1. Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria are involved in which of the following activities?
a. causing dental caries and curdling cheeses and yogurt
b. causing tuberculosis and putting holes in Swiss cheese
c. causing dental caries and putting holes in Swiss cheese
d. causing tuberculosis and curdling cheeses and yogurt

2. If an organism gets all of its energy from a compound such as NH3, it is most likely a
a. photoheterotroph
b. chemoheterotroph
c. photoautotroph
d. chemoautotroph

3. In bacteria such as Pseudomonas putida, catabolic pathways for the breakdown of compounds like benzene and naphthalene are usually
a. plasmid encoded and use enzymes that are used in the first steps of glucose transport and metabolism.
b. plasmid encoded and use some enzymes that are also used in the breakdown of naturally occurring phenolic compounds like salicylic acid.
c. not plasmid encoded and use all unique enzymes that are used nowhere else in metabolism.

4. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a high G+C, Gram positive bacterium that causes the disease diphtheria. In a phylogenetic sense, which genus is it most closely related to?
A. Treponema
B. Propionibacterium
C. Frankia
D. Pseudomonas
E. Mycobacterium

5. Most fermentations lead to ATP production via
a. oxidative phosphorylation (via an e- transport chain).
b. membrane-bound ATPases.
c. substrate-level phosphorylation.
d. all of the above.

8. Plasma membranes with isoprenoids linked to glycerol via ether linkages are found in
a. Archaea & Eucarya.
b. Bacteria & Archaea.
c. Archaea.
d. Eucarya.
e. Bacteria.

9. Warts are.........
a. malignant tumors caused by papillomaviruses.
b. malignant tumors caused by retroviruses.
c. benign tumors caused by retroviruses.
d. benign tumors caused by papillomaviruses.
e. c and d.

10. Fungal cell walls can contain
a. polysaccharides
b. chitin
c. N-acetylglucosamine
d. N-acetylmuramic acid
e. a, b and c
f. all of the above

12. Cows and other ruminants get most carbon compounds they need for growth from
a. aerobic bacterial respiration products
b. anaerobic bacterial respiration products
c. methanogenic fermentations
d. bacterial fermentation products
e. b, c, and d

13. What role(s) do fungi play in the biosphere?
a. Nitrogen mineralization
b. Photoautotrophy
c. N-fixation
d. All of the above

14. In the cheese making process, curds are produced due to the action of
a. acid proteases and lactic acid
b. whey and acetic acid
c. rennin and lactic acid
d. rennin and Penicillium camemberti
e. a and c

15. Teichoic acids are polymers found in the cell walls of
a. gram negative Bacteria.
b. gram negative Archaea.
c. gram positive Archaea.
d. gram positive Bacteria.
e. c and d

16. Which biogeochemical processes are carried out only by prokaryotes?
a. Nitrogen mineralization
b. Photoautotrophy
c. N-fixation
d. All of the above

17. Most commercially important antibiotics come from
a. low GC gram + bacteria and fungi.
b. fungi and high GC gram + bacteria.
c. Proteobacteria and low GC gram + bacteria.
d. enteric bacteria and fungi.

18. Which of the following virulence factors help pathogens to adhere to host cells?
A. Collagenase
B. Fimbriae
C. Enterotoxin
D. Hemolysins

19. Methanogens play an important role in the world because they are
a. the only organisms that can breakdown methane.
b. usually the terminal step in anaerobic food chains that lead to the decomposition of organic matter.
c. the dominant organism in animal guts and can cause several diseases.
d. the major cause of stinky flatulence.

27. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the _______ membrane of _______ bacteria is both an antigen and an endotoxin. The endotoxic properties are due to the lipid and the antigenic properties are due to the polysaccharide.
A. outer / gram -
B. inner / gram +
C. outer / gram +
D. inner / gram -

28. In 1935 many scientist thought that viruses were made of protein because...
A. Beijerinck showed that TMV could multiply in plants.
B. prions were discovered in New Guinea.
C. it was shown that proteins were the genetic material.
D. Stanley crystallized the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

29. In the production of Swiss cheese, lactic acid bacteria produce lactic acid which is then converted to propionic acid, ________, and _______ by Propionibacterium, which belongs to the _______ G+C group of the Gram + ________ .
a. acetic acid / CO2 / high / Bacteria
b. acetic acid / CO2 / low / Bacteria
c. CO2 / lactic acid / high / Bacteria
d. lactic acid / CO2 / low / Archaea
e. acetic acid / CO2 / high / Archaea

30. In a compost pile that is too wet and therefore anaerobic, microorganisms are converting dead plants into mostly
a. CO2, microbial cells and H2O.
b. CH4, microbial cells and fermentation products.

31. The major antigens in flu vaccines are probably
a. the RNA pieces inside the virus.
b. the membrane lipids surrounding the virus.
c. surface polysaccharides such as hemagglutinin (HA).
d. surface proteins such as neuraminidase.

32. This reaction: CO2 + 2 H2S ------> CH2O + H2O + 2 So, is how
a. oxygenic photoheterotrophs make a living.
b. oxygenic photoautotrophs make a living.
c. anoxygenic photoheterotrophs make a living.
d. anoxygenic photoautotrophs make a living.
e. all of the above

33. Which of the following can have extensive internal membrane systems?
a. cyanobacteria
b. methanotrophs
c. Nitrobacter
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

34. The dramatic increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is due at least partially to which of the following?
A. the overuse of antibiotics in animal feeds
B. the use of mercury in fillings
C. the overuse of antibiotics in hospitals
D. all of the above
E. none of the above

35. The production of earth's ozone shield about 2 billion years ago was due to reactions carried out by:
a. algae.
b. green plants.
c. photosynthetic fungi.
d. photosynthetic bacteria.

36. Which of the following are most efficient at transference of chromosomal DNA to F- cells?
A. F+ cells
B. lysogenized cells
C. Hfr cells
D. competent cells
E. none of the above

37. Draw a simple diagram showing how E. coli makes ATP via
1) fermentation, and 2) anaerobic respiration. (6 pts)

38. Draw either the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or the Influenza virus and label all parts. (5 pts)

39. Draw and label either a gram + or a gram - cell wall. Be sure and include the plasma membranes in your drawings. (5 pts.)

40. Draw the "Tree of Life" (label the 3 main branches) and place the following organisms on it: Basidiomycetes, Bacteroides, Halobacterium, Methanogens, and Corynebacterium (4 pts.)