PHIL 1100 -- Ethics (honors)
Fall 2021
Prof. Chris Heathwood
University of Colorado Boulder

Reading Questions

Here are questions to go along with our readings.  Have them with you as you are doing each reading.  Write them down in a notebook alongside what you take the answers to be.  If there is a pop quiz on the reading, the questions on the quiz will be taken verbatim from the questions below.  Reading quizzes are open-note, so you can have the notebook with your answers to the questions below out on your desk as you take the quiz.  So if you do the readings and write out the questions and your answers below, you should ace every reading quiz.  Reading quizzes are not open-reading -- only open-note.

There is a beneficial side-effect of doing this.  Reading more actively -- e.g., taking notes on a reading, answering questions about the reading, looking out for particular ideas and issues in a reading -- rather than reading passively helps us better understand and better remember what we read, and helps us connect the ideas in the reading to other things we know.

Russ Shafer-Landau, "Introduction," from The Fundamentals of Ethics (Oxford University Press, 2011).  This is the introductory chapter to an ethics textbook that we won't be reading.  But Shafer-Landau touches on some themes that will come up in our course.  He also has an introduction to logic and reasoning, which we'll be studying shortly.

pp. 1-7

1. Shafer-Landau lists some reasons why some people are skeptical of the whole enterprise of ethics.  Which one of these reasons do you find to be the most plausible?  State the reason in your own words, as if you were describing it to a friend.
2. Shafer-Landau lists quite a few of what he calls "ethical starting points."  What is an ethical starting point?
3. Do you disagree with any of Shafer-Landau's ethical starting points?  If so, which ones?

pp. 7-15

4. According to Shafer-Landau, which two things does all reasoning involve?  What do they together make up?
5. Can an argument in which every premise is true still be a bad argument?
6. What is it for an argument to be logically valid?
7. What is it for an argument to be sound?
8. According to Shafer-Landau, what is the gold standard of good reasoning?
9. According to Shafer-Landau, what is moral philosophy primarily a matter of?
10. According to Shafer-Landau, what do moral philosophers want that physicists and psychologists also want?

James Rachels, "What is Morality?" from The Elements of Moral Philosophy, sixth ed. (McGraw Hill, 2010). A chapter from another ethics textbook that we won't be reading.

1. Name two of the moral principles that, according to Rachels, professional ethicists appealed to in explaining why, in their view, it would be wrong for the parents to remove Baby Theresa's organs so that they could be given to other children who needed them.
2. Compare Rachels' definition of an argument's being sound to our definition.
   (a) What term does he use for our term 'premises'.
   (b) How does he express the notion of validity in his definition?
3. According to Rachels, using people typically involves what?
4. Name one of the moral principles that the parents of Mary and Jodie appealed to in explaining their view about that case.
5. TRUE or FALSE: Rachels argues that the question of who should make some decision is equivalent to the question of what the decision should be.
6. According to Rachels, what three kinds of action have all been objected to with slippery-slope arguments?
7. Why does Rachels think that slippery-slope arguments should be approached with caution?
8. According to Rachels, if we want to figure out what's right or wrong in some particular case, we must let our _____________ be guided by _____________ .
9. According to Rachels, the two main ways to assess an argument in ethics are (i) to determine whether it has its _____________ straight, and (ii) whether the _____________ is appeals to are justified.
10. Rachels lists five features of his idea of a conscientious moral agent.  Name three of them.

Robert C. Mortimer, "Morality is Based on God's Commands" (excerpt from his Christian Ethics, 1950)

1. According to Mortimer, when some action is right, it is right because ____________ .
2. Which of these would Mortimer accept?
   1. that our conscience won't lead us astray
   2. that what is right for some people might not be right for other people
   3. that human beings are of infinite worth
   4. the individual exists for the good of society
3. TRUE or FALSE: Mortimer thinks that when Christianity tolerated slavery, this was justified.

