1. What do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?
A) ATP is produced.
B) DNA is present.
C) Ribosomes are present.
D) Only b and c are correct.
E) a, b and c are correct.

2. Which of the following would be found in an animal cell, but not in a bacterial cell?
A) DNA. B) cell wall. C) plasma membrane. D) ribosomes
E) mitochondria

3. In glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle, an oxidation/reduction reaction involving a substrate and NAD+ would lead to
A) the substrate being reduced and NAD+ being oxidized to NADH
B) the substrate being oxidized and NAD+ being reduced to NADH
C) the substrate being reduced and NAD+ being reduced to NADH
D) the substrate being oxidized and NAD+ being oxidized to NADH

4. Lactic Acid Bacteria are
A) Gram + bacteria that we consume by the billions in vinegar
B) Gram - bacteria that we consume by the billions in vinegar
C) Gram + bacteria that we consume by the billions in yogurt
D) fermentative bacteria that convert alcohol to lactic acid

5. Which of the following synthesizes steroids and phospholipids?
A) mitochondria
B) Golgi complex
C) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes

6. Which of the following are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A) microtubules. B) chloroplasts. C) nucleolus. D) ribosomes

7. Eukaryotic cells could not move cilia or flagella if they did not have
A) peroxisomes. B) chloroplasts. C) microtubules. D) plastids

8. Which of the following is capable of converting light energy to chemical bond energy?
A) chloroplasts. B) mitochondria. C) leucoplasts. D) peroxisomes
E) Golgi bodies

9. All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions EXCEPT
A) ATP. B) pyruvate. C) lactate. D) acetyl CoA. E) NADH.

10. The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
A) substrate-level phosphorylation
B) electron transport
C) photophosphorylation
D) chemiosmosis
E) oxidation of NADH

11. The process of noncyclic photophosphorylation (noncyclic electron flow) uses light energy to synthesize
A) ADP and ATP. B) ATP and P7000. C) ATP and NADPH. D) ADP and NADP.

12. When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner membrane, and into the intermembrane space, the result is
A) the immediate formation of ATP.
B) the reduction of NAD+.
C) the restoration of the Na+-K+ balance across the membrane.
D) the creation of a proton gradient (proton motive force).
E) the lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.

13. How many carbon atoms does each acetyl CoA feed into the Krebs cycle?
A) 2. B) 4. C) 6. D) 8. E) 10

14. An organism with a cell wall would be unable to do which process?
A) diffusion. B) osmosis. C) active transport. D) phagocytosis

15. Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of algae to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and then noted in which areas the bacteria congregated. He noted that the largest groups were found in the areas illuminated by the red and blue light. The purpose of this experiment was to determine
A) the relationship between the concentration of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis.
B) the relationship between wavelengths of light and the rate of aerobic respiration.
C) the relationship between wavelengths of light and the amount of heat released.
D) the relationship between wavelengths of light and the rate of photosynthesis.

16. Gram positive organisms are
A) Eukaryotic and have a thick peptidoglycan layer
B) Eukaryotic and have a thin peptidoglycan layer
C) Prokaryotic and have a thick peptidoglycan layer
D) Prokaryotic and have a thin peptidoglycan layer
E) Prokaryotic and have a thick chitin layer

17. Oxidation is the
A) gain of electrons
B) loss of electrons
C) production of electrons
D) addition of oxygen to a molecule

18. What does chemiosmosis involve?
A) The diffusion of water down an electrochemical gradient
B) The uptake of NADH produced in glycolysis into the mitochondrion.
C) A proton-motive force that drives the synthesis of ATP.
D) An ATP synthase that pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

19. During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where do the oxygen atoms in the H2O come from?
A) CO2. B) glucose. C) O2. D) pyruvate. E) lactate

20. Which of the following statements about NAD+ is FALSE?
A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
B) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis cannot function.
C) NAD+ is converted to ATP via substrate level phosphorylation

21. The products of the Krebs Cycle include
A) CO2. B) NADH. C) FADH2. D) ATP (via GTP)
E) all of the above

22. In plant cells, ATP is made in response to light. An electron transport chain is involved. This electron transport chain is found in the
A) thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
B) stroma of chloroplasts.
C) inner membrane of mitochondria.
D) matrix of mitochondria.
E) cytoplasm.

23. According to the fluid-mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?
A) They move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
B) They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.
C) They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane.
D) They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution.
E) They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

24. Suppose a yeast cell uses 10 molecules of glucose for energy production. No oxygen is available. What will be the net yield of ATP?
A) 12. B) 15. C) 20. D) 30. E) 36

25. In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
A) CO2 and H2O
B) CO2 and ethanol
C) NADH and pyruvate
D) CO2 and NADH
E) H2O and lactate

26. Cyclic electron flow in the chloroplast produces
A) ATP. B) NADPH. C) glucose.
D) Only a and b are correct.
E) a, b and c are correct.

27. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
A) nucleolus : ribosomal RNA
B) nucleus : DNA replication
C) lysosome : protein synthesis
D) cell membrane : lipid bilayer
E) cytoskeleton : microtubules

28. The oxygen (O2) consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in
A) glycolysis.
B) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.
E) the phosphorylation of ADP.

29. Fermentation is not as energy productive as respiration because
A) it does not take place in mitochondria.
B) it takes place in chloroplasts
C) it takes place within the mitochondria of cells.
D) NAD+ is regenerated by alcohol or lactate production, without the high energy electrons passing through the electron transport chain.

30. The primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is
A) to produce energy rich glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
B) to produce energy rich ATP and NADPH.
C) to produce NADPH used in respiration.
D) to convert light energy to the chemical energy of PGAL.
E) to use ATP to make glucose.

31. Which of the following is not true of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase?
A) It is a protein.
B) It speeds up a chemical reaction.
C) It lowers the energy of activation.
D) It catalyzes a phosphorylation reaction.
E) It has an affinity for both O2 and CO2.

32. Where does the light-independent Calvin Cycle take place?
A) stroma of the chloroplast
B) thylakoid membrane
C) cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast
D) chlorophyll molecule
E) outer membrane of the chloroplast

33 A biologist ground up some plant cells and then centrifuged the mixture. She obtained some organelles from the sediment in the test tube. The organelles took up CO2 and gave off O2. The organelles are most likely
A) chloroplasts. B) ribosomes. C) nuclei. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi apparatus.

34. Glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes are most important for
A) facilitated diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients.
B) active transport of molecules against their concentration gradients.
C) maintaining the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane.
D) maintaining membrane fluidity at low temperatures.
E) the ability of cells to recognize like and different cells.

35. The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it
A) pumps equal quantities of NA+ and K+ across the membrane.
B) pumps hydrogen ions into the cell.
C) helps generate a voltage across the membrane (membrane potential)
D) ionizes sodium and potassium.
E) pumps hydrogen ions into the cell and contributes to the membrane potential.

36. The net movement ("uphill") of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration is carried out by which of the following?
A) diffusion. B) active transport. C) osmosis. D) facilitated diffusion
E) all of the above

37. Which one of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
A) Respiration is the exact reversal of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis.
B) Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules and respiration releases it.
C) Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.
D) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.
E) Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic.

38. In a chloroplast of a plant cell, where is ATP synthase located?
A) thylakoid membrane
B) plasma membrane
C) inner mitochondrial membrane
D) a and c only are correct.
E) a, b and c

39. Bacterial flagella are
A) flexible whips made of polysaccharides
B) semi-rigid helices made of polysaccharides
C) semi-rigid helices made of microtubules
D) semi-rigid helices made of protein
E) flexible whips made of protein

40. More proteins are made in the _____ because of the ______ located there.
A) Golgi/vacuoles B) Smooth ER/ribosomes C) Rough ER/vacuoles
D) Rough ER/ribosomes

41. Which of the following connects most directly with the Nuclear Envelope?
A) Golgi B) Smooth ER C) Rough ER D) Ribosomes E) Lysosomes

42. Transport proteins in the plasma membrane are required for
A) diffusion.
B) osmosis.
C) facilitated diffusion only.
D) active transport only.
E) both facilitated diffusion and active transport.

43. Which of the following would move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
A) CO2 B) an acidic amino acid C) starch D) K+

44. Overall respiration and fermentation are
A) anabolic and endergonic
B) exergonic and catabolic
C) exergonic and anabolic
D) catabolic and endergonic

45. Eukaryotic cells can be larger than prokaryotic cells because
A) their plasma membrane has more control over the movement of materials into the cell.
B) their internal membrane system allows compartmentalization of functions and extra surface area for nutrient exchange.
C) their DNA is localized in the nucleus whereas protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm, separating these competing functions.

46. Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
A) lysosome B) tonoplast C) mitochondrion D) nuclear envelope

47. Based on its word roots, the best translation of acetogenesis is
A) living together
B) generating together
C) making sugar
D) splitting sugar
E) making vinegar

48. Based on its word roots, an oligotroph is an organism that
A) doesn't eat at all B) eats a lot C) eats a little
D) uses organic molecules as a carbon source

49. Based on its word roots, the best translation of glycolysis is
A) empty cow B) few sugars C) under sweet D) splitting sugar
E) making vinegar

50. A photoautotroph is an organisms that
A) uses CO2 as a carbon source and light as an energy source
B) uses CO2 as an energy source and light as a carbon source
C) uses CO2 as an energy source and organic molecules as a carbon source
D) uses organic molecules as a carbon and energy source