Seminar in
Ethics and Academic Integrity, University of Colorado at Boulder
Academic Dishonesty: the Social Implications*
Setting and enforcing high standards for academic integrity goes beyond simple
moralism. It also helps students develop values that are necessary for living
in--and contributing to-- a society where people routinely depend upon the
knowledge and integrity of others. Consider the following examples from the
national press:
Cheating on nuclear power licensing examinations
1. "A former supervisor at the disabled Three Mile Island nuclear power plant
was fined $2,000 and sentenced to two year’s probation for cheating on
relicensing examinations. James F. Floyd was supervisor of operations at TMI’s
Unit 2 in March 1979, when it was the scene of the worst accident ever at a U.S.
Commercial nuclear plant. He was convicted in November of two counts of making
false statements on the federally required exams in June 1979."
"Exam Cheat Sentenced" March 13, 1985
Washington Post, (p.47).
Cheating on air traffic control examinations
2. "An instructor at the Federal Aviation Administration’s air traffic control
training school has charged that answers to the final exam were circulated among
students and might have enabled failing students to pass. The instructor... said
a packet of answers to problems from the exam might have been available to
students for as long as two years before FAA officials began developing
substitute questions."
"Exam Cheat Sentenced" March 13, 1985
Washington Post, (p. A7).
Faking scientific data or experiments
3. "At Yale University, an assistant professor fabricated data in his research
on patients with anorexia nervosa, a personality disorder that results in
life-threatening weight loss. So far, 11 scientific papers from the Yale
laboratory have [had to be] retracted..."
"Behind the scandals in science labs" March 2,
1981 U.S. News and World Report, (p.54).
4. "After steady trickle of fraud in academic science, now comes a serious case
of misrepresented data. Charles J. Glueck, of the University of Cincinnati,
reported that children can effectively be fed a low-cholesterol diet to prevent
heart disease. But the prescription may be false: a university committee found
that the study was based on data that ‘barely existed.’ This month Dr. Glueck
resigned.
"Credit and acreditability in science"
(Editorial) July 26, 1986 New York Times, (p.26).
5. "U.S. District Court Judge John Vukasin ordered Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory chemist Ronald Stump to repay the government $125,000 which he
received from faking test results on an U.S. Department of Energy electronic
device..." [When lab chemists tested the device, it would not work-- and they
concluded Stump’s experimental results were "impossible"].
"Livermore chemist punished for false test
results" Daily Californian August 9, 1989, (p.1).
6. "June Price Tangney, a lecturer in psychology at Bryn Mawr College, has
explored the attitudes toward scientific misconduct among scientists at a
‘highly ranked’ research university and reported the results of her survey in a
forum on scientific fraud at the annual meeting of the American Psychological
Foundation... In what Ms. Tangney called the most disturbing finding, 32 percent
of those surveyed said they suspected a colleague, either at the university or
elsewhere, of falsifying data. Of the scientists with such suspicions, 54
percent had failed either to check the suspicions out or to take action to
remedy the situation."
"One-third of scientists surveyed at major
university suspected a colleague of fraudulent research" September 9, 1987
Chronicle of Higher Education, (p.A6).
Financial Fraud
7. "Solid numbers are hard to come by, since the cases fall across several legal
and regional jurisdictions. But in the last year alone at least 20 public
companies traded on national stock exchanges have come forward to disclose
serious lapses in their past financial statements ranging from inflated sales
and hidden ownership to the possibility of outright embezzlement... ‘In the
1980's, most of the lawsuits were takeover-related,’ said James Newman...
publisher of the research service Securities Class Action Alert. ‘In the 1990's,
we’ve seen very significant fraud and failures to disclose losses or poor
earnings.’
"Falsifying Corporate Data Becomes Fraud of the
‘90s" September 21, 1992 New York Times, (p.1).
Fraud in the courtroom
8. "Louise Robbins had but one claim to fame: She could see things in a
footprint that nobody else could see... Show her even a portion of a shoeprint
on any surface, Robbins maintained, and she could identify the person who made
it. By her own account, Robbins appeared as an expert, mostly for the
prosecution, in more than 20 criminal cases in 11 states... Her testimony had
helped to send at least a dozen people to prison. Robbins was the only person in
the world who claimed to do what she said she did. And her claims have now been
thoroughly debunked by the rest of the scientific community."
Mark Hansen, "Believe it or not," American Bar
Association Journal, June 1993,(p.64).
Fraud in Medicine
9. "This study demonstrates that cheating is extremely frequent (87.6 percent)
among premedical students. Although the frequency of medical school cheating
(58.2 percent) is significantly lower... the majority of students continue to
cheat in medical school. The most disturbing finding was the positive
correlation between cheating in school and cheating in patient care. There was a
continuum from cheating in college, to cheating in medical school didactic
areas, to cheating in clerkships in patient care."
Sierles, Hendrickx and Circle, "Cheating in
Medical School" Journal of Medical Education, v.55 February 1980, pp. 124-125.
10. "The results of 10,000 crucial internships-admission tests given graduates
of foreign medical schools have been thrown out because an estimated 3,000 to
4,000 test-takers, many of them Americans, bought or saw the answers, Medical
officials called it the largest such cheating scandal in recent history."
"Foreign Medical Grads Face Retest in Cheating
Scandal" October 8, 1983 Washington Post, (p.A10).
*Used with permission from G. Pavela, University
of Maryland
Prepared by: Jeffrey T. Luftig, Ph.D.
Leeds School of Business