Plato, excerpt from Euthyphro (380 BC)

1. Euthyphro claims to be an expert about __________.
2. Who indicted Socrates for impiety?
3. Socrates didn't want Euthyphro to give him examples of pious actions, but to explain to him what?
4. For what purpose does Socrates want this explained to him?
5. Euthyphro proposes the idea that what all the gods love is pious, and what they all hate is impious. What view of Mortimer's is similar to this?
6. What question does Socrates put to Euthyphro in response to this proposal of his?
7. TRUE or FALSE. In the end, Euthyphro provides an account of piety with which Socrates is satisfied.

Louise Antony, "Good Minus God" (2011)

1. Antony suspects that so many people dislike atheists because they think that rejecting God means rejecting what?
2. As Antony sees it, why do nihilistic atheists deny that there are objective facts about what people morally ought or ought not to do?
3. Who from the history of philosophy was a nihilistic atheist, according to Antony?
4. Antony writes, "Things don't become morally valuable because God prefers them; God prefers them because they are morally valuable."  What should this remind us of?
5. Does Antony think that even theists should agree with her about this?  Why?
6. Antony identifies two things that the Divine Command Theory of ethics nicely explains.  What are they?
7. According to Antony, Divine Command Theory can succeed only if it can explain __________.
8. What is the "Divine Independence Theory"?
9. According to Antony, if the Divine Command Theory is true, then what kind of reason can we have and what kind of reason can we not have to obey God?
10. Does Anthony think that our choices become more significant or less significant if atheism is true?  Why?

Herodotus, from his Histories (~450 B.C.E.)

1. TRUE or FALSE: According to Herodotus, most people believe that their own customs are far better than those of all others.
2. According to Herodotus, what was Pindar right about?

Ruth Benedict, "A Defense of Ethical Relativism" from "Anthropology and the Abnormal," Journal of General Psychology 10 (1934).

1. According to Benedict, the examples she discusses in first half of her essay show that what is culturally defined?
2. According to Benedict, what mistake do we no longer make?
3. What, according to Benedict, is 'morality' a convenient term for?
4. According to Benedict, most individuals are plastic to what?

James Rachels, "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism" from The Elements of Moral Philosophy, fourth ed. (McGraw Hill, 2003).

§§2.1-2.3

1. According to Rachels, what recurring theme in social science does the story of Darius, the Greeks, and the Callatians illustrate?
2. According to Rachels, in what two ways do Eskimos appear to have less regard for human life than we do in our culture?
3. Rachels enumerates a number of claims commonly made by cultural relativists. How many does he list?

C.S. Lewis, from Mere Christianity (Macmillan, 1958).

1. Lewis begins by talking about "standard[s] of behaviour" that we expect others to know about. In lecture, what name did we give to such standards?
2. Why, according to Lewis, do some people believe that the idea of a law of decent behavior known to all people is fictitious?
3. TRUE or FALSE: Lewis thinks that while there are differences between the moral codes of different cultures, there are some common to elements to them all.
4. TRUE or FALSE: Lewis believes that most of us are generally good at doing what we ought to do.
5. Near the end of his chapter, Lewis is discussing a view like the one we are calling Cultural Relativism. Name one of the implausible consequences of this view, according to Lewis.
6. Lewis says that sometimes, what appear to be differences of opinion about morality are actually differences of opinion about what?

James Rachels, "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism" from The Elements of Moral Philosophy, fourth ed. (McGraw Hill, 2003).

§§2.4-2.8

1. Rachels lists a number of what he takes to be implausible consequences of Cultural Relativism. Which one that he mentions is not mentioned by Lewis?
2. Rachels emphasizes that from the fact that customs differ between two cultures, we cannot automatically conclude that what differs between them?
3. Rachels cites a number of values that he believes are shared by virtually all cultures. Name two of them.
4. TRUE or FALSE: Rachels thinks that if one judges the practice of another culture to be wrong, this commits one trying to end that practice in that culture.
5. What genuine insight does Rachels say Cultural Relativism is based on?

