1. Azidothymidine (AZT) and acyclovir are effective inhibitors of the multiplication of some strains of HIV-1 and HSV-1, respectively, because...........
A. AZT and acyclovir are both direct inhibitors of reverse transcriptase
B. AZT and acyclovir are both nucleotide analogs that are preferentially used by human cells
C. AZT and acyclovir are both nucleotide analogs that are preferentially used by viral enzymes
D. AZT and acyclovir are both protease inhibitors

2. Through the course of long-term evolution, pathogens tend to become ____ virulent and hosts tend to become _______ susceptible to the pathogen.
A. less / more
B. more / less
C. less / less
D. more / more

3. The most current theory for how prions function is that prions
A. are inducers or repressors of gene expression.
B. cause a conformational change in proteins similar to themselves.
C. are lytic enzymes ("ribozymes") that make holes in individual brain cells.

4. After an initial outbreak of cold sores, the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) enters a
A. latent state in lip cells
B. latent state in nerve ganglia
C. lytic state in lip cells
D. lytic state in nerve ganglia

5. During the Inflammatory Response, capillaries become _____ permeable and ____ are the first phagocytes on the scene.
A. less / macrophages
B. more / neutrophiles (PMNs)
C. less / neutrophiles (PMNs)
D. more / macrophages

6. The fact that AIDS was initially more common among I.V. drug users and hemophiliacs than the population as a whole, led epidemiologists to believe that the causal agent of AIDS was present in the ______ of infected people.
A. saliva
B. blood
C. semen
D. feces
E. none of the above

7. Worldwide, ______ is the number one killer, with 3 ______ deaths annually.
A. AIDS / million
B. tuberculosis / billion
C. tuberculosis / million
D. cholera / million

8. An antigen can have more than one antigenic determinant (epitope)
A. T B. F

9. The Gram stain doesn't usually work on mycobacteria because they
A. have hydrophobic mycolic acids associated with their cell walls.
B. don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

10. The envelope of the HIV is derived from
A. the host cell membrane.
B. the cell wall of the host cell.

12. Virus infected cells are usually destroyed by...
A. B-cells
B. specific antigens
C. cytotoxic T-cells and NK cells
D. cytotoxic macrophages and killer B-cells

13. Which of the following are immunoglobulins and antigen-binding molecules?
A. antibodies
B. surface receptors on B-cells and T-cells
C. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

14. Obligate Pathogens are most likely to be spread via
A. shaking hands
B. fomites
C. dust in the wind
D. exchange of bodily fluids

15. Common bacteriological filters (pore size = 0.45 µm) used to sterilize liquids will remove most viruses.
A. T
B. F
16. Cells that invade the body become coated with specific antibodies and are...
A. protected from further immune response.
B. ejected from the body in sweat and saliva.
C. destroyed by the complement system and/or phagocytes.
D. called antigen presenting phagocytes.

17. Which of the following are opportunistic pathogens that cause nosocomial infections?
A. HIV
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D. all of the above

18. Which of the following virulence factors help pathogens to adhere to host cells?
A. Capsule
B. Collagenase
C. Enterotoxin
D. Hemolysins

19. Which of the following statements is true?
A. the small intestine is dominated by facultative anaerobes such as Bacteroides spp. and the large intestine is dominated by strict anaerobes like E. coli.
B. the small intestine is dominated by facultative anaerobes such as E. coli and the large intestine is dominated by facultative anaerobes like Bacteroides spp.
C. the small intestine is dominated by facultative anaerobes such as E. coli and the large intestine is dominated by strict anaerobes like Bacteroides spp.
D. the small intestine is dominated by strict anaerobes such as E. coli and the large intestine is dominated by facultative anaerobes like Bacteroides spp.

20. During phagocytosis of a bacterium, bacterial antigens are bound by specific MHC-II molecules and the antigen-MHC complex then......
A. migrates to the surface of the macrophage where a helper T-cell binds to the complex.
B. is immediately destroyed by helper T-cells.
C. migrates to the surface of the macrophage where a specific B-cell binds to the complex.
D. migrates out of the cell and stimulates specific B-cells.

21. Briefly describe the functions of the following viral enzyme during HIV infection.

22. Immunization (vaccination) works because of the fact that specific ______ are produced in response to the first exposure to specific foreign antigens.
A. memory T-cells
B. plasma cells
C. memory B-cells
D. macrophages

23. What is the primary characteristic used in laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis?
A. The gram stain in conjunction with typical morphology.
B. The acid-fast stain in conjunction with typical morphology.
C. The morphology of tubercle bacilli.
D. The slow rate of growth.

24. _________ is ________ in Colorado because about one person per year has died from it for the last 50 years.
A. pneumonic plague/epidemic
B. pneumonic plague/endemic
C. "wild" plague/epidemic
D. "wild" plague/endemic

25. In contrast, ______ can be ______ because it is easily transmitted from person to person.
A. pneumonic plague/epidemic
B. pneumonic plague/endemic
C. "wild" plague/epidemic
D. "wild" plague/endemic

26. About _______ of the mass of human feces consists of microbial cells.
A. 10%
B. 40%
C. 60%
D. 90%

27. The Gram stain doesn't usually work on mycobacteria because they
A. are Gram negative
B. don't have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
C. have hydrophobic mycolic acids associated with their cell walls
D. all of the above

28. The envelope of the HIV is derived from
A. the host cell membrane
B. the host cell chromosome
C. viral encoded proteins
D. the cell wall of the host cell