PUBLICATIONS 

T.M. Griffin, T.J. Roberts and R. Kram. Metabolic cost of generating muscular force in human walking: insights from load-carrying and speed experiments. J. Applied Physiology. 95:172-183, 2003.

J.S. Gottschall and R. Kram. Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking. J. Applied Physiology. 94:1766-1772, 2003.

J.R. Hutchinson, D. Famini, R. Lair, R. Kram. Are fast-moving elephants really running? Nature 422:493-494, 2003.

J.M. Donelan, R. Kram, A.D. Kuo. Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of walking. J. Experimental Biology. 205:3717-3727, 2002.

J.M. Donelan, R. Kram, A.D. Kuo. Simultaneous positive and negative external mechanical work in human walking. J. Biomechanics. 35:117-124, 2002.

J.M. Donelan, R. Kram and A.D. Kuo. Mechanical and metabolic determinants of the preferred step width in human walking. Proc. Royal Society London B. 268:1985-1992, 2001.

Y.-H. Chang, C. M. Hamerski and R. Kram. Applied horizontal force increases impact loading in reduced gravity running. J. Biomechanics. 34:679-685, 2001.

T.M. Griffin and R. Kram. Penguin waddling is not wasteful. Nature. 408:929, 2000.

J.M. Donelan and R. Kram. Exploring dynamic similarity in human running using simulated reduced gravity. J. Experimental Biology. 203:2405-2415, 2000.

R. Kram. Muscular force or work: what determines the metabolic cost of running? Exercise and Sports Science Reviews , 28:138-143, 2000.

M.H. Dickinson, C.T. Farley, R.J. Full, M.A.R. Koehl, R. Kram and S. Lehman. How animals move: an integrative view. Science. 288:100-106, 2000.

Y.H. Chang, H.W.C. Huang, C.M. Hamerski and R. Kram. The independent effects of gravity and inertia on running mechanics. J. Experimental Biology 203: 229-238, 2000.

Y.H. Chang and R. Kram. metabolic cost of generating horizontal forces during human running.J. Applied Physiology. 86:1657-1662, 1999.

T.M. Griffin, N.A. Tolani and R. Kram. Walking in simulated reduced gravity: mechanical energy fluctuations and exchange. J. Applied Physiology 86:383-390, 1999.

T.J. Roberts, R. Kram, P.G. Weyand and C.R. Taylor. Energetics of bipedal running I. Metabolic cost of generating force. J. Experimental Biology 201:2745-2751, 1998.

R. Kram and T.J. Dawson. Energetics and biomechanics of locomotion by red kangaroos (Macropus rufus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 120:41-49, 1998.

R. Kram, T.M. Griffin, J.M. Donelan, Y.H. Chang. Force-treadmill for measuring vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces. J. Applied Physiology 85:764-769, 1998.

J.M. Donelan and R. Kram. The effects of size, speed and gravity on the kinematics of human walking; a test of the dynamic similarity hypothesis. J. Experimental Biology 200:3193-3201, 1997.

R. Kram. Are efficiency and the cost of generating force both relevant concepts? J. Applied Biomechanics 13:460-463, 1997.

R. Kram, R.J. Full and B. Wong. 3-d kinematics and internal mechanical energies of running cockroaches, (Blaberus discoidalis). J. Experimental Biology 200:1919-1929, 1997.

R. Kram, A. Domingo and D.P. Ferris. Effect of reduced gravity on the preferred walk-run transition speed. J. Experimental Biology 200:821-826, 1997.

R. Kram. Inexpensive load carrying by rhinoceros beetles. J. Experimental Biology 199:609-612,1996.

S.L. Lehman, R. Kram and C.T. Farley. Locomotion and muscle biomechanics. In: Introduction to Bioengineering (ed. S.A. Berger,W. Goldsmith, E.R. Lewis). U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1996.

K.M. Baldwin, T.P. White, S.B. Arnaud, V.R. Edgerton, W.J. Kraemer, R. Kram, D. Raab-Cullen and C.M. Snow. Musculoskeletal adaptations to weightlessness and development of effective countermeasures. Medicine Science Sports and Exercise 28:1247-1253, 1996.

V.A. Langman, T.J. Roberts, J. Black, G.M.O. Maloiy, N.C. Heglund, J.-M. Weber,R. Kram and C.R. Taylor. Moving cheaply: energetics of walking in the African elephant. J. Experimental Biology 198:629-632, 1995.

R. Kram. Carrying loads with springy poles. J. Applied Physiology 72:1119-1122, 1991.

J. He, R. Kram and T. A. McMahon. The mechanics of running under simulated low gravity. J. Applied Physiology 71:863-867, 1991.

R. Kram and C.R. Taylor. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346:265-267,1990.

P.R. Cavanagh and R. Kram. Stride length in distance running: velocity, body dimensions and added mass effects. chapter in: Biomechanics of distance running. Human Kinetics Books,(Champaign, IL) 1990.

R. Kram and A.J. Powell. A treadmill-mounted force platform. J. Applied Physiology 67:1692-1698, 1989.

P.R. Cavanagh and R. Kram. Stride length in distance running: velocity, body dimensions, and added mass. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21:467-479, 1989.

R. Kram. Comment on 'on the relation between joint moments and pedaling rates'. J. Biomechanics 20:554, 1987.

R. Kram. Interaction of ventilatory movements with distance running biomechanics. M.S. Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University. May, 1986. Published by Microform Publications, Univ. of Oregon 1989 (microfiche).

P.R. Cavanagh, and R. Kram. The efficiency of human movement - a statement of the problem. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 17:304-308, 1985.

P.R. Cavanagh and R. Kram. Mechanical and muscular factors affecting the efficiency of human movement. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.17:326-331, 1985.

P.R. Cavanagh, G.C. Andrew, R. Kram, M.M. Rodgers, D.J. Sanderson, & E.M. Hennig. An approach to biomechanical profiling of elite distance runners. International J. Sports Biomechanics 1:36-62, 1985.