Mary Midgley, "Trying Out One's New Sword" from her Heart and Mind: The varieties of moral experience (1981).

1. What is moral isolationism?
2. Is Midgley a moral isolationist?
3. Describe the practice that the title of Midgley's article is derived from.
4. Midgley claims that if it is ok to praise other cultures, it is also ok to do what?
5. What does Midgley think moral isolationism lays down a general ban on?

John Stuart Mill, excerpts from "What Utilitarianism Is," ch. 2 of his Utilitarianism (1863). Check out a first edition of the book, published in London in 1863.

pp. 1-4 (to 2/3 of the way down p. 4)

1. At the beginning of the reading, Mill appears to state what is more or less a fully general moral principle, or a moral theory. What is it?
2. What two names does he give it?
3. According to Mill, what are the only two things that are desirable in themselves?
4. According to Mill, what is true of all Epicurean "theories of life"?
5. TRUE or FALSE: According to Mill, it can happen that two pleasures are equal in the amount of pleasure they contain, yet one is more desirable than the other.
6. According to Mill, it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a what?
7. TRUE or FALSE: According to Mill, utilitarianism holds that right and wrong are determined solely by appeal to the agent's own happiness.
8. What common moral rule does Mill think contains the basic essence of utilitarianism?

Fred Feldman, "What is Act Utilitarianism?" from his Introductory Ethics (Prentice-Hall, 1978).

pp. 16-26

1. Feldman thinks that you are probably a utilitarian if you think that the moral status of an action is determined by what?
2. What are the main differences between generic actions and concrete actions?
3. Consider this claim: "an act is wrong if it makes someone feel bad." Is making someone feel bad a necessary or a sufficient condition for the act's being wrong?
4. Consider this claim: "an act is wrong only if God forbids it." Is God forbidding it a necessary or a sufficient condition for the act's being wrong?
5. Recall this interpretation of Mill's theory: "an act is right if and only if it causes pleasure and the absence of pain." Feldman thinks that this principle is not true because it implies that what?
6. Recall this interpretation of Mill's theory: "an act is right if and only if it causes pleasure and does not cause pain." Feldman mentions two features that this principle lacks that he thinks any plausible utilitarian principle needs. Name one of these features.
7. State the interpretation of Mill's theory that Feldman thinks is the best interpretation.
8. What is consequentialism?

John Stuart Mill, excerpts from "What Utilitarianism Is," ch. 2 of his Utilitarianism (1863).

the rest of the reading

1. According to Mill, those who think that utilitarianism is "too high for humanity" claim that utilitarianism requires us always to be motivated by a desire to promote what?
2. Mill thinks that to make this objection against utilitarianism is to confuse what with what?
3. TRUE or FALSE: Mill holds that if you save a child from drowning in order to get a reward rather than in order to promote happiness, then your act is wrong.
4. Mill suggests that utilitarianism harmonizes quite nicely with religion if it is assumed that God desires what?
5. According to an objection to utilitarianism that Mill discusses, utilitarianism requires us to do what before we act?
6. In response to this objection, Mill claims that it is a mistake to use utilitarianism to directly test what?
7. According to Mill, when we are in a situation in which we have conflicting duties, to what do we appeal to decide between them?

pp. 36-41.

1. TRUE or FALSE: In discussing the "too high for humanity" objection, Feldman claims that when he treats his neighbors with respect, his motive is to promote the general interests of society.
2. Which premise of Feldman's formalization of the "too high for humanity" objection would Mill reject?
3. According to Feldman, on utilitarianism, just because someone did something wrong does not mean that it is right to do what to them?
4. Which premise of Feldman's formalization of the "lack of time" objection would Mill reject?
5. What is practical normative ethics?  Be sure to explain the key term in the definition.
6. What is theoretical normative ethics?
7. TRUE or FALSE: According to Feldman, if Mill put forth utilitarianism as a principle of practical normative ethics, then the "lack of time" objection is a good objection.
8. TRUE or FALSE: According to Feldman, if Mill put forth utilitarianism as a principle of theoretical normative ethics, then the "lack of time" objection is a good objection.
9. Does Feldman assume that utilitarianism is intended as a principle of practical normative ethics or theoretical normative ethics?

