resource Center volunteer. Kalamazoo, MI. 1992 – 1994.

American Philosophical Association (APA)
International Association of Environmental Philosophy (IAEP)
Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy (SPEP)
Society for the Study of Ethics and Animals (SSEA)
International Society for Environmental Ethics (ISEE)

Philosophy/Academic Related Web Design
CU Philosophy: Current. [www.colorado.edu/philosophy/]
CVSP: Current. [www.colorado.edu/philosophy/center]
Stony Brook: 1997-2004. [www.sunysb.edu/philosophy] (Not responsible for recent updates.)

Institute Initiation and Grant Research
Worked with Prof. Eva Kittay to develop an interdisciplinary Institute for Social and Public Policy and Philosophy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Responsibilities included: researching and applying for relevant grants; developing a mission statement; contacting appropriate faculty members; and brainstorming. Primary employment, Summer, 1998. Volunteer employment.  

JobTracks Editor
LinguaFranca Magazine. Part-Time, Summer and Fall, 1998. Developed the only comprehensive database of hirings and tenurings in all U.S. Universities and Colleges. Publication in the February 1999 issue of LinguaFranca.

Independent Database Design
Developed and designed a database for an inhalant abuse study conducted by the Arizona Department of Rural Health and Luz Social Services. Tucson, AZ. Spring, 1997. Also, worked with the Southwest Center for Biological Diversity on their membership database.

Paralegal
Pima County Parks and Recreation. Tucson, AZ. Fall 1995.

• Wrote and reviewed lease, funding, and intergovernmental agreements for Pima County.

Head of the Graphics Department,
Primary Graphic Artist
Kalamazoo Fetzer Media Center, Work-Study program. 1990 – 1994.

Independent language tutor
St. Petersburg, Russia. Fall 1992.

Paintbox and Harry Computer Graphics Artist and Intern
Windsor Digital, Video Post-production House. A division of UniTel Video. New York, NY. Spring 1992.

Native English Speaker. Advanced/Fluent Russian. Advanced/Fluent German. Elementary French.

• http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy
• http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/center
• http://www.sunysb.edu/philosophy
• http://www.practicalreason.com
• http://cruelmistress.wordpress.com

Microsoft Access, Excel, Word, Powerpoint; Adobe Photoshop; WordPerfect; CorelDraw; Pascal; Microsoft Basic; HTML; DHTML; Javascript; CSS; PERL; and numerous other now-obsolete paint programs.