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CONG
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RESS | |
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LEADERSHIP |
Weak. Individual members are the source of power representing interests. | Strong. Strong appeals to party. Control of agenda and committees. |
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COMMITTEES |
Weak. Open and fluid membership. Consensual decision making. Extensive public hearings. | Strong Chair person leadership. Strong rules committees and limited floor debate. |
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MEMBER GOALS |
Strong. Members elected to represent a positive public good. Individuals seek power to enforce the electorates agenda. Coalitions are ideologically based, not party.(1) | Weak. Represent party. Power is in leadership, not personal, power is sought within the institution.(2) |
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PAR
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TIES | |
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POWERS |
Weak. Parties are perceived as 'machine politics' and thus anti-majoritarian. | Strong. Parties are perceived as representing the values of the country. |
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THE PR
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ESIDENCY | |
| PRESIDENTIAL RELATIONS WITH OTHER BRANCHES | Adversarial. Differing conceptions of the public good from Congress due to position, institutional will.(3) | Cooperative. Consultation of bills, agendas. Managerial Presidency.(4) |
1. David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1974).
2. Dodd, Lawrence, "Congress and the Quest for Power", in Congress Reconsidered Dodd and Oppenheimer, Eds. Praeger, NY: 1977.
3. Clinton Rossiter, "The American Presidency" Arthur Schlesinger, "The Imperial Presidency" as well as Theodore Lowi, "The Personal Presidency."
4. Richard Neustadt, "Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership From FDR to Carter" 2nd Ed. (John Wiley & Sons, New York: 1980). Also, Richard Nathan, The Managerial Presidency Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September, 1983.