1. What are the two real-world examples in which Askell thinks it is common for people to lack moral empathy.
2. For each of the ideas or issues listed below, say whether Askell would think it forms the basis for a fair and reasonable objection to the anti-abortion position or instead fails to take the anti-abortion position seriously:
   (a) the idea of when the fetuses become a person
   (b) the idea that men have no place discussing the issue of abortion
   (c) the idea that women have a right to do what they like with their bodies
   (d) the idea of the degree to which personhood is morally relevant
   (e) the slogan "if you don’t like abortion, then just don’t have one"
   (f) the relative importance of bodily autonomy and the interests of beings dependent on us
   

Don Marquis, "Why Abortion is Immoral" Journal of Philosophy 86 (1989): 183-202.

thru §II (pp. 183-194)

1. According to Marquis, what do most philosophers affiliated with secular institutions of higher education believe about the anti-abortion position?
2. Marquis's paper will argue that abortion is in the same moral category as what?
3. Marquis discusses two senses of the term 'human being'.  What are they?
4. According to Marquis, in what way is the term 'person' typically defined in pro-choice arguments?
5. Does Marquis think that having rights entails being conscious?
6. Marquis claims that in order to settle the abortion debate, we need a general theory of what?
7. To begin developing such a theory, Marquis first asks what simple question?
8. State one of the counterexamples Marquis gives to the view that what makes killing a person wrong is the harm it would do to others.
9. TRUE or FALSE: Marquis holds that the main thing that makes it wrong to murder an adult is what this does to him or her.
10. Just what does killing some people do to them that makes it wrong, according to Marquis?
11. TRUE or FALSE: According to Marquis's theory of the wrongness of killing, what makes killing Yoda or Frodo or Spock wrong is the very same thing that makes killing you or I wrong.
12. TRUE or FALSE: Marquis's theory of the wrongness of killing implies that the killing of any human being is wrong.
13. TRUE or FALSE: According to Marquis's theory of the wrongness of killing, what makes killing a healthy newborn baby wrong is the very same thing that makes killing you or I wrong.
14. TRUE or FALSE: According to Marquis's theory of the wrongness of killing, what makes killing a healthy human embryo or fetus wrong is the very same thing that makes killing you or I wrong.
15. TRUE or FALSE: Marquis's argument for the wrongness of killing a fetus relies on the premise that a fetus is a person.
16. TRUE or FALSE: Marquis thinks that all abortions are wrong.

§§III-VI

1. Which of these more accurately describes Marquis' account of the wrongness of killing?
   (a) If an individual has a future like ours in store, it's seriously prima facie wrong to kill that individual.
   (b) If an individual does not have a future like ours in store, it's not seriously prima facie wrong to kill that individual.
2. What is the desire account of the wrongness of killing?
3. What does the desire account of the wrongness of killing imply about the morality of abortion, and why?
4. Why does Marquis think that the desire account is mistaken?
5. The "mentation requirement on victimizability" holds that in order for it to be wrong to deprive an individual of a future like ours, what must be true of that individual?
6. What is Marquis's counterexample to this view?
7. TRUE or FALSE: Marquis agrees that his position on abortion commits him to the claim that contraception is wrong.

1. What technical term does Feldman use to describe the actions of the heroic mailman?
2. Define this term.
3. According to Feldman, is this sort of action a problem for utilitarianism?
4. In Feldman's Promise-to-the-Dead-Man example, would anyone be harmed if the grandson were to break the promise?
5. Philosophers often use fanciful examples like desert-island cases.  Why, according to Feldman, do philosophers do this?
6. State what you take to be the utilitarian account of promissory obligation (that is, the explanation that a utilitarian would give for why we ought to keep our promises (when we ought to do so)).
7. Feldman considers an alternative account of promissory obligation, or of why we ought to keep our promises.
   TRUE or FALSE: on this alternative picture, it is always wrong to break a promise.
8. What are three ways mentioned by Feldman in which punishment promotes utility?
9. According to Feldman, the utilitarian justification of punishment is
   (a) totally backward-looking.
   (b) totally forward-looking.
   (c) both backward- and forward-looking.
   (d) neither backward- nor forward-looking.
10. What is the retributive theory of punishment and can a utilitarian accept it?
11. TRUE or FALSE: Feldman rejects the utilitarian account of punishment.

