PHIL 1100 -- Ethics
Fall 2016
Prof. Chris Heathwood
University of Colorado Boulder

Second Paper Assignment

50 points

due Tuesday, November 29th in class, at the start of class

Write an 800-1,200 word (roughly 2.5-4 page) paper in which you defend a thesis of your choosing related to our course.  Below is list of questions that your paper might try to answer.  You may write a paper that defends an answer to one of these questions, or you may write a paper that answers a different question.  Whatever topic you choose, indicate your topic in the title of your paper.  For some of the questions, I'll give you some hints as to what a paper on this question should include.  Read over these hints even if you don't answer that particular question; doing so will help you with whatever question you do answer.

Before you begin, you need to read the Philosophy Paper FAQ.  It is very important that you read over this carefully and more than once.  It will be impossible to do well on the paper if you don't.

1. Do any of the arguments that we studied against Cultural Relativism refute that theory?
   

2. Is Ross' Argument from Promises against Utilitarianism sound?

Thesis: "Ross' Argument from Promises against Utilitarianism is unsound."
Background: explain and illustrate Act Utilitarianism; Present and explain Ross' Argument from Promises against Utilitarianism (pp. 34-35 of Ross)
Argument: Explain which premise of Ross' argument is false, and lay out in detail your reasons for thinking it is false.
Objection: If you have space, you can consider and respond to a reply that Ross might make to your argument.

3. Is the following argument against Rossian Pluralism sound?
   
   P1. If we all successfully follow Rossian Pluralism, we'll be less happy as a whole than if we all successfully follow utilitarianism.
   P2. It would be irrational for us to follow a theory under which we would be less happy as a whole.
   C1. Therefore, it would be irrational for us to follow Rossian Pluralism.
   P3. If it would be irrational for us to follow some moral theory, then that theory cannot be the correct moral theory.
   C2. Therefore, Rossian Pluralism cannot be the correct moral theory.
   
   If you choose to answer this question, be sure to give what you take to be the rationales behind each of the three premises in this argument.
   
   
4. What is the correct response to the Trolley Problem?

Here are some theses that you might defend on this topic:
"The bystander in Switch may turn the trolley to save five, but the onlooker in Footbridge may not push the large man to save five, and this is because __________________________ ."
"It is wrong both to push the large man in Footbridge and to turn the trolley in Switch."
"It is permissible both to push the large man in Footbridge and to turn the trolley in Switch."

One way to defend this last thesis would be to show that a number of attempts to identify a morally relevant difference between the bystander saving five in Switch and the onlooker saving five in Footbridge fail.

5. Act Utilitarianism and Nozick's Rights Theory give different answers to the question of what to do in Tännsjö's Anna case.  Which theory gives the right answer?
   
   
6. Is Robinson's argument for slave reparations sound?
   
   
7. Is Norcross' argument for the wrongness of buying factory-farmed meat sound?

Thesis: "Norcross' argument for the wrongness of buying factory-farmed meat is sound."
Background: Explain Norcross' argument.
Argument: Present 2-3 of the best criticisms to Norcross' argument in the form of potentially morally relevant differences between Fred's behavior and buying factory-farmed meat; explain why none of these criticisms of Norcross' argument is successful; conclude that since you can't find any morally relevant differences between Fred's behavior and buying factory-farmed meat, Norcross' argument appears to be sound.

8. Is there a good argument for the permissibility of eating meat?
   
   
9. Is Marquis' argument for the wrongness of abortion sound?

Thesis: "Marquis' argument for the wrongness of abortion is unsound."
Background: Explain Marquis' argument.
Argument: Explain which premise of Marquis' argument is false, and why.
Objections: If you have space, consider and respond to a possible reply that Marquis' might give.

9. What is the best theory of the wrongness of killing?
   

Some other theses that a person might defend:

1. "There cannot be right and wrong without God."
2. "The desire approach to the wrongness is killing can avoid Marquis' arguments."
3. "Paske's argument against Marquis' FLO theory having to do with murdering the elderly [Paske, p. 80] is unsuccessful."
4. "The causal impotence objection to Norcross' argument is successful."
5. "The Trolley Problem can be used to cast doubt on the common intuition that it would be wrong for the doctor to kill her patient in the organ harvest case."
6. "Ross' list of prima facie duties is incomplete."
7. "Rachels' argument against hedonism (§8.2 of 'The Debate Over Utilitarianism') is unsuccessful."
8. "There are morally relevant differences between the case of slave reparations and the case of the company that spilled toxic waste, and these cast doubt on Robinson's case for slave reparations."
9. "None of Horowitz's objections to slave reparations makes trouble for Robinson's argument."

Just to be clear, it is perfectly ok for you pick one of these theses and write a paper defending it.

Yet another thing you might do in your paper is find an argument from another source that bears on one of our topics, and then Extract, Explain, and Evaluate that argument (as we did with Ben Franklin's argument in class).  If you do this option, you should quote the text from which you are extracting the argument, so that we can evaluate whether you have interpreted the argument correctly.