1. According to Rachels, utilitarianism implies that we are obligated to keep donating our money and possessions until our standard of living is equal to what?
2. TRUE or FALSE: According to Rachels, utilitarianism implies that the ordinary cabinetmaker that he describes is living a morally unacceptable life.
3. What kind of person does Cottingham say is a moral leper?
   

Nozick, excerpt from Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Basic Books, 1974), 26-33: "The Minimal State and the Ultraminimal State," "Moral Constraints and Moral Goals," and "Why Side Constraints?"

1. Nozick talks about a doctrine called a "utilitarianism of rights."  Whereas Mill's theory has us maximize the amount of pleasure minus pain in the world, this theory has us minimize what?
2. Nozick imagines an example in which, unless an innocent person is punished for a crime he didn't commit, an angry mob will kill a bunch of people.  As we have seen, conventional utilitarianism (like our AU) implies that, if the utilities work out in the right way, it would be ok to punish this innocent person.  Does Nozick think that a utilitarianism of rights would also imply that it could be ok to punish the innocent person?  Why or why not?
3. What about the view he calls the 'side-constraint view'?  Does he think this view would imply that it could be right to punish the innocent person?
4. Nozick says that the side-constraint view reflects a principle of the philosopher Immanuel Kant.  What is this principle?
5. Nozick notes that it is reasonable for a person to choose to undergo some pain and hardship for a greater benefit later on.  A utilitarian like Mill might point to this to justify their view that it can be right to bring pain and sacrifice to some person for the sake of the overall social good.  Nozick thinks that to use a person in this way does not sufficiently respect what? 

Tännsjö, "Moral Rights," from his Understanding Ethics, 2nd ed. (2008),

pp. 73-80:

1. According to the moral rights tradition, there are absolute moral duties and they arise from what?
2. Suppose that each of us has a right to our own bodies.  What two things does Tännsjö say this involves?
3. Does Tännsjö think that there is any sense in which a utilitarian can believe in moral rights?
4. Tännsjö mentions the view that in order to have moral rights, a being must be a moral agent (or at least have the capacity to be one).  What are two things that, Tännsjö says, a moral agent can do?
5. Suppose we are all in the state of nature, the state of things before any societies came into existence.  Even in this pre-civilized state, what does each of us own, according to the moral rights tradition?
6. We're all still in the state of nature.  Suppose I'd like to own something else, such as some piece of land.  What do I have to do, according to John Locke, to gain rightful ownership of the piece of land?
7. What feature does Locke's theory have and Nozick's theory lack that makes Locke's theory more similar to utilitarianism than Nozick's theory?
8. How does Tännsjö suggest that the rights theorist would solve the Trolley Problem?  (As background to this question, to solve the Trolley Problem is to find a morally relevant difference between Switch and Footbridge that explains why it's ok to kill one and save five in Switch but not ok to do this in Footbridge.)

pp. 80-89:

1. Why do you think Nozick considers the modern welfare state to be just a sophisticated system of slavery?
2. Which of the following is NOT an implication of Nozick's theory, according to Tännsjö?
   (a) it allows the buying and selling of kidneys
   (b) it allows a person to pay someone to kill them
   (c) it allows the killing of one person against their will in order to to save the lives of a greater number of others
   (d) it allows a person to sell their heart
3. What does the moral rights theory imply about Anna's action (was it right or wrong)?  What does utilitarianism imply about Anna's action (was it right or wrong)?  What is your own opinion about Anna's action (was it right or wrong)?
4. In your opinion, is it ever the case that a person has a moral obligation to help a stranger who is in need?  If you answer Yes, can you accept the moral rights theory (at least of Nozick's variety)?
5. If a defender of a moral rights theory would like their theory to imply that animals have rights, which part of their theory do they need to adjust?
6. According to Tännsjö, if a moral rights theory accepts that there are animal rights, what other sort of being will the theory have to say also has rights?
7. Tännsjö assumes that if fetuses have rights (such as a right to life), then it follows that abortion will be morally wrong.  Do you agree that this follows?
8. According to Tännsjö, the utilitarian takes the welfare of ______________ just as seriously as the welfare of human beings.

Judith Thomson, "A Defense of Abortion," Philosophy & Public Affairs 1 (1971): 47-66.

thru §4

1. According to Thomson, the most common argument for the claim that the fetus is a person is based on the fact that the development of a human being from conception through birth is continuous, and so to choose a point in this development to be the point at which the fetus becomes a person is to make an arbitrary choice.  She thinks this is a bad argument because this sort of reasoning would commit you to what obviously false claim?
2. According to Thomson, many who argue against abortion spend a lot of effort trying to show that a fetus is a person but little effort trying to show that from this it follows that what?
3. In her defense of abortion, what is Thomson prepared to grant about the fetus?
4. TRUE or FALSE: Thomson thinks that you cannot ever be unplugged from the violinist.
5. Does Thomson thus think that we can always do whatever is required to save our own lives?
6. TRUE or FALSE: Thomson holds that although the violinist has a right to life, he does not have the right to the use of your body, even though that is required to save his life.
7. Thomson assumes that it is obvious that when a pregnancy is due to rape, the woman has not given the fetus what?
8. Thomson considers the view that when a pregnancy is due not to rape but to voluntary sex, the woman has given the fetus what?
9. According to that view, having an abortion in such a case would be more like what act and less like what act?
10. In order to cast doubt on the idea that voluntary sex gives a fetus the right to use the woman's body, Thomson notes that voluntarily opening a window in your house does not give a burglar a right to what, nor "people-seeds" a right to what?

§§5-8

1. TRUE or FALSE: Supposing that you only had to be plugged into the violinist for an hour, Thomson still thinks that it would be ok for you to unplug from him and let him die.
2. TRUE or FALSE: Thomson thinks that both of these claims can be true together: (i) an older brother ought to give his younger brother some of his chocolates, but (ii) the younger brother has no right to any of the chocolates.
3. TRUE or FALSE: Thomson thinks that if the burdens or pregnancy were small enough – e.g., if they lasted only one hour – then abortion even in cases of rape would be something the woman shouldn't choose.
4. Thomson claims that no one in any country is legally required to do what for anyone else.
5. She then notes that there is one striking exception to this.  She says it is obvious what that is.  What is it?
6. Thomson thinks that those working towards making abortion illegal must also, on pain of inconsistency, work towards implementing what kind of laws generally?
7. TRUE or FALSE: Thomson has not argued that abortion is always ok.

Locke, some excerpts from his Two Treatises of Government (1690): pp. 106-111 (§4-§14); pp. 30-31 (§42); p. 116 (§26).

1. The situation or state of things that Locke is describing is often referred to as "the state of ________ ."
2. Locke thinks that people have obligations towards each other when they exist together in this state.  Name one such obligation.
3. When people exist in this state together, does anyone have the right to see to it that others keep their obligations?  If so, who has this right?
4. What right does Locke say exists in §10.
5. TRUE or FALSE: Locke admits and no actual person may have ever been in a state of nature?
6. In your own words, what does "justice" entitle everyone to, and what does "charity" entitle everyone to?
7. What does Locke mean when he says that "every man has a 'property' in his own 'person'"?
8. How does one make something else one's property, according to Locke?
9. According to Locke, is there a limit to how much property someone may acquire in this way?  Explain.

W.D. Ross, "What Makes Right Acts Right?" from his The Right and the Good (1930).

pp. 16-31 (thru ¶29), 41-42 (¶45):

1. TRUE or FALSE: According to Ross, Kant maintains that it is always wrong to break a promise.
2. TRUE or FALSE: Ross agrees with Kant about this.
3. FILL IN THE BLANKS: Ross introduces the technical term '_____ _____ duty'.
4. According to Ross, each prima facie duty cannot seriously be doubted to have what?
5. TRUE or FALSE: Ross claims that several of the duties found in the Ten Commandments can be explained by appeal to some of his prima facie duties.
6. Ross appeals to three of his duties to explain the general duty to obey the law.  To which three does he appeal to explain this?
7. How does Ross think we know that it is prima facie right to keep a promise?
8. According to Ross, the set of basic prima facie duties is just as much a part of the fundamental nature of the universe as what?
9. According to Ross, while we can be relatively certain of the general principles of moral obligation, our judgments of what are much less certain?
10. According to Ross, an act is morally right if and only if it has what?  (Notice that this question is in the form of all the moral theories we have studied.)

pp. 34-42 (¶¶34-45)

11. TRUE or FALSE: Ross maintains that it is sometimes right to make the world worse.
12. According to Ross, cases in which a person has done what best illustrate his view on the previous question.
13. Take a look at the case in which fulfilling a promise to person A would do A 1,000 units of good while doing some other act would do person B 1,001 units of good. What does Ross think one should do in this case, and can a utilitarian agree with that?
    
14. According to Ross, our certainty that it is prima facie right to keep a promise depends not on our recognition of the good consequences of keeping promises but on what?
15. TRUE or FALSE: Ross thinks that there is a general duty to keep promises despite the fact that he thinks that promise-keeping has little effect on the general well-being.
16. According to Ross, what are the data to which moral theories must conform?
17. According to Ross, an act is morally right if and only if it has what?  (Notice that this question is in the form of all the moral theories we have studied.)

David Boonin, "Don't Know Much About (Black) History" from Should Race Matter? (2011), pp. 7-16

1. What was John Punch's occupation when he first came to the New World, what illegal thing did he do, and what, as a result, did he, in effect, become?  And what year was this?
2. TRUE or FALSE: When the Colonies declared their independence in 1776, all thirteen of them had laws allowing slavery.
3. TRUE or FALSE: Although the individual states supported slavery in the years leading up to the Civil War, the United States federal government never authorized or facilitated it.
4. Name three things that Southern states did in the decades after abolition that made life worse for Blacks.
5. Many people don't know exactly what Rosa Parks was demanding in her famous protest.  She wasn't demanding that Black people be allowed to sit anywhere on the bus that they wanted.  So what was she demanding?
6. Name two ways in which schools were separate but unequal before the famous Brown v. Board of Education ruling.
7. TRUE or FALSE: Since the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, even de facto school segregation has been largely eliminated in the United States.
8. What does Boonin mean by the expression "slavery and its aftermath"?

David Boonin, "The State of the Union(s)" from Should Race Matter? (2011), pp. 16-20.

1. TRUE or FALSE: Despite the legacy of slavery and its aftermath, today black Americans are doing about as well as white Americans by a number of standard measures.
2. Name two statistics from economics that compare how well black Americans are doing economically relative to white Americans?
3. How much higher is the infant mortality rate for black Americans than for white Americans?
4. What percentage of black Americans lived in poverty in 2004 as compared with white Americans?
5. How did the comedian Chris Rock sum up these statistics about how well black Americans are doing relative to white Americans?

Randall Robinson, "America's Debt to Blacks," The Nation 13 (2000). 

1. Robinson appeals to a moral principle roughly like the following: if a country ______________ that causes citizens living much later to _____________ , then the country must ______________ .  Fill in the blanks in a way that reasonably captures Robinson's principle.
2. TRUE or FALSE: Robinson maintains that present-day Americans are at least partly to blame for the slavery that existed in America in the past.
3. TRUE or FALSE: Robinson believes that "redlining" has played an important role in the unjust treatment of African Americans.
4. TRUE or FALSE: Robinson believes that the public initiatives required to address America's slavery-related wrongs are a matter of charity as opposed to a duty of justice.

David Boonin, "The Compensation Argument," from Should Race Matter? (2011).

1. What is "the slave reparations position"?
2. Which of these correctly describes Boonin's view with respect to it?
   (i) He has always accepted it.
   (ii) He has always rejected it.
   (iii) At first he accepted it and now he rejects it.
   (iv) At first he rejected it and now he accepts it.
3. Which of these does Boonin say would be the best way for the government to discharge its reparations obligation?
   (i) job training for black Americans
   (ii) small business loans for black Americans
   (iii) providing parents with school vouchers
   (iv) a museum to the legacy of slavery and its aftermath
   (v) none of the above.
4. What is the "historical claim" that plays a key role in the compensation argument?
5. In the context of the compensation argument, who are the past and present claimants and who are the past and present debtors?
6. Robinson writes in "America's Debt to Blacks" that "the black living suffer real and current consequences as a result of wrongs committed by a younger America." Boonin calls this "the causal claim." How does Boonin formulate the causal claim?
7. TRUE or FALSE: Boonin supports the causal claim in the same way that Robinson did.
8. What do we get if we combine the the compensation principle, the historical claim, and the causal claim?
9. Robinson writes in "America's Debt to Blacks" that "The life and responsibilities of a nation are not limited to the life spans of its mortal
   constituents." What name does Boonin give to the related principle, and how does he formulate it?
10. TRUE or FALSE: Boonin thinks that for the compensation argument to work, there needs to be some U.S. government officials in office today who were also in office during the aftermath of slavery (i.e., before 1965). 
    

David Horowitz, "Ten Reasons Why Reparations for Blacks is a Bad Idea for Blacks – and Racist Too" FrontPageMagazine.com 3 (2001).

1. TRUE or FALSE: Horowitz maintains (i) that the pro-reparations view is based on the claim that only whites have benefited from slavery, but (ii) black Americans have much greater incomes than do the black Africans who live in the African countries from which the original slaves were kidnapped.
2. Horowitz does not deny that reparations were owed to Jewish survivors of the Holocaust, Japanese-American victims of internment during WWII, African-American victims of the Tuskegee experiments, and others.  But he thinks there is a morally relevant difference between these cases and the case of reparations for slavery.  What is it?
3. TRUE or FALSE: Horowitz maintains that the United States has already paid reparations to African Americans to redress past wrongs.
4. Horowitz claims that the case for reparations is based on the claim that all African-American descendants of slaves suffer from the economic consequences of slavery and discrimination.  Would Robinson and Boonin agree that all African-American descendants of slaves so suffer?

Ta-Nehisi Coates and Coleman Hughes, "Should America pay reparations for slavery?" The Guardian (Jun 2019). (Or watch the video instead: Coates; Hughes.)

1. Coates criticizes Senator Mitch McConnell for holding that "American accounts are somehow bound by the lifetime of its generations."  Would Robinson agree or disagree with the claim that "American accounts are ... bound by the lifetime of its generations"?
2. TRUE or FALSE: Coates bases his support of reparations just on slavery itself rather than on its aftermath.
3. TRUE or FALSE: Coates bases his support of reparations partly on the idea that African Americans are on average worse off today than whiate Americans.  What passage from Coates shows your answer to be the right one?
4. Hughes, who is Black, writes, "I was born ... into a privileged household in the suburbs. I attend an Ivy League school." Robinson writes, "the black living suffer real and current consequences as a result of wrongs committed by a younger America," a claim that plays an important role in Robinson's pro-reparations argument. Does Hughes's claim refute Robinson's claim? Why or why not?
5. Hughes presents a number of reasons why he is against reparations. Explain one such reason.
   

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thanks for reading!